O aumento no uso abusivo e nas apreensões de comprimidos contendo 1-(3-clorofenil)piperazina (mCPP) têm sido observado na Europa desde o final do século 20. A mCPP promove efeitos semelhantes a metilenodioximetanfetamina (ecstasy) e surgiu como uma alternativa menos neurotóxica. Os principais efeitos descritos pelos usuários são sensação de bem-estar, euforia e empatia. Os efeitos adversos observados em casos de intoxicação aguda são a ansiedade, confusão, insônia, ataques de pânico, estados convulsivos, taquicardia e até mesmo a morte. A mCPP frequentemente tem seu uso associado com a privação de sono dos usuários em ambientes noturnos (festas e danceterias). Além disso, o fármaco provoca insônia no usuário, agravando ainda mais as consequências ao sono do indivíduo. O sono REM, em humanos, ou chamado de sono paradoxal nos animais, é uma fase importante do sono, por ser ela a fase de retorno da homeostasia comportamental e bioquímica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos comportamentais dos isômeros da clorofenilpiperazina e desenvolver um método analítico para identificar e quantificar a mCPP em amostras de plasma de camundongos submetidos à privação de sono paradoxal (PSP) por 24 e 48 horas. A ferramenta analítica empregada para identificar e quantificar a mCPP foi a cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas (LC-MS/MS). As análises comportamentais de ansiedade e atividade locomotora dos camundongos utilizaram os testes do Labirinto em Cruz Elevado e o teste do Campo Aberto, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a associação da PSP com o uso da mCPP acarretou mudanças comportamentais que voltaram ao nível homeostásico somente após 48 horas de rebote de sono. Além disso, observou-se um aumento significativo na concentração circulante de mCPP nos animais PSP por 48 horas em relação ao grupo controle. Por fim, concluiu-se que a privação de sono paradoxal associada com a administração da mCPP produziu graves consequências comportamentais em camundongos e que a concentração do fármaco encontrado no plasma foi maior nos animais submetidos à privação de sono paradoxal. / The increase on abusive use and seizures of tablets containing 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP) have been seen in Europe since the late 20th century. The mCPP promotes effects similar to methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) and emerged as a less neurotoxic alternative. The main effects described by users are sense of well-being, euphoria and empathy. The adverse events observed in acute poisoning cases are anxiety, confusion, insomnia, panic attacks, convulsive states, tachycardia and even death. mCPP is often associated with sleep deprivation by their users and on night scenery (parties and discos). In addition, the drug causes insomnia on user, further aggravating the consequences to the individual sleep. REM sleep in humans or referred as to paradoxical sleep, in animals, is an important sleep phase, because it was the phase which promote the return of behavioral and biochemical homeostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavioral effects of the isomers of chlorophenylpiperazine and develop an analytical method to identify and quantify the mCPP in plasma samples from mice subjected to paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) for 24 and 48 hours. The analytical tool used to identify and quantify the mCPP was liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The behavioral analysis of anxiety and locomotor activity of mice used the Elevated Plus Maze and Open Field tests, respectively. The results showed that association of PSD with the use of mCPP led to behavioral changes that back to the homeostatic level only after 48 hours of rebound sleep. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in circulating concentration of mCPP in animals paradoxical sleep deprived for 48 hours compared to control group. Finally, it is concluded that paradoxical sleep deprivation associated with administration of mCPP produced severe behavioral effects in mice and concentration of drug found in plasma was greater in animals submitted to paradoxical sleep deprivation than control group.

INTRODUÇÃO: Na residência médica, inúmeros fatores favorecem o desgaste emocional, colocando em risco atitudes relevantes, como empatia, resiliência e percepção da qualidade de vida, o que pode comprometer o desempenho profissional. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto do treinamento em Clínica Médica na percepção da qualidade de vida, empatia, resiliência e sonolência diurna, e suas correlações com o desempenho médico na avaliação de competências clínicas pelo método OSCE. A influência do gênero nesses construtos também foi investigada. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal com médicos residentes do primeiro ano de Clínica Médica, com questionários de autorrelato para avaliar a percepção de qualidade de vida específica para residência médica (Veras-Q), dados sociodemográficos, empatia (escala Jefferson), resiliência (escala Wagnild& Young RS-14) e sonolência diurna (escala de Epwoth). O desempenho acadêmico foi avaliado pelo método OSCE no final do primeiro ano da residência em Clínica Médica. Análise de grupos focais com residentes do sexo feminino foi feita para compreender as diferenças entre os gêneros nos construtos investigados. RESULTADOS: Cento e nove médicos residentes participaram do estudo: 31 (28,4%) do sexo feminino e 78 (71,6%) masculinos. As residentes do sexo feminino apresentaram escores de qualidade de vida significativamente menores do que os residentes masculinos nos domínios de uso do tempo (30,3, feminino vs 41,1, masculino p < 0,001), psicológico (48,1, feminino vs 56,7, masculino p < 0,01) e saúde física (42,8, feminino vs 53,6, masculino p < 0,05). Os escores de sonolência diurna foram significativamente maiores para as residentes do sexo feminino (13,0, feminino vs 9,0, masculino p < 0,001), com valores considerados patológicos (p < 0,001). Houve moderada correlação negativa entre sonolência diurna e o domínio manejo do tempo da qualidade de vida (p < 0,01). Houve forte correlação positiva entre resiliência e os domínios psicológico e saúde física da qualidade de vida (respectivamente, 0,48 e 0,50; p < 0,01). Os escores do desempenho acadêmico pelo método OSCE não diferiram entre os gêneros e não apresentaram correlação com os construtos investigados. A análise dos grupos focais destacou dificuldade de manejo do tempo, insegurança, sensação de perda, autocobrança, dificuldade de estabelecer laços afetivos, dificuldade de concentração e de aquisição do conhecimento como fatores relacionados à pior percepção da qualidade de vida para as residentes do sexo feminino. CONCLUSÃO: Ao final do primeiro ano da residência em Clínica Médica, os residentes apresentaram baixos escores na percepção da qualidade de vida e maior sonolência diurna. Houve diferenças significativas entre os gêneros na percepção da qualidade de vida e na sonolência diurna, com escores menores de qualidade de vida e escores maiores de sonolência diurna nas residentes do sexo feminino. Não foram identificadas correlações entre qualidade de vida, empatia, resiliência, sonolência diurna e o desempenho acadêmico pelo método OSCE em residentes do primeiro ano de Clínica Médica / INTRODUCTION: During medical residency, many factors may lead to emotional distress, putting at risk relevant attitudes such as empathy, resilience and perception of quality of life, which can compromise professional performance. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of training in internal medicine on quality of life, empathy, resilience, daytime sleepiness and their correlation with academic performance using the OSCE method. The influence of gender in these constructs was also investigated. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study with first-year internal medicine residents was performed to evaluate self-reported quality of life specific for medical residency (Veras-Q), socio demographic data, empathy (Jefferson scale), resilience (Brief Resilience Scale from Wagnild and Young) and daytime sleepiness (Epwoth scale). Academic performance was assessed by the OSCE method at the end of the first year of internal medicine residency. Differencesbetween genders were investigated using focus groups analysis with female residents. RESULTS: One hundred and nine resident physicians participated in the study: 31 (28.4%) were female and 78 (71.6%) were male. Female residents presented significantly lower scores than those of male residents for quality of life in the domains of time management (30.3, females vs 41.1, males p < 0.001), psychological (48.1 females vs 56, 7, males p < 0.01) and physical health (42.8, females vs 53.6, males p < 0.05). They also scored higher in daytime sleepiness (13.0, females vs 9.0, males p < 0.001) with pathological scores for daytime sleepiness. A moderate negative correlation between daytime sleepiness and time management domain of quality of life (p < 0.01) was observed. There was a strong positive correlation among resilience, psychological and physical health domains of quality of life (respectively 0.48 and 0.50, p < 0.01). Academic performance scores by the OSCE method did not differ between genders and did not correlate with empathy, resilience and daytime sleepiness scores. The focus group assessment revealed difficulty in concentration and knowledge acquisition, insecurity, feeling of loss, greater critical perception, self-doubt and difficulty in creating affective bonds to support the training period as the main factors involved in the lower perception of quality of life among the women. CONCLUSION: Female residents had lower scores of quality of life and higher scores on daytime sleepiness. No significant differences between genders were detected for academic performance scores and no relationship among quality of life, empathy, resilience, daytime sleepiness and academic performance by the OSCE method was observed in first-year internal medicine residents. Measures to improve quality of life among female residents during this critical period of medical training might include investing in mentoring to help them better manage their time and encouraging activities that facilitate relationship development

O aumento no uso abusivo e nas apreensões de comprimidos contendo 1-(3-clorofenil)piperazina (mCPP) têm sido observado na Europa desde o final do século 20. A mCPP promove efeitos semelhantes a metilenodioximetanfetamina (ecstasy) e surgiu como uma alternativa menos neurotóxica. Os principais efeitos descritos pelos usuários são sensação de bem-estar, euforia e empatia. Os efeitos adversos observados em casos de intoxicação aguda são a ansiedade, confusão, insônia, ataques de pânico, estados convulsivos, taquicardia e até mesmo a morte. A mCPP frequentemente tem seu uso associado com a privação de sono dos usuários em ambientes noturnos (festas e danceterias). Além disso, o fármaco provoca insônia no usuário, agravando ainda mais as consequências ao sono do indivíduo. O sono REM, em humanos, ou chamado de sono paradoxal nos animais, é uma fase importante do sono, por ser ela a fase de retorno da homeostasia comportamental e bioquímica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos comportamentais dos isômeros da clorofenilpiperazina e desenvolver um método analítico para identificar e quantificar a mCPP em amostras de plasma de camundongos submetidos à privação de sono paradoxal (PSP) por 24 e 48 horas. A ferramenta analítica empregada para identificar e quantificar a mCPP foi a cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas (LC-MS/MS). As análises comportamentais de ansiedade e atividade locomotora dos camundongos utilizaram os testes do Labirinto em Cruz Elevado e o teste do Campo Aberto, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a associação da PSP com o uso da mCPP acarretou mudanças comportamentais que voltaram ao nível homeostásico somente após 48 horas de rebote de sono. Além disso, observou-se um aumento significativo na concentração circulante de mCPP nos animais PSP por 48 horas em relação ao grupo controle. Por fim, concluiu-se que a privação de sono paradoxal associada com a administração da mCPP produziu graves consequências comportamentais em camundongos e que a concentração do fármaco encontrado no plasma foi maior nos animais submetidos à privação de sono paradoxal. / The increase on abusive use and seizures of tablets containing 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP) have been seen in Europe since the late 20th century. The mCPP promotes effects similar to methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) and emerged as a less neurotoxic alternative. The main effects described by users are sense of well-being, euphoria and empathy. The adverse events observed in acute poisoning cases are anxiety, confusion, insomnia, panic attacks, convulsive states, tachycardia and even death. mCPP is often associated with sleep deprivation by their users and on night scenery (parties and discos). In addition, the drug causes insomnia on user, further aggravating the consequences to the individual sleep. REM sleep in humans or referred as to paradoxical sleep, in animals, is an important sleep phase, because it was the phase which promote the return of behavioral and biochemical homeostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavioral effects of the isomers of chlorophenylpiperazine and develop an analytical method to identify and quantify the mCPP in plasma samples from mice subjected to paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) for 24 and 48 hours. The analytical tool used to identify and quantify the mCPP was liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The behavioral analysis of anxiety and locomotor activity of mice used the Elevated Plus Maze and Open Field tests, respectively. The results showed that association of PSD with the use of mCPP led to behavioral changes that back to the homeostatic level only after 48 hours of rebound sleep. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in circulating concentration of mCPP in animals paradoxical sleep deprived for 48 hours compared to control group. Finally, it is concluded that paradoxical sleep deprivation associated with administration of mCPP produced severe behavioral effects in mice and concentration of drug found in plasma was greater in animals submitted to paradoxical sleep deprivation than control group.

INTRODUÇÃO: Na residência médica, inúmeros fatores favorecem o desgaste emocional, colocando em risco atitudes relevantes, como empatia, resiliência e percepção da qualidade de vida, o que pode comprometer o desempenho profissional. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto do treinamento em Clínica Médica na percepção da qualidade de vida, empatia, resiliência e sonolência diurna, e suas correlações com o desempenho médico na avaliação de competências clínicas pelo método OSCE. A influência do gênero nesses construtos também foi investigada. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal com médicos residentes do primeiro ano de Clínica Médica, com questionários de autorrelato para avaliar a percepção de qualidade de vida específica para residência médica (Veras-Q), dados sociodemográficos, empatia (escala Jefferson), resiliência (escala Wagnild& Young RS-14) e sonolência diurna (escala de Epwoth). O desempenho acadêmico foi avaliado pelo método OSCE no final do primeiro ano da residência em Clínica Médica. Análise de grupos focais com residentes do sexo feminino foi feita para compreender as diferenças entre os gêneros nos construtos investigados. RESULTADOS: Cento e nove médicos residentes participaram do estudo: 31 (28,4%) do sexo feminino e 78 (71,6%) masculinos. As residentes do sexo feminino apresentaram escores de qualidade de vida significativamente menores do que os residentes masculinos nos domínios de uso do tempo (30,3, feminino vs 41,1, masculino p < 0,001), psicológico (48,1, feminino vs 56,7, masculino p < 0,01) e saúde física (42,8, feminino vs 53,6, masculino p < 0,05). Os escores de sonolência diurna foram significativamente maiores para as residentes do sexo feminino (13,0, feminino vs 9,0, masculino p < 0,001), com valores considerados patológicos (p < 0,001). Houve moderada correlação negativa entre sonolência diurna e o domínio manejo do tempo da qualidade de vida (p < 0,01). Houve forte correlação positiva entre resiliência e os domínios psicológico e saúde física da qualidade de vida (respectivamente, 0,48 e 0,50; p < 0,01). Os escores do desempenho acadêmico pelo método OSCE não diferiram entre os gêneros e não apresentaram correlação com os construtos investigados. A análise dos grupos focais destacou dificuldade de manejo do tempo, insegurança, sensação de perda, autocobrança, dificuldade de estabelecer laços afetivos, dificuldade de concentração e de aquisição do conhecimento como fatores relacionados à pior percepção da qualidade de vida para as residentes do sexo feminino. CONCLUSÃO: Ao final do primeiro ano da residência em Clínica Médica, os residentes apresentaram baixos escores na percepção da qualidade de vida e maior sonolência diurna. Houve diferenças significativas entre os gêneros na percepção da qualidade de vida e na sonolência diurna, com escores menores de qualidade de vida e escores maiores de sonolência diurna nas residentes do sexo feminino. Não foram identificadas correlações entre qualidade de vida, empatia, resiliência, sonolência diurna e o desempenho acadêmico pelo método OSCE em residentes do primeiro ano de Clínica Médica / INTRODUCTION: During medical residency, many factors may lead to emotional distress, putting at risk relevant attitudes such as empathy, resilience and perception of quality of life, which can compromise professional performance. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of training in internal medicine on quality of life, empathy, resilience, daytime sleepiness and their correlation with academic performance using the OSCE method. The influence of gender in these constructs was also investigated. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study with first-year internal medicine residents was performed to evaluate self-reported quality of life specific for medical residency (Veras-Q), socio demographic data, empathy (Jefferson scale), resilience (Brief Resilience Scale from Wagnild and Young) and daytime sleepiness (Epwoth scale). Academic performance was assessed by the OSCE method at the end of the first year of internal medicine residency. Differencesbetween genders were investigated using focus groups analysis with female residents. RESULTS: One hundred and nine resident physicians participated in the study: 31 (28.4%) were female and 78 (71.6%) were male. Female residents presented significantly lower scores than those of male residents for quality of life in the domains of time management (30.3, females vs 41.1, males p < 0.001), psychological (48.1 females vs 56, 7, males p < 0.01) and physical health (42.8, females vs 53.6, males p < 0.05). They also scored higher in daytime sleepiness (13.0, females vs 9.0, males p < 0.001) with pathological scores for daytime sleepiness. A moderate negative correlation between daytime sleepiness and time management domain of quality of life (p < 0.01) was observed. There was a strong positive correlation among resilience, psychological and physical health domains of quality of life (respectively 0.48 and 0.50, p < 0.01). Academic performance scores by the OSCE method did not differ between genders and did not correlate with empathy, resilience and daytime sleepiness scores. The focus group assessment revealed difficulty in concentration and knowledge acquisition, insecurity, feeling of loss, greater critical perception, self-doubt and difficulty in creating affective bonds to support the training period as the main factors involved in the lower perception of quality of life among the women. CONCLUSION: Female residents had lower scores of quality of life and higher scores on daytime sleepiness. No significant differences between genders were detected for academic performance scores and no relationship among quality of life, empathy, resilience, daytime sleepiness and academic performance by the OSCE method was observed in first-year internal medicine residents. Measures to improve quality of life among female residents during this critical period of medical training might include investing in mentoring to help them better manage their time and encouraging activities that facilitate relationship development

À la fois le sommeil et la privation de sommeil ont un impact sur la synthèse protéique au niveau du cerveau, mais la contribution des mécanismes traductionnels à la régulation de l’éveil et du sommeil n’a été que peu étudiée. Dans ce mémoire de maitrise, nous étudions le rôle de deux répresseurs de la traduction protéique, les protéines de liaison du facteur 4E d’initiation eucaryote 1 et 2, 4E-BP1 et 4E-BP2 dans l’architecture du sommeil et l’activité électroencéphalographique (EEG), ainsi que dans la réponse EEG et moléculaire à la privation de sommeil. Ces deux protéines inhibent la synthèse protéique en séquestrant une protéine nécessaire à l’initiation de la traduction, eIF4E. Activé par différentes voies de signalisation intra- et extracellulaires, mTORC1 phosphoryle les 4E-BP, ce qui relâche l’inhibition et permet l’initiation de la synthèse protéique. 4E-BP1 est très exprimé au niveau des noyaux suprachiasmatiques et est impliqué dans les rythmes circadiens. 4E-BP2, très exprimé au niveau du cerveau, est nécessaire pour la mémoire et la plasticité synaptique. Des électrodes EEG et électromyographiques (EMG) ont été implantées chez des souris mutantes pour les gènes encodant 4E-BP1 ou 4E-BP2 (Eif4ebp1-/- et Eif4ebp2-/-). Les souris ont été enregistrées pendant 48h et soumises à une privation de sommeil de 6h au début de la seconde journée d’enregistrement. L’effet de la privation sur l’expression de certains gènes a également été mesuré dans le cortex préfrontal des souris. Les souris Eif4ebp1-/- diffèrent des souris sauvages dans la quantité et la qualité du sommeil et de l’éveil. De légères différences au niveau de l’expression génique après privation ont également été trouvées. Les souris Eif4ebp2-/- présentaient, quant à elles, seulement des changements dans la qualité de l’activité EEG en éveil, révélé suite à la privation de sommeil. Les résultats de mon projet de maitrise suggèrent une implication de la machinerie de traduction protéique dans la régulation du sommeil et de l’éveil, et pointent vers des rôles différents des deux répresseurs de la traduction. / Albeit it is known that sleep and sleep loss are impacting protein synthesis in the brain, several unknowns persist about the contribution of the mechanisms of translational control to wakefulness and sleep regulation. In this master project, we studied the role of two suppressors of protein synthesis, the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 and 2 (4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2) in sleep architecture and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity as well as in the EEG and molecular responses to acute sleep loss. These two proteins normally repress cap-dependent translation initiation by binding eIF4E. When activated by extracellular and intracellular signaling, mTORC1 phosphorylates 4E-BPs leading to their dissociation from eIF4E, thus allowing the translation initiation. 4E-BP1 is highly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and implicated in circadian rhythms. 4E-BP2, widely expressed in the brain, is critical for memory and plasticity. Yet, there is no data on their implication in sleep regulation. Mutant mice for the genes encoding 4EBP1 or 4E-BP2 (Eif4ebp1-/- and Eif4ebp2-/- mice) were implanted with EEG and electromyographic (EMG) electrodes and recorded under undisturbed conditions and following a 6-h sleep deprivation (SD). The effect of SD on the expression of genes known to respond to SD was also assessed in the prefrontal cortex of Eif4ebp1-/- and Eif4ebp2-/- mice. Mice lacking Eif4ebp1 differed from wildtype mice regarding the quantity and quality of their sleep and wakefulness, and more subtly in the gene expression response to SD. Moreover, Eif4ebp2-/- mice differed from wild-type mice only for wakefulness and sleep quality, changes in EEG spectral activity generally revealed during and after SD. The results of my master project point towards an implication of the translation machinery in the regulation of wakefulness and sleep and of synchronized cortical activity and suggest different roles of effectors of translational control.

The majority of literature on the work-family interface has focused on, and provided evidence of, the conflict associated with engagement in both work and family roles (Eby, Casper, Lockwood, Bordeaux, & Brinley, 2005). Research examining the positive aspects of work and family participation remains limited. The current study investigated how work-family positive spillover is transferred between members of the supervisor-employee dyad and subsequently how this affects employee sleep outcomes. It was hypothesized that work-to-family affective positive spillover experienced by supervisors would crossover to employees and increase their experiences of work-to-family affective positive spillover. In turn, this would allow for better employee sleep. It was also proposed that these relationships would depend on the level of employee perceptions of family-supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB), such that higher levels of FSSB would result in higher levels of employee positive spillover and better employee sleep. As part of a larger study, survey data were collected in a sample of 696 workers supervised by 180 managers in the information technology sector. Contrary to expectations, results indicated that supervisor positive spillover was negatively related to employee positive spillover. Furthermore, FSSB moderated the association between supervisor positive spillover and employee sleep duration, such that the relationship between supervisor positive spillover and employee sleep duration was positive under high levels of FSSB, but negative under low levels of FSSB. Again, this finding was contrary to expectations. Alternative explanations are discussed.

It is estimated that about 35-40% of adults in the U.S. suffer from insufficient sleep. Chronic sleep deprivation has become a prevalent phenomenon because of contemporary lifestyle and work-related factors. Sleep deprivation can reduce the capabilities and efficiency of attentional performance by impairing perception, increasing effort to maintain concentration, as well as introducing vision disturbance. Thus, it is important to understand the neural mechanisms behind how chronic sleep deprivation impairs sustained attention. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the study of the integration between anatomically distributed and functionally connected brain regions. Functional connectivity has been widely used to characterize brain functional integration, which measures the statistical dependency between neurophysiological events of the human brain. Further, evidence from recent studies has shown the non-stationary nature of brain functional connectivity, which may reveal more information about the human brain. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to investigate the effects of chronic sleep deprivation on sustained attention from the perspective of dynamic functional connectivity. A modified spatial cueing paradigm was used to assess human sustained attention in rested wakefulness and chronic sleep deprivation conditions. Partial least squares approach was applied to distinguish brain functional connectivity for the experimental conditions. With the integration of a sliding-window approach, dynamic patterns of brain functional connectivity were identified in two experimental conditions. The brain was modeled as a series of dynamic functional networks in each experimental condition. Graph theoretic analysis was performed to investigate the dynamic properties of brain functional networks, using network measures of clustering coefficient and characteristics path length. In the chronic sleep deprivation condition, a compensation mechanism between highly clustered organization and ineffective adaptability of brain functional networks was observed. Specifically, a highly clustered organization of brain functional networks was illustrated with a large clustering coefficient. This organization suggested that brain utilizes more connections to maintain attention in the chronic sleep deprivation condition. A smaller impact of clustering coefficient variation on characteristics path lengths indicated an ineffective adaptability of brain functional networks in the chronic sleep deprivation condition. In the rested wakefulness condition, brain functional networks showed the small-world topology in general, with the average small-world topology index larger than one. Small-world topology was identified as an optimal network structure with the balance between local information processing and global integration. Given the fluctuating values of the index over time, small-world brain networks were observed in most cases, indicating an effective adaptability of the human brain to maintain the dominance of small-world networks in the rested wakefulness condition. On the contrary, given that the average small-world topology index was smaller than one, brain functional networks generally exhibited random network structure. From the perspective of dynamic functional networks, even though there were few cases showing small-world brain networks, brain functional networks failed to maintain the dominance of small-world topology in the chronic sleep deprivation condition. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge this thesis was the first to investigate the effects of chronic sleep deprivation on sustained attention from the perspective of dynamic brain functional connectivity. A compensation mechanism between highly clustered organization and ineffective adaptability of brain functional networks was observed in the chronic sleep deprivation condition. Furthermore, chronic sleep deprivation impaired sustained attention by reducing the effectiveness of brain functional networks' adaptability, resulting in the disrupted dominance of small-world brain networks.

Acute sleep loss may lead to elevated fatigue, decreased energy, and diminished cognitive performance. Traditionally, sleep extension is used to restore mood and cognitive function to baseline levels following insufficient sleep, yet this method may not be feasible or preferred. Acute exercise may serve as an affordable and relatively safe intervention to reduce detriments to daytime functioning following sleep loss. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on neurocognitive function following acute sleep restriction. A secondary aim was to examine the effects of exercise in subjective reports of fatigue, energy, and sleepiness following acute sleep restriction. Fifty-six participants, matched by sex, age, and chronotype, were randomly assigned to either an exercise (EX) or seated control (SC) condition. Following a 4-hour sleep restriction protocol, participants completed the oddball paradigm before and after 20 minutes of exercise or stationary sitting. P3 amplitude and latency, arousal, sleepiness, energy, and fatigue were assessed during the experiment. After controlling for pre-test differences, P3 latency was significantly faster following exercise relative to the control group. No significant P3 amplitude differences were observed between conditions. The EX group displayed significant improvements in arousal, sleepiness, energy, and fatigue compared to the SC group. Findings suggest that 20 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise following acute sleep restriction may improve cognitive processing speeds, as well as improve arousal, sleepiness, energy, and fatigue.

Depression, intertwined with sleep deprivation and self-esteem, presents a significant challenge to mental health worldwide. The research shown in this paper employs advanced statistical methodologies to unravel the complex interactions among these factors. Through log-linear homogeneous association, multinomial logistic regression, and generalized linear models, the study scrutinizes large datasets to uncover nuanced patterns and relationships. By elucidating how depression, sleep disturbances, and self-esteem intersect, the research aims to deepen understanding of mental health phenomena. The study clarifies the relationship between these variables and explores reasons for prioritizing depression research. It evaluates how statistical models, such as log-linear, multinomial logistic regression, and generalized linear models, shed light on their intricate dynamics. Findings offer insights into risk and protective factors associated with these variables, guiding tailored interventions for individuals in psychological distress. Additionally, policymakers can utilize these insights to develop comprehensive strategies promoting mental health and well-being at a societal level.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 elianeapdemellotroncoso_dissert.pdf: 1571246 bytes, checksum: 253b6968386f08855127a125add32375 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-23 / Introduction: Sleep disorders are not only a problem in Brazil, has become a worldwide public health condition, affecting people physically and emotionally, and even putting them in danger of life. Objectives: To identify, analyze and compare habits and sleep disturbances (SD) in a sample of students from municipal schools in a midsize city in the state of Sao Paulo. Method: A study descriptive, qualitative-quantitative, with data collection conducted between November and December 2009, 188 children between six and 11 years of municipal schools in the city of Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, from screenplay data demographic questions about sleep habits and the Sleep Disorders Scale for Children (EDSC), completed by the parents / caregivers. The same was conducted within the standards required by the Helsinki Declaration, Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council (NHC) and approved by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (Number 316/269). Results: Overall, the results indicate that the prevalence of SD in the sample school Sao Jose do Rio Preto, hit rate higher than that reported in literature with greater frequency among those who studied in the morning, consistent with research area, and whose parents / caregivers are considered mulatto. Students belonging to families with more members showed a greater tendency to Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB), those taking medication for SED, and those who complained of pain or discomfort, for all SD. Boys were more SD, poor sleep habits healthy and more probability to Sleep Hyperhidrosis (HS) and enuresis, compared to girls in the study, was found increased occurrence and association between HS and SDB. Students with behavioral problems, expulsion and insufficient grade school tended to some SD specific, indicating a relationship between the variables. With regard to the habits that influence the quality of sleep, significant amount of students took plenty of fluids, including milk, close to bedtime, some children from school B responded in the affirmative to play strong, and the school A to the games video game or computer. After lying down, was the high amount of which were sporadic use of television and slept without turning it off, irregularities in the time and place to sleep were also identified in both institutions, as well as the permanence of parents / caregivers in the room until the child fall asleep. Conclusions: The SH, SD poorly addressed by the scientific literature was identified with high frequency in the population studied, and the SDB. Participants who showed sleep habits that were unfavorable constitute a significant portion of the sample, that may be influencing both the quantity and quality of sleep, increasing the risks related to diseases, as well as interfering with the development of intellectual abilities and school behavior. More detailed studies on SH as well as surveys are suggested, and specialty specific assistance programs should be developed and deployed for this community. / Introdução: Distúrbios do sono (DS) constituem um problema não só no Brasil, já se tornou condição de saúde pública mundial, prejudicando as pessoas, física e emocionalmente, e até colocando-as em perigo de vida. Objetivos: Identificar, analisar e comparar hábitos e distúrbios do sono em uma amostra de alunos da rede municipal de ensino de uma cidade de médio porte do interior do estado de São Paulo. Método: Pesquisa descritiva, qualiquantitativa, com coleta de dados realizada entre novembro e dezembro de 2009, em 188 crianças entre seis e 11 anos, de escolas municipais da cidade de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, a partir de um Roteiro de dados demográficos, Questões sobre hábitos do sono e Escala de Distúrbios do Sono para Crianças (EDSC), preenchidos pelos pais/responsáveis. A mesma foi conduzida dentro dos padrões exigidos pela Declaração de Helsinque, Resolução 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde e aprovada pela comissão de ética da Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto - Parecer n° 316/269. Resultados: No geral, a prevalência de DS da amostra em escolares de São José do Rio Preto, SP, atingiu índice superior ao relatado pela literatura, com maior frequência entre os que estudavam no período matutino, e os cujos pais/responsáveis se consideraram pardos. Escolares pertencentes a famílias com maior número de integrantes demonstraram maior tendência para Distúrbio Respiratório do Sono (DRS), os que tomavam remédio, para Sonolência Excessiva Diurna (SED), e aqueles que apresentavam queixa de dor ou incômodo, para todos os DS. Os meninos apresentaram mais DS, hábitos desfavoráveis ao sono saudável e maior tendência para Hiperhidrose do Sono (HS) e enurese, quando comparados às meninas do estudo; foi verificada maior ocorrência e associações entre HS e DRS. Escolares com problemas de comportamento, notas insuficientes e expulsão, demonstraram tendência para alguns DS específicos, indicando uma estreita relação entre as variáveis. Com relação aos hábitos que influenciam a qualidade do sono, quantidade significativa de escolares tomava muito líquido, incluindo o leite, próximo da hora de dormir, algumas crianças da escola B responderam de forma afirmativa às brincadeiras vigorosas, e os da escola A aos jogos de vídeo game ou computador. Após deitar, foi alta a quantidade dos que faziam uso esporádico da televisão e que dormiam sem desligá-la, irregularidades quanto ao horário e local para dormir também foram identificadas em ambas as instituições, bem como a permanência de pais/responsáveis no quarto até a criança adormecer. Conclusões: A HS, DS pouco abordado pela literatura científica, foi identificada com alta frequência na população estudada, bem como o DRS. Participantes que mostraram hábitos considerados desfavoráveis ao sono constituem parcela significativa da amostra, que podem estar influenciando tanto a quantidade quanto a qualidade do sono, aumentando os riscos relacionados às doenças, bem como interferindo no desenvolvimento das capacidades intelectuais e do comportamento escolar. Estudos mais detalhados sobre HS, bem como inquéritos populacionais são sugeridos, e programas específicos de intervenções especializadas devem ser elaborados e implantados para este público.