Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-10T13:39:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodolfo Jose Cavalcanti Souto.pdf: 1672049 bytes, checksum: 9d25ef84b343968c6b40907e7241f724 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T13:39:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodolfo Jose Cavalcanti Souto.pdf: 1672049 bytes, checksum: 9d25ef84b343968c6b40907e7241f724 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / Pregnancy disease (PD) occurs mainly in sheep and goats, supplemented with concentrate, whose expression is due to negative energy balance during the transition period in which the females present in the clinical hyperketonemia, hypoglycemia, ketonuria, anorexia and signs neurological can progress to death. This paper aims to conduct a study of the biochemical and hormonal profile in sheep and goats, and pathology of the liver parenchyma and renal function in sheep with PD diagnosis. We used data (case report forms) and biological materials (serum, plasma and tissue) of 45 sheep and 22 goats that were answered in Bovine Clinic, Campus Garanhuns / UFRPE, diagnosed with PD, from January 2007 to October 2012 . The blood analyzes were: urea, creatinine, albumin, total protein, globulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, fructosamine, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), vitamin B12 , folic acid, cortisol, insulin, and total ionized Ca, P, Ca: P ratio, Mg, Na, K. Cl. Besides the characterization of macro and histopathological findings of the liver and kidneys of sheep that died. Urine was examined in the presence of ketones employing the reagent strip commercial. Sheep subjected to necropsy were collected fragments of liver and kidneys for histopathological analysis. Marked clinical abnormalities were observed in goats with high values for urea, creatinine, NEFA, β-hydroxybutyrate, amylase and cortisol, while total protein, albumin, total calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus, the calcium and phosphorus, sodium and insulin were found below the reference values for the species. As for glucose, 77.28% of goats were normoglycemic TP and / or hyperglycemic, while only 22.72% were hypoglycemic. The results of the sheep revealed elevated levels of urea, creatinine, glucose, fructosamine, NEFA's, β-hydroxybutyrate, cortisol, chlorine, AST, GGT amylase and folic acid as the variable insulin, total calcium, ionized calcium and potassium were values below the reference values for the species. As for glucose, 82.90% of the sheep were normoglycemic with PD and / or hyperglycemic, while only 17.10% were hypoglycemic. With regard to the macroscopic group of sheep with lower body score showed an increase of the liver, and yellowing and the cutting surface, while the sheep with higher body score these findings were more intense. Kidney was observed on the surface in some pallor of lean animals and light yellowish in animal fat. Regarding histological alterations, it was found in animals with lower body condition, liver vacuolated ranging from rare discreet. As the renal injury, rare tubular vacuolation of epithelial cells were observed in 28,57%. In sheep with higher body condition scores greater percentage of vacuolation in the liver was observed and ranged from moderate to severe. Regarding renal lesions, 33.33% of the animals showed severe lesion vacuolization of tubular epithelial cells. Marked clinical and metabolic changes were observed in goats and sheep PD, in which the increase of the energy profile certain metabolites and hormones are important diagnostic tools for assessing the magnitude of negative energy balance and the clinical condition of the animals. In sheep PD causes significant changes in renal parenchyma, characterized by vacuolization of cells that are associated tubular body condition score of the animal. / A toxemia da prenhez (TP) ocorre principalmente em ovelhas e cabras, suplementadas com concentrado, cuja manifestação se deve a um balanço energético negativo durante o período de transição, no qual as fêmeas apresentam quadro clínico de hipercetonemia, hipoglicemia, cetonúria, anorexia e sinais neurológicos que pode evoluir para a morte. Este trabalho se propõe a realizar um estudo do perfil bioquímico e hormonal em cabras e ovelhas, e anatomopatológico do parênquima hepático e renal em ovelhas com diagnóstico de TP. Foram utilizados dados (fichas clínicas) e material biológico (soro, plasma e tecido) de 45 ovelhas e 22 cabras que foram atendidas na Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns/UFRPE, diagnosticadas com TP, no período de janeiro de 2007 a outubro de 2012. As análises realizadas no sangue foram: uréia, creatinina, albumina, proteína total, globulina, β-hidroxibutirato, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), glicose, frutosamina, amilase, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamiltransferase (GGT), vitamina B12, ácido fólico, cortisol, insulina, Ca total e ionizável, P, relação Ca:P, Mg, Na, K. Cl. Além da caracterização dos achados macro e histopatológicos do fígado e rins das ovelhas que vieram a óbito. Na urina foi examinada a presença de corpos cetônicos empregando-se a fita reagente comercial. Das ovelhas submetidas à necropsia foram coletados fragmentos de fígado e rins para análise histopatológica. Marcadas alterações clínicas foram observadas nas cabras, com valores elevados para ureia, creatinina, AGNE, β-hidroxibutirato, amilase e cortisol, enquanto que a proteína total, albumina, cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, fósforo, a relação cálcio e fósforo, o sódio e a insulina encontraram-se abaixo dos valores de referência para a espécie. Quanto à glicemia, 77,28% das cabras com TP eram normoglicêmicas e/ou hiperglicêmicas, enquanto apenas 22,72% eram hipoglicêmicas. Os resultados obtidos das ovelhas revelaram valores elevados de ureia, creatinina, glicose, frutosamina, AGNE’s, β-hidroxibutirato, cortisol, cloro, AST, GGT amilase e ácido fólico enquanto que a variável insulina, cálcio total, cálcio ionizado e potássio estavam com valores abaixo dos valores de referência para a espécie. Quanto à glicemia, 82,90% das ovelhas com TP eram normoglicêmicas e/ou hiperglicêmicas, enquanto apenas 17,10% eram hipoglicêmicas. Quanto aos achados macroscópicos no grupo de ovelhas com menor escore corporal, foi observado aumento do fígado, além de coloração amarelada na superfície e ao corte, enquanto que nas ovelhas com maior escore corporal estes achados foram mais intensos. Nos rins foi observada palidez na superfície em alguns dos animais magros e leve coloração amarelada em animais gordos. Quanto às alterações histológicas, verificou-se, nos animais com menor escore corporal, fígado com vacuolização que variou de rara a discreta. Quanto às lesões renais, raras vacuolizações em células epiteliais tubulares foram observadas em 28,57%. Nas ovelhas com maior escore corporal maior percentual de vacuolização no fígado foi observada e variou de moderada a acentuada. Quanto às lesões renais, 33,33% dos animais apresentaram lesão acentuada de vacuolizações em células epiteliais tubulares. Marcadas alterações clínicas e metabólicas foram observadas em cabras e ovelhas com TP, em que o aumento de certos metabólitos do perfil energético e hormonal tornam-se importantes ferramentas de diagnóstico para avaliar o balanço energético negativo e a magnitude da condição clínica dos animais. Em ovelhas a TP provoca alterações significativas no parênquima renal, caracterizadas por vacuolização de células tubulares e que estão associados ao escore corporal dos animais.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-06-27T14:12:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaAPM_TESE.pdf: 1410008 bytes, checksum: 318254107a5abb762d1ab3ce39d90c0d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-06-27T14:26:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaAPM_TESE.pdf: 1410008 bytes, checksum: 318254107a5abb762d1ab3ce39d90c0d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-06-27T14:26:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaAPM_TESE.pdf: 1410008 bytes, checksum: 318254107a5abb762d1ab3ce39d90c0d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-27T14:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaAPM_TESE.pdf: 1410008 bytes, checksum: 318254107a5abb762d1ab3ce39d90c0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Haemorrhagic shock is an important cause of death and its reversal and treatment can help patients, furthermore it can minimize deleterious effects. Significant loss of the intravascular volume causes haemodynamic instability with decrease of tissue perfusion and cellular hypoxia and the reversal and treatment of shock increase the survival of patients and decreases deleterious effects of acute haemorrhage. Volume expandors can bring benefits and increase the survival of an individual. Synthetic substances can change the prognosis and reverse the clinical outcome in situations where there are neither blood bags nor donor available. Lactated Ringer and Hydroxyethylamide are solutions with biochemical and molecular features advantageous in the first stages of hemorrhagic shock treatment. Despite these features, more studies are necessary to determine their real benefits and deleterious effects. Evaluation of physiological parameters helps intensive care specialists monitoring patients in acute blood loss, and focused assessed transthoracic echocardiography is considered important tool in shock prevention or diagnosis. In this area, research is often carried out on small ruminants once they are considered more suitable for clinical evaluation and elaboration of treatment strategies. Goats can be considered a good experimental model, however data related to cardiovascular evaluation under haemorrhagic shock are still rare in this species. Thus to obtain more information to apply across different species (in veterinary and human medicine), this study aimed to describe anatomic and funcional features of heart and vessels in goats using transthoracic echocardiographic exam and to compare effects of Hydroxyethylamide and Lactated Ringer’s solution during volume replacement following experimental hemorrhagic shock in goats / Choque hemorrágico é uma importante causa de morte e tanto sua reversão quanto tratamento podem auxiliar pacientes, revertendo ou minimizando os efeitos deletérios desta condição. A perda significativa de volume intravascular provoca instabilidade hemodinâmica com diminuição da perfusão tecidual e hipoxia celular comprometendo gravemente as funções orgânicas. O uso de expansores volêmicos podem trazer benefícios e as substâncias sintéticas podem alterar o prognóstico e reverter o estado clínico em situações onde não há sangue nem doadores disponíveis. Ringer lactato e hidroxietilamido são soluções com características bioquímicas e moleculares vantajosas para serem utilizadas nos primeiros estágios do tratamento de choque hemorrágico; no entanto, mais estudos são necessários para determinar seus reais benefícios e efeitos deletérios. A avaliação da função cardíaca através da ecocardiografia auxilia na monitoração de pacientes com perda aguda de sangue sendo uma ferramenta essencial na prevenção e diagnóstico do choque. Nesse contexto, pesquisas são muitas vezes realizadas em pequenos ruminantes por serem considerados mais adequados para a avaliação clínica e elaboração de estratégias de tratamento e apesar da espécie caprina ser considerada um bom modelo experimental, dados relacionados à avaliação cardiovascular sob choque hemorrágico ainda são raros nesta espécie. Desta maneira, este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as características anatômicas e funcionais do coração de caprinos utilizando o exame ecocardiográfico transtorácico além de comparar os efeitos da reposição volêmica utilizando-se Hidroxietilamido a 6% e solução de Ringer com Lactato após choque hemorrágico experimental nesta espécie / 2017-06-27

Submitted by Rebeka Godeiro (rebeka_carvalho@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-09T13:48:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IARA TAMIRES RODRIGUES CAVALCANTE - DISSERTAÇÃO ZOOTECNIA 2018.pdf: 714140 bytes, checksum: d4e13d626674f4ce631a5f2b8a75fcd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T13:48:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IARA TAMIRES RODRIGUES CAVALCANTE - DISSERTAÇÃO ZOOTECNIA 2018.pdf: 714140 bytes, checksum: d4e13d626674f4ce631a5f2b8a75fcd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / Capes / Objetivou-se calcular o balanço hídrico em ovinos alimentados com rações adicionadas de feno de jurema preta, leguminosa tanífera do semiárido. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos com 120 dias e peso inicial de 26,75 kg ±2,29 em gaiolas metabólicas por 21 dias, sendo cinco de coleta. As dietas experimentais continham 0, 12,5, 25 e 37,5% de feno de jurema preta. Foram mensuradas e coletadas amostras de fezes, urina, sobras, ração, água fornecida e evaporada. Foi calculado o balanço hídrico das dietas e determinados os taninos das rações. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e três repetições. Foi observado que a inclusão de feno de jurema preta não afetou o balanço hídrico, embora tenham apresentado efeito quadrático como ingestão de água do alimento e na água metabólica. A água livre, a excretada nas fezes, urina, água retida e a absorvida não foram influenciadas pela adição. Já a água do alimento (kg e g/kg0,75) quando correlacionada com fenóis totais (FT), taninos totais (TT) e taninos condensados (TC) apresentou comportamento quadrático (p<0,05). As demais variáveis não foram afetadas pelos teores de FT, TT e TC. O feno de jurema preta pode ser adicionado a ração de ovinos sem alterar o balanço hídrico. / The objective of this study was to calculate the water balance in sheep fed diets fed with black jurema hay, a semi-arid tannic legume. Twelve sheep with 120 days and initial weight of 26.75 kg ± 2.29 in metabolic cages were used for 21 days, five of which were collected. Experimental diets contained 0, 12.5, 25 and 37.5% black jurema hay. Samples of faeces, urine, leftovers, ration, water supplied and evaporated were measured and collected. The water balance of the diets was calculated and the tannins of the rations were determined. The design was completely randomized with four treatments and three replicates. It was observed that the inclusion of black jurema hay did not affect the water balance, although they showed a quadratic effect as food water intake and metabolic water. The free water, excreted in faeces, urine, retained water and absorbed water were not influenced by the addition. The water content of the food (kg and g / kg0.75) when correlated with total phenols (TP), total tannins (TT) and condensed tannins (CT) presented a quadratic behavior (p <0.05). The other variables were not affected by TP, TT and CT. Black jurema hay can be added to sheep feed without altering the water balance.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade do leite de cabras leiteiras alimentadas com dietas contendo alimento extrusado à base de farelo de mamona (AEFM) na alimentaÃÃo de cabras leiteiras. Quatro grupos de cinco fÃmeas caprinas da raÃa Saanen, foram alimentadas por 34 dias com dietas diferenciadas nos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do farelo de soja por AEFM: 0, 33, 67 e 100%. NÃo houve efeito dos tratamentos (P>0,05) sobre os nutrientes consumidos avaliados: matÃria seca (g/d, %PV, g/kg PV0,75), proteÃna bruta (g/d e g/kg PV0,75), extrato etÃreo (g/d e g/kg PV0,75), fibra em detergente neutro (g/d, %PV e g/kg PV0,75), carboidratos nÃo fibrosos (g/kg PV0,75) e carboidratos totais (g/d e g/kg PV0,75). O consumo de carboidrato nÃo fibroso (g/d) foi influenciado (P<0,05), apresentando relaÃÃo linear positiva com o aumento do nÃvel de inclusÃo de AEFM. Houve influencia dos tratamentos sobre os nutrientes DMS, DMO, DPB, DEE e DFDN, ocasionando efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05). Assim como tambÃm na DCNF que apresentou efeito quadrÃtico (P<0,05) aos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo. NÃo houve influencia dos tratamentos (P>0,05), sobre os parÃmetros de nitrogÃnio consumido, nitrogÃnio excretado na urina, nitrogÃnio excretado no leite, balanÃo de nitrogÃnio, nitrogÃnio de excreÃÃo total e nitrogÃnio endÃgeno basal. Observou-se que os valores encontrados para o nitrogÃnio fecal, foram influenciados (P<0,05). Nos parÃmetros da composiÃÃo fÃsico-quÃmica do leite, observou-se que nÃo houve influÃncia (P>0,05) sobre a produÃÃo de leite (PL), composiÃÃo em proteÃna bruta do leite (PBL) e gordura do leite (GL). Os valores mÃdios de nitrogÃnio urÃico do leite (NUL) foram influenciados (P<0,05), quando comparados com a dieta controle. NÃo houve efeito (P>0,05) sobre a lactose (LAC) e sÃlidos totais (ST). Para as variÃveis de extrato seco desengordurado e rendimento de queijo, houve influÃncia (P<0,05), com mÃdia de 76,42g.kg-1 e 22,25%. Os teores na concentraÃÃo dos Ãcidos graxos butÃrico (C4:0) e caprÃlico (C8:0), foram influenciados (P<0,05) quando comparada ao tratamento controle. NÃo houve efeitos (P>0,05), sobre os teores de Ãcidos graxos saturados (AGS), Ãcidos graxos insaturados (AGI), Ãcidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGP). Para o Ãndice de aterogenicidade (IA), observou-se influencia (P<0,05), demonstrando melhor resultado no nÃvel 33% de substituiÃÃo. As variÃveis odor caracterÃstico, odor estranho, sabor caracterÃstico, sabor estranho, sabor ranÃoso, sabor adocicado e aceitaÃÃo global, foram influenciados (P<0,05), com mÃdias de 3,24, 2,88, 5,20, 3,86, 3,49, 4,10 e 4,36% respectivamente. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o AEFM, apesar de ocasionar reduÃÃo da digestibilidade dos nutrientes, pode ser utilizado na substituiÃÃo do farelo de soja em dieta de cabras leiteiras sem reduÃÃes no consumo de nutrientes, sem afetar a produÃÃo e qualidade do leite, e sem proporcionar qualquer dano à saÃde animal. / This study was conducted to evaluate the performance and quality of dairy goats fed milk diets containing extruded food-based castor meal (EFCM) in dairy goats. Four groups of five female Saanen goats, were fed with diets with different levels of soybean meal replacement by ECCM: 0, 33, 67 and 100%, for 34 days. There was no treatment effect (P>0.05) on the evaluated nutrients intake: dry matter (g/d, %BW and g/kg BW0.75), crude protein (g/d and g/kg BW0.75), extract ether (g/d and g/kg BW0.75), neutral detergent fiber (g/d, %BW and g/kg BW0.75), non-fibrous carbohydrates (g/kg BW0.75) and total carbohydrates (g/d and g/kg BW0.75). The non-fibrous carbohydrate intake (g / d) was affected (P <0.05), presenting a positive linear relashionship with inclusion level of EFCM. Was no influence of treatment on the DMD, OMD, CPD, NDFD DEE and nutrients, causing linear effect (P <0.05). As well as in DCNF that showed a quadratic effect (P <0.05). There was no influence of the treatments (P> 0.05) on the consumed nitrogen parameters, nitrogen excreted in the urine nitrogen excreted in milk, nitrogen balance, the total nitrogen excretion and basal endogenous nitrogen. It was observed that the values found for fecal nitrogen, were affected (P <0.05). The parameters of the physical and chemical composition of milk, it was observed that there was no effect (P> 0.05) on milk production (PM), in gross composition of milk protein (PMC) and milk fat (MF).The average values of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) were affected (P <0.05) compared with control diet. There was no effect (P> 0.05) on lactose (LAC), and total solids (TS).For dry extract variables defatted and yield of cheese, there was influence (P<0.05), averaging 76,42g.kg-1 and 22.25%. The concentration of the butyric acid content in fatty acids (C4: 0) and caprylic (C8: 0) were affected (P <0.05) when compared to the control treatment. There was no effect (P> 0.05) on the levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). For the atherogenicity index (IA) showed a significant effect (P <0.05), demonstrating best results in 33% replacement level. The variables characteristic odor, strange odor, characteristic taste, strange taste, rancid flavor, sweet taste and overall acceptability were affected (P<0.05), with averages of 3.24, 2.88, 5.20, 3, 86, 3.49, 4.10 and 4.36% respectively. The results indicate that the EFCM, despite causing a reduction in the digestibility of nutrients, can be used in replacement of soybean meal in diets of dairy goats without reductions in nutrient intake without affecting the production and quality of milk, and without providing any damage to animal health.

Les programmes de sélection visent à produire des reproducteurs de bonnes valeurs génétiques pour la filière. La connaissance de marqueurs moléculaires du génome des individus et de mutations d’intérêt ouvrent des perspectives en termes d’organisation de la sélection. A l’aide de simulations déterministes et stochastiques, l’intérêt technique et économique de l’utilisation d’un panel de marqueurs moléculaires très basse densité a été évalué dans les populations ovines et caprines en sélection et permis d’obtenir les résultats suivants : i) utiliser un tel panel pour accroître, quand elle est limitée, la quantité de filiations paternelles n’est pas toujours rentable, ii) la stratégie de gestion des gènes d’ovulation qui maximise la rentabilité économique du plan de sélection a été déterminée par optimisation et des stratégies simples à implémenter, qui donnent des rentabilités proches de la rentabilité maximale, ont été proposées, iii) un programme de sélection génomique basé sur un panel très basse densité, permet à coût constant une efficacité supérieure aux programmes basés actuellement sur le testage sur descendance des mâles. / Breeding programs aim to transfer high genetic value breeding stock to the industry. The knowledge of molecular markers of individual’s genome and causal mutations allow to conceive new breeding program designs. Based on deterministic and stochastic simulations, the technical and economic benefits of using a very low density molecular markers panel were assessed in sheep and goat populations. Following results were obtained: i) using such a panel to increase female paternal filiations in case of incomplete pedigree is not always profitable, ii) a method of optimization has been used to derive the maximal profits of managing ovulation genes, and practical management giving profits close to the maximal profits have been determined, iii) at similar cost, a genomic design based on a very low density panel is more efficient than the current design based on progeny testing.

Les nématodes gastro-intestinaux sont des parasites de la caillette des petits ruminants qui posent des contraintes majeures pour l’élevage de ces animaux dans le monde. Récemment leur impact économique a augmenté notamment à cause de l’apparition de nématodes résistants aux anthelminthiques. La sélection génétique pourrait être une stratégie complémentaire des traitements chimiques. Dans cette thèse, nous avons exploré la variabilité génétique disponible qui permettrait une sélection sur la résistance aux nématodes. Les résultats obtenus en termes d’héritabilités, corrélations génétiques et QTLs, suggèrent que la variation génétique des populations étudiées pourrait satisfaire les requis d’un objectif de sélection permettant à la fois d’améliorer la résistance aux nématodes et la croissance des animaux. En outre, l’identification de loci SNP associés à la variation observée sur les caractères de résistance aux nématodes pourrait nous permettre d’améliorer la réponse à la sélection. / Abomasal nematodes are a major constraint to small ruminants industry worldwide. Recently their economic impact has increased due to the recrudescence of anthelmintic resistance among many parasite populations. Genetic selection might be a valid strategy for enhancing the efficacy of anthelmintics. We explored the genetic variability, in both sheep and goat, possibly available for a breeding plan featuring parasite resistance as its breeding goal. The results obtained in terms of heritabilities, genetic correlations and QTLs, suggest that the variation in the genetic pool of the population under study might comply with the requirements of a breeding goal including both parasite resistance and production traits. Furthermore, marker assisted selection could be a feasible option to enhance the selection response.

Les nématodes gastro-intestinaux (NGI) représentent un problème sanitaire majeur dans le monde entier en systèmes de production à l’herbe des élevages de moutons et de chèvres. La maîtrise de ces parasites est désormais compliquée par l'apparition de résistances aux anthelminthiques (AH) chez les nématodes. L'utilisation de plantes riches en tanins (PRT) comme AH non conventionnels est une des alternatives possibles au contrôle chimique de ces maladies parasitaires. Cependant, le mécanisme d'action de ces plantes sur les vers adultes demeure inconnu. Cet objectif a constitué le premier but de cette étude en particulier en essayant de déterminer quelle part jouent les effets directs et indirects dans l’action des PRT sur les populations de Nématodes adultes dans le tractus digestif des petits ruminants. Un effet direct correspond à une action de type pharmacologique sur la biologie, la structure et l’ultrastructure des nématodes liés à des composés biochimiques présents dans les PRT. L'hypothèse d’un effet indirect correspondrait une modification de la réponse cellulaire dans les muqueuses gastro-intestinales de l'hôte, affectant la biologie des NGI. Cette thèse est divisée en deux parties: 1) Deux expériences in vivo réalisées respectivement, au Mexique et en France, visant à déterminer les effets directs ou indirects sur la biologie des NGI liés à la consommation de PRT tel le tzalam (Lysiloma latisiliquum), une Légumineuse arbustive du Yucatan, le sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) une Légumineuse fourragère tempérée, et ainsi que le quebracho(Schinopsis spp.), un extrait riche en tannins condensés Les agneaux ont été infestés par Haemonchus contortus (au Mexique) ou H. contortus et Trichostrongylus colubriformis (en France). La consommation de tzalam a provoqué une perturbation de croissance des vers ou de fertilité des femelles d’H. contortus. Selon la durée de consommation, le quebracho a réduit la population de H. contortus et T. colubriformis, et affecte également la fertilité de T. colubriformis. Le sainfoin a affecté la fécondité de H. contortus sans affecter celle de T. colubriformis. Le comptage de cellules effectrices dans les muqueuses pour évaluer l’implication d’un effet indirect n'a pas montré de différences significatives entre les lots recevant ou non des PRT. La seconde partie s’est fondée sur un test in vitro et deux essais in vivo chez des chèvres infestées par H. contortus pour mieux comprendre l'effet de la consommation de PRT (tzalam, au Mexique ou sainfoin, en France) sur la structure et l’ultrastructure d’H. contortus. Les principales altérations ont été trouvées dans la cuticule et la région céphalique des vers. Des agrégats de matériel végétal autour de la vulve n’ont été trouvé qu’in vitro. L’examen de l’ultrastructure des H. contortus a montré des signes de vacuolisation, surtout visible dans les tissus intestinaux et musculaires. Ces lésions suggèrent que des composés secondaires présents dans le feuillage des PRT peuvent être impliqués dans les fonctions vitales d’ H. contortus, telles que la mobilité, la nutrition et éventuellement la reproduction. / Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) represent a major health problem worldwide in grazing sheep and goat production systems. The control of these parasites has been complicated by the emergence of nematodes which are resistant to the commercially available anthelmintics (AHs). The use of tannin rich plants (TRP), as non-conventional Ahs, represents an alternative for the control of these parasites. However, the mechanism of action of such plants against adult populations of GIN has not been determined. The objective of the study was to determine the direct and indirect effect of TRP against adult populations of GIN in small ruminants. A direct effect is considered to be any action against the biology, structure and/or ultrastructure of the nematodes which is similar to a chemical AH. The indirect effect is a modification of the immune response of the host at the level of the gastrointestinal mucosa which affects the biology of the GIN. This study is divided into two stages: First stage) Two in vivo experiments conducted in Mexico and France respectively, determined the direct and indirect effects on the biology of GIN due to the consumption of the TRP forage of tzalam (Lysiloma latisiliquum), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) as well as a tannin-rich quebracho extract (Schinopsis spp). Lambs were artificially infected with Haemonchus contortus (Mexico) or H. contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis (France). The consumption of tzalam affected the length and fertility of H. contortus females. Meanwhile, the quebracho extract reduced the population of H. contortus and T. colubriformis also affecting the fecundity of T. colubriformis. The sainfoin affected the fecundity of H. contortus without affecting T. colubriformis. The indirect effect was not evident. Second stage) An in vitro assay and two in vivo experiments with goats infected with H. contortus allowed to identify the effect of the consumption of TRP (tzalam or sainfoin) on the structure and ultrastructure of H. contortus. Alterations in cuticle and cephalic region were found. The aggregates in the vulva were only found in vitro. The ultrastructure of H. contortus showed a vacuolization process in the intestinal and muscular tissues of these nematodes. The lesions suggest that the compounds contained in the foliage of TRP may be involved in vital functions of H. contortus such as mobility, nutrition and possibly reproduction. This study is a contribution towards the understanding the mechanisms of AH action of the TRP against GIN.

Les progrès technologiques récents nous permettent d'accéder à la variation des génomes complets ce qui nous ouvre la porte d'une meilleure compréhension de leur diversification via des approches de génomique des populations et de génomique du paysage. Ce travail de thèse se base sur l'analyse des données de génomes complets (WGS) pour caractériser la diversité génétique des petits ruminants (chèvre et moutons) et rechercher les bases génétiques d'adaptations locales.Dans un premier temps, ce travail appréhende un aspect méthodologique et examine la précision et le biais de différentes approches d'échantillonnage des génomes pour caractériser la variabilité génétique, en les comparant aux données WGS. Nous mettons en évidence un fort biais des approches classiques (i.e. puces à ADN, capture de l'exome) ainsi que des séquençages de génomes à faibles taux de couverture (1X et 2X), et nous suggérons des alternatives basées sur un échantillonnage aléatoire de marqueurs dont la densité est variable selon les objectifs d'étude (évaluation de la diversité neutre, déséquilibre de liaison, signatures de sélection). Le jeu de données produit a permis d'évaluer l'état des ressources génétiques de différentes populations domestiques (races locales marocaines, iraniennes, races industrielles) et sauvages (aegagre, mouflon asiatique). Nous relevons une très forte diversité génétique dans les populations indigènes et sauvages qui constituent des réservoirs d'allèles et peuvent jouer un rôle important pour préserver le potentiel adaptatif des petits ruminants domestiques dans un contexte de changement climatique. L'étude plus approfondie des populations de chèvres du Maroc montre une forte diversité génétique faiblement structurée géographiquement, et met en évidence des portions de génome présentant des signaux de sélection. Leur étude montre l'existence de mécanismes adaptatifs potentiellement différents selon les populations (e.g. transpiration/halètement dans l'adaptation probable à la chaleur).Enfin, nous explorons les bases génétiques de l'adaptation locale à l'environnement chez les moutons et chèvres via une approche de génomique de paysage. En scannant les génomes de 160 moutons et 161 chèvres représentant la diversité éco-climatique du Maroc, nous identifions de nombreux variants et gènes candidats qui permettent d'identifier les voies physiologiques potentiellement sous-jacentes à l'adaptation locale. En particulier, il apparait que les mécanismes respiratoires et les processus cardiaques joueraient un rôle clé dans l'adaptation à l'altitude. Les résultats suggèrent que les chèvres et moutons ont probablement développé différents mécanismes adaptatifs pour répondre aux mêmes variations environnementales. Cependant, nous identifions plusieurs cas probables de voies adaptatives communes à plusieurs espèces. Par ailleurs, nous avons caractérisé les patrons de variations du niveau de différenciation de régions chromosomiques sous sélection en fonction de l'altitude. Cela nous permet de visualiser la diversité des réponses adaptatives selon les gènes (par exemple, sélection de variants à faible et/ou haute altitude). Ainsi, ce travail pose les bases de la compréhension de certains mécanismes d'adaptation locale. / Recent technological developments allow an unprecedented access to the whole genome variation and would increase our knowledge on genome diversification using population and landscape genomics. This work is based on the analysis of Whole Genome Sequence data (WGS) with the purpose of characterising genetic diversity in small ruminants (sheep and goats) and exploring genetic bases of local adaptation.First, we addressed a methodological aspect by investigating the accuracy and possible bias in the widely used genotyping approaches to characterize genetic variation in comparison with WGS data. We highlighted strong bias in conventional approaches (SNP chips and exome capture) and also in low-coverage whole genome re-sequencing (1X and 2X), and we suggested effective solutions based on sampling panels of random markers over the genome depending the purpose of the study (assessing neutral diversity, linkage disequilibrium, selection signatures). The various datasets produced allowed assessing genetic resources in various domestic (Moroccan and Iranian indigenous breeds and industrials) and wild populations (bezoars and Asiatic mouflons). We identified a very high diversity in indigenous and wild populations. They constitute a reservoir of alleles allowing them to play a possible key role in the preservation of these species in the context of global changes. The deep study of Moroccan goats showed a high diversity that is weakly structured in geography and populations, and highlighted numerous genomic regions showing signatures of selection. These regions identified different putative adaptive mechanisms according to the population (e.g. panting/sweating to adapt to warm/desert environment).Then, we explored genetic bases of local adaptation to the environment in sheep and goats using a landscape genomics framework. We scanned genomes of 160 sheep and 161 goats representing the eco-climatic Moroccan-wide diversity. We identified numerous candidate variants and genes, which allowed for identifying physiological pathways possibly underlying local adaptation. Especially, it seems that respiration and cardiac process have key roles in the adaptation to altitude. Our results suggest dissimilar adaptive mechanisms for the same environment in sheep and goats. However, we highlighted several cases of common metabolic pathways in different species. Moreover, we characterized some patterns for the variation of genetic differentiation in some candidate genomic regions over environmental gradients. This allowed us to visualise different adaptive reaction depending genes. This work points the way towards a better understanding of some mechanisms underlying local adaptation.

SANTOS, Sueli Freitas dos. Desempenho produtivo e qualidade do leite de cabras leiteiras alimentadas com dietas contendo quatro níveis de casca de mamona. 2008. xviii, 67 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia. Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T12:20:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_sfsantos.pdf: 693369 bytes, checksum: b677dae87c6b609f03bb72d2e2219625 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T15:19:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_sfsantos.pdf: 693369 bytes, checksum: b677dae87c6b609f03bb72d2e2219625 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T15:19:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_sfsantos.pdf: 693369 bytes, checksum: b677dae87c6b609f03bb72d2e2219625 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / To evaluate the productive performance and milk quality of dairy goats fed diets containing four levels of castor bean hulls, this research was carried out at the dairy goat sector of the Embrapa Goats, at Sobral-CE. Eight dairy goats were used, consisting of Anglo-Nubiana breed, averaging 45 kg of body weight and with approximately 60 days of nursing. The animals were housed in metabolism cages and distributed in a latin square 4 x 4 experimental design. The treatments consisted of four levels (0; 33; 67 and 100%, on a dry/fresh matter basis) of Tifton-85 grass hay substitution by castor beans hulls as roughage feed maintaining a roughage: concentrate ratio of 50:50. Each experimental period was 21 days along, divided in 14 days of adaptation and seven days of data collection. The following variables were measured: voluntary feed intake; nutrients apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance, milk production and constitution,density of milk and fatty acid profile. The substitution of Tifton-85 grass hay by castor bean hulls reduced the consumption of: dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, non-fibrous carbohydrates and total carbohydrates. It was not observed difference among diets digestibility coefficients. There was influence of the treatments on the digestibility coefficients, resulting in a linear reduction in nitrogen intake and excretion (fecal, urinate and milk) rates and in the nitrogen balances, with means of 27.3, 6.95, 7.90, 5.46 and 7.05%, respectively. There was a decrease in milk production,with the last two levels not differing to each other. In relation to the milk chemical composition, there was no effect of the Tifton-85 hay substitution by castor beans hulls on the crude protein, mineral matter, lactose and total dry extract, but there was an increase in fat levels in 67 and 100% substitution, not sufficient to promote changes in milk density, averaging 1.031 g/l. In relation to the effect of the Tifton 85 hay substitution by castor beans hulls on fatty acids concentration, there was no effect on the myristic (C14: 0), linoelaidic (C18: 2n6t) and conjugated linoleic (CLA 9t11) acids levels, (P<0.05), as well as the profile of polyunsaturated and saturated (AGPOL and AGESS) fatty acids. There was no effect of the treatments on unsaturated, short chain, long chain and monounsaturated fatty acids. The substitution of Tifton-85 grass hay by castor bean hulls reduced the aterogenicity index (IA) of the diet. The castor bean hulls can replace up to 33% of the Tifton-85 grass hay in dairy goats diets without causing major reductions in feed intake and digestibility and also without causing any loss in the physical-chemical composition nor in the milk production / Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo de avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade do leite de cabras leiteiras alimentadas com dietas contendo quatro níveis de casca de mamona, a pesquisa foi conduzida no setor de caprinocultura leiteira da Embrapa Caprinos, localizada no município de Sobral – Ce. Foram utilizadas oito fêmeas caprinas, da raça Anglo-Nubiana, com peso médio de 45 kg e com aproximadamente 60 dias de lactação. Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo e distribuídos em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro níveis de substituição do feno de capim-tifton 85 pela casca de mamona como alimento volumoso (0; 33; 67 e 100%), mantendo uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50. Cada período experimental teve uma duração de 21 dias, sendo 14 dias de adaptação a dieta e sete dias de coleta de dados. Para avaliação dos efeitos dos tratamentos, foram observadas as seguintes variáveis: consumo voluntário, digestibilidade, balanço de nitrogênio, produção, composição e densidade do leite e perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura do leite. A substituição do feno de capim-tifton 85 pela casca de mamona reduziu o consumo de matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, carboidrato não fibroso e carboidratos totais. Não houve diferença entre os coeficientes de digestibilidade das diferentes dietas. Houve influência dos tratamentos sobre os coeficientes, o que resultou em uma redução linear nos coeficientes de consumo de nitrogênio, excreção (fezes, urina e leite) e no balanço de nitrogênio, com médias de 27,3; 6,95; 7,90; 5,46 e 7,05% respectivamente. Houve um decréscimo na produção, sendo que os últimos dois níveis de substituição não diferiram entre si. Em relação à composição química do leite, não houve efeito da substituição do feno de capim-tifton 85 pela casca de mamona sobre os teores de proteína bruta, matéria mineral, lactose e extrato seco total, porém houve aumento do teor de gordura nos níveis 66 e 100% de substituição, porém isso não causou variação na densidade do leite, cuja média foi de 1,031 g/l. Quanto ao efeito da substituição do feno de capim-tifton 85 pela casca de mamona sobre a concentração dos ácidos graxos, houve efeito sobre os teores dos ácidos mirístico (C14:0), linoelaidico (C18:2n6t), linoléico conjugado (CLA 9t11 (P<0,05) e para o perfil de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados e saturados (AGPOL e AGESS). Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre ácidos graxos insaturados, cadeia curta, cadeia longa e monoinsaturados. A substituição do feno de capim-tifton 85 pela casca de mamona reduziu o índice de aterogenicidade (IA) da dieta. A casca de mamona pode substituir em até 33% o feno de capim-tifton 85 na dieta de cabras leiteiras sem ocasionar grandes reduções no consumo e digestibilidade, assim como também sem ocasionar qualquer prejuízo na produção e na composição físico-química do leite.

The analysis of management of sheep and goat breeding on the organic farm is the main aim of my thesis. The herd was examine at the Slunečná organic farm in the Šumava Mountains. The animals were monitored during grasing season by force of metod ethology monitoring. Sheep and goats were monitored and it was done four times for always 24 hours during a grazing period. The method of the direct monitoring was used and the base categories of the behaviour (food intaking, lying, standing and moving) were written down by an interval method - the interval took 10 minutes. The comfortable, mother's, social and sexual behaviour were writen down as well. Gained data from single sighting was expressed absolute and percentage share form total tables and graphs. The results were interpreted on the basis of the study of special literature and legislation about organic farming and animal ethology. The way of sheep and goats farming was according to an inborn biorhythm and gave the animal free and natural ways of behaviour. The physiological and ethological needs of animals are satisfactory. Sheep and goats have the possibility to graze freely on pastures and they effect positively on the landscape management. They keep grasslands without woody plants and weeds.