Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:27:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCDSB_TESE.pdf: 11862899 bytes, checksum: db329299185e2c022af1f916b746aae8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-14 / The increase in anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes on small ruminants became a worldwide issue on the development of livestock. In order to assess the resistance scenario in that context in the Rio Grande do Norte region, in vivo and in vitro resistance tests were carried out in 30 rural properties using chemicals in the avermectin, salicylanides, benzimidazoles and imidatiazols groups. For the in vivo test, group I was used as control and four other experimental groups received oral medication, being group II given albendazole (10 mg/kg), group III levamisole (7.5 mg/kg), group IV closantel (5.0 mg/kg) and group V ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg). The nematode infection was determined using fecal egg count (FEC) essays and the efficiency of each treatment was analyzed by the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). For the in vivo e in vitro tests, using tiabendazole, the necessary concentration to inhibit 50% of egg hatching (EC50) and assays with a 50% inhibition of larval development (LD50) were assessed, however 50% of larval development and migration inhibition assays (LD50) essays were carried out using ivermectin. For the molecular analysis Haemonchus contortus/property were isolated for the calculation of the frequency of resistant and sensitive alleles for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): F220Y, F167Y and E198A. The results obtained from in vivo tests showed that resistance was detected for all of the drugs, with leavamisole and closantel appearing as the most effective treatments with FECRT results of 84.3% and 74.6%, respectively. In the in vitro assays, tiabendazole had a result in the hatching test of EC50 0.598 µg/ml (95% IC: 0.323-0.818), while exhibiting in the larval development test a LD50 and LD99 0.518 µg/ml(95% IC: 0.432-0,887) and 4.359 µg/ml (95% IC: 3.047-8.178), respectively. For ivermectin in the larval development test, DL50 0.637 µg/ml(95% IC: 0.382 0.903 µg/ml) e DL99 19.56 µg/ml(95% IC: 11.44 46.55 µg/ml) was observed, while in the migration essay the LD50 value was 16.337 µM (95% IC: 12.7-21.3 µM). In the molecular analysis a higher frequency of the resistant allele for SNP F200Y was observed, presenting higher percentage values of 85.81% and 73.11%, while the F167Y resistant alleles had lower values ranging from 2.93% to 43.73%. In the E198A SNP, only sensitive alleles were detected. Assessing the scenario of anthelmintic resistance in the region, one notices that it s established for the main existing drugs on the market / O aumento na resistência anti-helmíntica em nematóides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes tornou-se um problema global para o desenvolvimento da pecuária. Nesse contexto, a fim de avaliar o cenário da resistência na região do Rio Grande do Norte foram realizados em 30 propriedades rurais testes de resistência in vivo e in vitro utilizando produtos químicos dos grupos das avermectina, salicilanilidas, benzimidazóis e imidatiazóis. Para o teste in vivo utilizou-se o grupo I controle quatro grupos experimentais, sendo grupo II albendazol (10 mg/kg), grupo III levamisol (7,5 mg/kg), grupo IV closantel (5,0 mg/kg) e grupo V ivermectina (0,2 mg/kg). A infecção por nematóides foi determinada utilizando ensaios de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e a eficiência de cada tratamento pelo teste de redução da contagem de ovos nas fezes (FECRT). Para os teste in vitro, foi utilizando tiabendazol, com concentrações necessária para inibir 50% de eclosão dos ovos (EC50) e ensaios com inibição de 50% do desenvolvimento larval, porém com a ivermectina foram realizados ensaios de inibição de 50% do desenvolvimento e migração larval (DL50). Para análise molecular foram isolados Haemonchus contortus em cada propriedade avaliada para cálculo da frequência de alelos resistentes e sensíveis para os polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs): F200Y, F167Y e E198A. Os resultados obtidos com os testes in vivo e in vitro mostraram que a resistência foi detectado em todas as drogas testadas, com o levamisol e closantel apresentando-se como os tratamentos mais eficientes, com resultados FECRT de 84,3% e 74,6%, respectivamente. Nas análises in vitro o resultado do tiabendazol no teste de eclosão foi EC50 0,598 µg/ml (IC95%: 0,323-0,818), enquanto que no desenvolvimento larval uma DL50 e DL99 de 0,518 µg/ml(IC95%: 0,432-0,887) e 4,359 µg/ml(IC95%: 3,047-8,178), respectivamente. Para ivermectina no teste de desenvolvimento larval foi observado DL50 0,637 µg/ml(CI95%: 0,382 0,903 µg/ml) e DL99 19,56 µg/ml(CI95%: 11,44 46,55 µg/ml), enquanto que no de migração o valor da DL50 foi 16,337 µM (CI95%: 12,7-21,3 µM). Na análise molecular observou-se uma frequência maior do alelo resistente para o SNP F200Y apresentando porcentagens mais altas com valores de 85,81% e 73,11%, enquanto que o F167Y apresentou valores menores de alelos resistentes variando entre 43,73% e 2,93%. No SNP E198A foram detectados alelos apenas sensíveis. Avaliando o cenário da resistência anti-helmíntica na região, percebe-se que está estabelecida para as principais drogas existentes no mercado

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TalytaLN_DISSERT.pdf: 3598046 bytes, checksum: 8625bfefb7968296859526da4d9e14cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-10 / This study aimed to determine the therapeutic dose of tramadol in goats submitted to orchiectomy and to verify the pharmacokinetic parameters of the opioid in the species. Nineteen healthy adult goats were divided into three groups: Group 2 mg, where animals received tramadol at a dose of 2 mg.kg-1; Group 4 mg, where animals received 4 mg.kg-1 of the opioid; and Control Group which received NaCl solution at 0.9%, intravenously. After the treatment administration, lidocaine local infiltration was performed and the animals were subjected to orchiectomy. Heart and respiratory rate, blood pressure and temperature were measured besides the assessment of analgesia. At any sign of pain, ketoprofen was administered. At each time point, venous blood was collected for determination of tramadol pharmacokinetics, by HPLC means. It was observed that 4 mg.kg-1 provided better and longer-lasting analgesia when compared to the other study groups. The animals that received that dose had the smallest values of the vital parameters and, in 66,6% of them, rescue medication was administered only 16 hours after treatment. As for the pharmacokinetics, there was no difference among groups. The highest plasma concentrations of tramadol were 830 and 1479 ng.ml-1 for the animals receiving the lowest and highest doses of the opioid, Half-life was 0.28 ± 0.21 and 0.34 ± 0.24 hours for tramadol in doses of 2 and 4 mg.kg-1 , respectively. There was a wide distribution and affinity to the opioid by all tissues. Tramadol at a dose of 4 mg.kg-1 demonstrated analgesic activity more satisfying and longer lasting associated with absence of side effects in goats undergoing orchiectomy / Objetivou-se comparar os efeitos clínicos, efeitos adversos e farmacocinética do tramadol, nas doses de 2 e 4 mg.kg-1, em caprinos submetidos à orqueictomia. Foram utilizados 19 caprinos adultos hígidos, distribuídos em três grupos: grupo 2 mg, onde os animais receberam tramadol na dose de 2 mg.kg-1; grupo 4 mg, receberam 4 mg.kg-1 do opioide e o grupo controle que recebeu NaCl 0,9%, por via intravenosa. Após administração dos tratamentos, realizou-se bloqueio anestésico com infiltração local de lidocaína, sendo os animais submetidos a orquiectomia. Avaliou-se o grau de analgesia promovido pelos tratamentos e mensurou-se as frequências cardíaca e respiratória, pressão arterial e temperatura retal. Ao se verificar sinais de dor, cetoprofeno foi administrado. Em cada momento de avaliação, sangue venoso foi colhido para determinação da farmacocinética do tramadol por meio de CLAE. Observou-se que a dose de 4 mg.kg-1 promoveu maior e mais prolongada analgesia quando comparada aos demais grupos do estudo. Os animais que receberam esta dose obtiveram os menores valores dos parâmetros vitais e em 66,6% deles, medicação resgate só foi administrada 16 horas após o tratamento. Quanto a farmacocinética, não houve diferença entre os grupos. As mais elevadas concentrações plasmáticas do tramadol foram 830 e 1479 ng.ml-1 para os animais que receberam a menor e maior dose do opioide. Tempo de meia vida foi de 0,28±0,21 e 0,34±0,24 horas para o tramadol nas doses de 2 e 4 mg.kg-1. Houve ampla distribuição e afinidade do opioide pelos tecidos. O tramadol, na dose de 4 mg.kg-1 demonstrou atividade analgésica mais satisfatória e prolongada, associada a ausência de efeitos adversos. A dose de 4 mg

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-02T15:14:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosHS_TESE.pdf: 942208 bytes, checksum: e19ab9490967b84c569ba6458a95e6cb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-02T15:22:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosHS_TESE.pdf: 942208 bytes, checksum: e19ab9490967b84c569ba6458a95e6cb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-02T15:30:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosHS_TESE.pdf: 942208 bytes, checksum: e19ab9490967b84c569ba6458a95e6cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T15:30:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosHS_TESE.pdf: 942208 bytes, checksum: e19ab9490967b84c569ba6458a95e6cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / The aim of this study was to describe the profile of the sheep and goat farmers in the West Potiguar region, through questionnaires that reveal the social characteristics of the creators and hygiene and health characteristics of goat and sheep herds. They were conducted 243 interviews with creators sheep and goat farmers of family farming, with flocks of up to 100 animals. After application of the questionnaires, was obtained a database, which indicated important characteristics, as well as weaknesses of the productive chain and possible risk factors of sanitary and hygienic management. The results showed that 85.0% and 81.2% of sheep and goat farmers respectively, reside in the property; 71.2% and 75.3% of sheep and goat farmers respectively, has the property as the only source of income; more than 75.0% of the farmers have not completed primary education, regardless of the analyzed species of herd. The predominant farming system is semi-extensive, the installations are predominantly of dirt floor pressed and the use of isolation of animals was not routine practice. The deworming is a common practice in 99.1% of sheep and 95.9% of goats herds, but is performed without any technical orientation, such as dosages and frequency. Among the deworming, clostridiums is the most applied between the breeders, and the goat herd with the immunization rate (60.6%) higher than the herd sheep (41.6%). The clinical signs more reported by sheep and goats breeders were respectively, diarrhea (88.5% and 88.8%), screwworm (81.4% and 79.4%), anemia (62.8% and 59.4% ), abortion (51.3% and 46.5%) and abscess (38.1% and 30%), only varying the proportion of the related cases. We conclude that the technical assistance and the participation in associations or cooperatives contributed to an increase in productivity and control of diseases in these herds / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram descrever o perfil sanitário do rebanho e social dos criadores de ovinos e caprinos do Oeste Potiguar, através de questionários que revelassem as características sociais dos criadores e higiênico-sanitárias dos rebanhos. Foram realizadas 243 entrevistas com criadores de ovinos e caprinos da agricultura familiar, com rebanhos de no máximo 100 animais. Após aplicação dos questionários, obteve-se um banco de dados, que a partir dos quais pode-se identificar características importantes, bem como fragilidades da cadeia produtiva e eventuais fatores de risco dos manejos higiênico e sanitário. Os resultados mostraram que 85% e 81,2% dos criadores de ovinos e caprinos respectivamente, residem na propriedade; 71,2% e 75,3% tem a propriedade como única fonte de renda e mais de 75% dos criadores não concluíram o ensino fundamental, independente da espécie do rebanho analisada. O sistema de criação predominante é o semi-extensivo, as instalações são predominantemente de chão batido e o uso de quarentena e isolamento para os animais não é prática rotineira. A vermifugação é uma prática comum em 99,1% dos ovinos e 95,9% dos rebanhos caprinos, porém é realizada sem nenhuma orientação técnica, como dosagens e frequência. Dentre as imunizações, a clostridiose é a mais aplicada entre os criadores, tendo o rebanho caprino um índice de imunização (60,6%) e o rebanho ovino (41,6%). Os sinais clínicos mais relatados pelos criadores de ovinos e caprinos foram respectivamente diarreia (88,5% / 88,8%), bicheira (81,4% / 79,4%), anemia (62,8% / 59,4%), aborto (51,3% / 46,5%) e abscesso (38,1% / 30%) variando apenas a proporção das citações. Podendo-se concluir que a assistência técnica e a participação em associações ou cooperativas contribuíram para um aumento na produtividade e no controle das enfermidades nos rebanhos / 2017-05-02

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cala_ac_me_jabo.pdf: 748222 bytes, checksum: cf47c5334ff6a1f2e9b54a930c87bc27 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Em virtude da importância que os pequenos ruminantes desempenham no setor agropecuário e da necessidade de se encontrar alternativas de baixo custo para o controle das helmintoses, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a atividade anti-helmíntica dos extratos de Artemisia annua, Melia azedarach e Trichilia claussenii. Os extratos, aquoso, bicarbonato de sódio, diclorometano, etanólico de A. annua, hexânico de M. azedarach e o metanólico de T. claussenii, foram avaliados em testes in vitro de eclodibilidade larvar (TEL) e de desenvolvimento larvar (TDL) sobre nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos. O extrato de bicarbonato de sódio de A. annua e artemisinina (bioativo purificado) foram avaliados in vivo em ovinos Santa Inês infectados por nematódeos gastrintestinais com base na avaliação do hematócrito, na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coprocultura. Os princípios ativos dos extratos foram quantificados com base na cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência - índice de refração (CLAE-IR), ultravioleta (CLAE- UV) e líquido-líquido (CLAE- LL). A capacidade antioxidante do extrato de bicarbonato de sódio foi determinada pelo método ORAC (capacidade de absorção do radical oxigênio) e a artemisinina eliminada foi quantificada pela CLAE-UV. Analisados pelos testes probit e de Tukey. O extrato de bicarbonato de sódio de A. annua foi o mais eficiente in vitro com CL50(concentração letal) de 0, 0677 μg/mL e CL99 de 1,27 μg/mL no TEL e no TDL a CL50 foi de 1,67 μg/mL e a CL99 de 23,8 μg/mL. No teste in vivo, a redução máxima do OPG foi de 31,97% no 14º dia nos animais tratados com o extrato de bicarbonato de sódio de A. annua (2 g/kg pv) e de 41,37% no 15º nos animais que receberam artemisinina (100 mg/kg pv). Na coprocultura obteve-se 91,2% de H. contortus, 8,4% de Tricostrongylus sp. e 0,3% de Oesophagostomum sp. Os... / Given the importance that small ruminant plays in the livestock and the need to find alternatives of low-costs for the control of helminthes, the objectives of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activities of extracts from Artemisia annua, Melia azedarach and Trichilia claussenii. The extracts, aqueous, sodium bicarbonate, dichloromethane, ethanol of A. annua, hexane of M. azedarach and methanol of T. claussenii, were evaluated in vitro tests of larval hatchability (TEL) and larval development (TDL) on gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The extract of sodium bicarbonate A. annua and artemisinin (bioactive purified) were evaluated in vivo in Santa Ines sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes based on the assessment of hematocrit, egg count per gram of feces (OPG) and stool culture. The active ingredients of the extracts were quantified based on liquid chromatography with high efficiency - an index of refraction (HPLC-IR), ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and liquid-liquid (HPLC-LL). The antioxidant activity of sodium bicarbonate extract was determined by ORAC method (absorption capacity of the radical oxygen) and artemisinin in the feces was quantified by HPLC-UV. The results were analyzed by SAS probit and Tukey test. The extract of sodium bicarbonate A. annua, in vitro, was the most effective with LC50 of 0,0677 μg/mL and 1,27 μg/mL of CL99 in TEL, and in the TDL LC50 was 1,67μg/mL and CL99 of 23,8μg/mL. In vivo test, the maximum reduction in EPG was 31,97% on day 14 in animals treated with the extract of sodium bicarbonate A. annua (2g/ kg body weight) and 41.37% on day 15 in animals received artemisinin (100 mg/kg bw). In stool culture was obtained 91, 2% of H. contortus, 8, 4% Tricostrongylus sp. and 0, 3% of Oesophagostomum sp. The results show the need for more studies with higher doses of extracts, other alternatives of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: Em virtude da importância que os pequenos ruminantes desempenham no setor agropecuário e da necessidade de se encontrar alternativas de baixo custo para o controle das helmintoses, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a atividade anti-helmíntica dos extratos de Artemisia annua, Melia azedarach e Trichilia claussenii. Os extratos, aquoso, bicarbonato de sódio, diclorometano, etanólico de A. annua, hexânico de M. azedarach e o metanólico de T. claussenii, foram avaliados em testes in vitro de eclodibilidade larvar (TEL) e de desenvolvimento larvar (TDL) sobre nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos. O extrato de bicarbonato de sódio de A. annua e artemisinina (bioativo purificado) foram avaliados in vivo em ovinos Santa Inês infectados por nematódeos gastrintestinais com base na avaliação do hematócrito, na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coprocultura. Os princípios ativos dos extratos foram quantificados com base na cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência - índice de refração (CLAE-IR), ultravioleta (CLAE- UV) e líquido-líquido (CLAE- LL). A capacidade antioxidante do extrato de bicarbonato de sódio foi determinada pelo método ORAC (capacidade de absorção do radical oxigênio) e a artemisinina eliminada foi quantificada pela CLAE-UV. Analisados pelos testes probit e de Tukey. O extrato de bicarbonato de sódio de A. annua foi o mais eficiente in vitro com CL50(concentração letal) de 0, 0677 μg/mL e CL99 de 1,27 μg/mL no TEL e no TDL a CL50 foi de 1,67 μg/mL e a CL99 de 23,8 μg/mL. No teste in vivo, a redução máxima do OPG foi de 31,97% no 14º dia nos animais tratados com o extrato de bicarbonato de sódio de A. annua (2 g/kg pv) e de 41,37% no 15º nos animais que receberam artemisinina (100 mg/kg pv). Na coprocultura obteve-se 91,2% de H. contortus, 8,4% de Tricostrongylus sp. e 0,3% de Oesophagostomum sp. Os... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Given the importance that small ruminant plays in the livestock and the need to find alternatives of low-costs for the control of helminthes, the objectives of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activities of extracts from Artemisia annua, Melia azedarach and Trichilia claussenii. The extracts, aqueous, sodium bicarbonate, dichloromethane, ethanol of A. annua, hexane of M. azedarach and methanol of T. claussenii, were evaluated in vitro tests of larval hatchability (TEL) and larval development (TDL) on gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The extract of sodium bicarbonate A. annua and artemisinin (bioactive purified) were evaluated in vivo in Santa Ines sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes based on the assessment of hematocrit, egg count per gram of feces (OPG) and stool culture. The active ingredients of the extracts were quantified based on liquid chromatography with high efficiency - an index of refraction (HPLC-IR), ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and liquid-liquid (HPLC-LL). The antioxidant activity of sodium bicarbonate extract was determined by ORAC method (absorption capacity of the radical oxygen) and artemisinin in the feces was quantified by HPLC-UV. The results were analyzed by SAS probit and Tukey test. The extract of sodium bicarbonate A. annua, in vitro, was the most effective with LC50 of 0,0677 μg/mL and 1,27 μg/mL of CL99 in TEL, and in the TDL LC50 was 1,67μg/mL and CL99 of 23,8μg/mL. In vivo test, the maximum reduction in EPG was 31,97% on day 14 in animals treated with the extract of sodium bicarbonate A. annua (2g/ kg body weight) and 41.37% on day 15 in animals received artemisinin (100 mg/kg bw). In stool culture was obtained 91, 2% of H. contortus, 8, 4% Tricostrongylus sp. and 0, 3% of Oesophagostomum sp. The results show the need for more studies with higher doses of extracts, other alternatives of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Gilson Pereira de Oliveira / Coorientadora: Ana Carolina de Souza Chagas / Banca: Alvimar José da Costa / Banca: Mario Roberto Hatayde / Banca: Carlos Noriyuki Kaneto / Mestre

L’objectif de l’étude est d’évaluer la durabilité de la filière laitière de petits ruminants au Liban et d’identifier ses faiblesses afin de proposer des solutions garantissant sa pérennité. Les résultats d’une enquête englobant 129 éleveurs (Srour, 2006) ainsi que de trois enquêtes portant sur 15 transformateurs, 83 distributeurs et 250 consommateurs ont été agrégés en 12 paramètres représentant les trois volets de la durabilité (environnementale, sociale et économique). Les résultats ont été utilisés pour concevoir un cahier des charges englobant des solutions aux problèmes de la durabilité ; celui-ci a été validé auprès de 16 producteurs, 15 transformateurs, 17 distributeurs et 20 consommateurs. Les producteurs sont responsables de l’impact environnemental le plus important de la filière et souffrent d’une fragilité économique élevée. Les transformateurs sont caractérisés par un manque d’investissement et de politique de traitement des déchets, mais présentent les meilleures conditions sociales à leurs employés et sont les plus performants au niveau de la valeur ajoutée malgré un taux faible de croissance. Chez les distributeurs, les épiceries sont en régression face à des grandes surfaces en pleine expansion et offrant de meilleures conditions sociales à leurs employés. Les consommateurs ignorent le concept de la durabilité et basent leur confiance sur les vendeurs pour l’achat des produits traditionnels. La mise en place de cahier des charges est soutenue par son originalité, l’absence de produits similaires et la situation géographique, mais elle doit prendre en considération la réceptivité du marché (local et extérieur) et l’absence d’infrastructure spécialisée / The aim of this study is to evaluate the sustainability of dairy small ruminant supply chain in Lebanon and to identify its weaknesses in order to suggest solutions guaranteeing its durability. The results relevant to a survey covering 129 breeders (Srour, 2006) and to three other surveys covering 15 processors, 83 distributors and 250 consumers were combined in 12 parameters representing the three facets of sustainability (environmental, social and economical). The results were used to design a labelling scheme containing solutions to sustainability problems; the latter was then validated with 16 breeders, 15 processors, 17 distributors, and 20 consumers. The breeders are responsible for the most important environmental impact of the supply chain and suffer from a high economical fragility. The processors are characterized with a shortage of investment and waste treatment policy but present the best social conditions to their employees and hold the best added value performance despite a weak growth rate. At the distributors’ level, groceries are in regression, facing large retailers in full expansion and offering better social conditions to their employees. The consumers ignore the sustainability concept and base their trust on the salesmen in buying traditional products. The application of the labelling scheme is supported by its originality, the absence of similar products and the geographical situation, but it has to take into consideration the receptiveness of the market (local and foreign) and the absence of specialized infrastructure

[EN] For many years energy needs of ruminants have tried to be known to formulate rations adjusted, but it has been found that there are a variety of factors that affect them. Therefore, lots of studies are needed for evaluating the effect of these factors. Consequently, the main objective of this Thesis was to design and validate a respirometry system based on indirect calorimetry, which would allow assessing energy needs of small ruminants accurately. It was intended from the beginning it was a mobile system and of relatively low cost. Furthermore, a methane gas analyzer was incorporated to this system, which allowed the measurement of emissions of this greenhouse gas and quantification of energy losses in the form of methane. Initially the system had connected a mask, which was placed on the animal's face. A sample of exhaled gas was stored in a gas collection bag which was connected to the analyzer, and it measured the concentration of O2, CO2 and CH4 from the air. The proper functioning of the system was checked by a pilot experiment with dry Murciano-Granadina breed goats fed at maintenance level. Later this system was improved. Some of the most important changes were the replacement of the mask by a head hood in which the animal introduced the whole head, and the development of software that recorded and kept automatically concentrations of O2, CO2 and CH4 in exhaled air. This improvement allowed gas measurements during longer periods of time and recording more data. These changes were also validated through a pilot test with dry Manchega breed sheep. Subsequently, three experiments were performed. One of them with dry Guirra ewes and the other two with Murciano-Granadina goats during mid lactation. Diets were mixed rations that differed in the inclusion of cereal or fibrous by-products. In these experiments the effect of diet was studied on digestibility, energy balance and carbon-nitrogen, oxidation of nutrients, rumen parameters and methane production; in the case of lactating goats, also on milk performance. The determination of the calibration factor for O2 (1.005 ± 0.0101) confirmed the proper functioning of equipment. Moreover, small differences between the heat production obtained by indirect calorimetry and the carbon-nitrogen balance (2% in sheep and 1% in goats) demonstrated that this system allows determining the heat production of the animals reliably and accurately. In the experiments of this Thesis have been estimated maintenance energy needs of two Spanish native sheep breeds, such as the sheep from the Guirra and Manchega breeds; net maintenance requirements were 270 kJ/kg BW0.75, on average. In the case of Murciano-Granadina breed goats, in the middle of lactation, the average utilization efficiency of metabolizable energy for lactation was 0.61. / [ES] Desde hace años se ha tratado de conocer las necesidades energéticas de los rumiantes con el fin de formular raciones ajustadas, pero se ha comprobado que hay una gran variedad de factores que les afectan; por ello son necesarios estudios que evalúen el efecto de estos factores. Como consecuencia, el principal objetivo de esta tesis fue diseñar y validar un equipo de respirometría, basado en calorimetría indirecta, que permitiese evaluar las necesidades en energía de pequeños rumiantes de forma precisa. Se pretendió desde el inicio que fuese un sistema móvil y de relativo bajo coste. Además, a este sistema también se le incorporó un analizador de gas metano, que permitía la medición de las emisiones de este gas de efecto invernadero y la cuantificación de las pérdidas energéticas en forma de metano. Inicialmente el equipo tenía conectada una máscara que se colocaba en la cara del animal. Una muestra del gas espirado era almacenada en una bolsa de recogida de gases que era conectada al analizador, el cual medía la concentración de O2, CO2 y CH4 del aire. Se comprobó el correcto funcionamiento del sistema mediante una prueba piloto con cabras de raza Murciano-Granadina secas, alimentadas a nivel de mantenimiento. Posteriormente este sistema fue mejorado. Algunos de los cambios más importantes fueron la sustitución de la máscara por una urna en la que el animal introducía la cabeza entera, y el desarrollo de un software que registraba y guardaba de forma automática las concentraciones de O2, CO2 y CH4 del aire espirado. Esta mejora permitía medidas de gases durante periodos de tiempo más largos y el registro de muchos más datos. Estas modificaciones también fueron validadas mediante una prueba piloto con ovejas de raza Manchega secas. Posteriormente se realizaron tres experimentos. Uno de ellos con ovejas de raza Guirra secas y los otros dos con cabras Murciano-Granadinas en mitad de lactación. Las dietas fueron raciones mixtas que diferían en la inclusión de cereal o subproductos fibrosos. En estos experimentos se estudió el efecto de la dieta sobre la digestibilidad, balances de energía y carbono-nitrógeno, oxidación de los nutrientes, parámetros del rumen y producción de metano; en el caso de las cabras en lactación, también sobre los rendimientos productivos. La determinación del factor de calibrado para el O2 (1,005 ± 0,0101) confirmó el buen funcionamiento del equipo. Por otro lado, las pequeñas diferencias entre la producción de calor obtenida mediante calorimetría indirecta y el balance de carbono-nitrógeno (2% en ovejas y 1% en cabras) demostraron que este sistema permite determinar la producción de calor de los animales de forma fiable y precisa. En los trabajos de esta Tesis se han estimado las necesidades energéticas de mantenimiento en dos razas de ovejas autóctonas españolas, como son las razas Guirra y Manchega; las necesidades netas de mantenimiento fueron 270 kJ/kg PV0,75, de media. En el caso del ganado caprino de raza Murciano-Granadina, en mitad de lactación, la eficacia media de utilización de la energía metabolizable para la lactación fue de 0,61. / [CAT] Des de fa anys s'ha tractat de conèixer les necessitats energètiques dels remugants a fi de formular racions ajustades, però s'ha comprovat que hi ha una gran varietat de factors que els afecten; per això són necessaris estudis que avaluen l'efecte d'estos factors. Com a conseqüència, el principal objectiu d'aquesta Tesi va ser dissenyar i validar un equip de respirometría, basat en calorimetria indirecta, que permetera avaluar les necessitats en energia de menuts remugants de forma precisa. Es va pretendre des de l'inici que fóra un sistema mòbil i de relatiu baix cost. A més, a este sistema també se li va incorporar un analitzador de gas metà, que permetia el mesurament de les emissions d'este gas d'efecte hivernacle i la quantificació de les pèrdues energètiques en forma de metà. Inicialment l'equip tenia connectada una màscara que es col·locava en la cara de l'animal. Una mostra del gas expirat era emmagatzemada en una bossa d'arreplega de gasos que era connectada a l'analitzador, el qual mesurava la concentració d'O2, CO2 i CH4 de l'aire. Es va comprovar el funcionament correcte del sistema per mitjà d'una prova pilot amb cabres de raça Murciano-Granadina seques, alimentades a nivell de manteniment. Posteriorment este sistema va ser millorat. Alguns dels canvis més importants van ser la substitució de la màscara per una urna en què l'animal introduïa el cap sencera, i el desenrotllament d'un programari que registrava i guardava de forma automàtica les concentracions d'O2, CO2 i CH4 de l'aire expirat. Esta millora permetia mesures de gasos durant períodes de temps més llargs i el registre de moltes més dades. Estes modificacions també van ser validades per mitjà d'una prova pilot amb ovelles de raça Manxega seques. Després es van realitzar tres experiments. Un d'ells amb ovelles de raça Guirra seques i els altres dos amb cabres Murciano-Granadinas en mitat de lactació. Les dietes van ser racions mixtes que diferien en la inclusió de cereal o subproductes fibrosos. En estos experiments es va estudiar l'efecte de la dieta sobre la digestibilitat, balanços d'energia i carboni-nitrogen, oxidació dels nutrients, paràmetres del rumen i producció de metà; en el cas de les cabres en lactació, també sobre els rendiments productius. La determinació del factor de calibrat per a l'O2 (1,005 ± 0,0101) va confirmar el bon funcionament de l'equip. D'altra banda, les xicotetes diferències entre la producció de calor obtinguda per mitjà de calorimetria indirecta i el balanç de carboni-nitrogen (2% en ovelles i 1% en cabres) van demostrar que este sistema permet determinar la producció de calor dels animals de forma fiable i precisa. En els treballs d'esta Tesi s'han estimat les necessitats energètiques de manteniment en dos races d'ovelles autòctones espanyoles, com són les races Guirra i Manxega; les necessitats netes de manteniment van ser 270 kJ/kg PV0,75, de mitja. En el cas del bestiar caprí de raça Murciano-Granadina, en mitat de lactació, l'eficàcia mitjana d'utilització de l'energia metabolitzable per a la lactació va ser de 0,61. / López Luján, MDC. (2015). Development of a mobile open-circuit system based on indirect calorimetry for energetic metabolism studies in small ruminants [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/50430 / TESIS

Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and is characterised by diarrhoea and progressive emaciation with consequent serious economic losses due to death, early culling, and reduced productivity. In addition, indirect economic losses may arise from trade restrictions. Besides being a production limiting disease, PTB is a potential zoonosis; MAP has been isolated from Crohn’s disease patients and was associated with other human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats may be globally distributed though information on the prevalence and economic impact in many developing countries seem to be scanty. Goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep and both species are likely to develop the clinical disease. Ingestion of feed and water contaminated with faeces of MAP-positive animals is the common route of infection, which then spreads horizontally and vertically. In African countries, PTB has been described as a “neglected disease”, and in small ruminants, which support the livelihood of people in rural areas and poor communities, the disease was rarely reported. Prevention and control of small ruminants’ PTB is difficult because diagnostic assays demonstrate poor sensitivity early in the disease process, in addition to the difficulties in identifying subclinically infected animals. Further studies are needed to provide more insight on molecular epidemiology, transmission, and impact on other animals or humans, socio-economic aspects, prevention and control of small ruminant PTB.

La peste des petits ruminants est une maladie infectieuse animale très contagieuse. Largement répandue en Afrique, au Moyen Orient, et en Asie, elle fait des ravages dans les élevages ovins et caprins. Les petits ruminants représentent une ressource nutritionnelle et économique essentielle dans les pays en développement, notamment pour les communautés rurales les plus pauvres. En Afrique sub-saharienne, l'impact de la maladie est d'autant plus élevé que les mouvements des animaux sont compliqués à contrôler (transhumance, commerce illégal, zones de conflits, etc.) et les contrôles sanitaires difficiles à organiser. Une coalition internationale a décidé de prendre en main le contrôle de cette maladie ravageuse en élaborant avec l'OIE et la FAO une stratégie mondiale de contrôle progressif et d'éradication de la maladie.La stratégie est basée sur la vaccination de masse mais les protocoles de vaccination ont principalement été élaborés sur des bases empiriques. Après une campagne de vaccination, la dynamique démographique entraînant le renouvellement du cheptel, la proportion d'individus immunisés au sein de la population (taux d'immunité) est amenée à diminuer au cours du temps (entrées d'animaux non vaccinés, e.g. les naissances, et sorties d'animaux vaccinés, e.g. les ventes). La décroissance du taux d'immunité permet d'évaluer l'efficacité de la vaccination à moyen terme. Si le taux d'immunité est assez élevé, le virus n'a plus d'hôte pour se propager. Le renouvellement du cheptel est délicat à estimer et varie d'un système d'élevage à l'autre. Ce manuscrit présente une méthode d'optimisation des protocoles de vaccination pour obtenir la meilleure couverture immunitaire possible.Un modèle dynamique de prédiction du taux d'immunité dans des élevages de petits ruminants d'Afrique sub-saharienne au cours d'un programme de vaccination pluri-annuel a été développé en utilisant la théorie des modèles démographiques matriciels. Cet outil a été utilisé pour évaluer différents protocoles proposés pour les zones sahéliennes arides / semi-arides et les zones sub-humides / humides. Les paramètres des modèles ont été estimés à partir des données disponibles et d'une revue exhaustive de la littérature.Des indicateurs synthétiques de l'efficacité des protocoles ont été calculés (persistance du niveau protecteur, taux d'immunité moyen, etc.), puis comparés.L'étude a confirmé la pertinence des protocoles proposés par l'OIE et la FAO, apportant des précisions pour les divers scénarios. Les couvertures vaccinales atteintes doivent être très élevées (>80%) pour permettre la protection d'un troupeau pendant toute la durée du programme. En zone sahélienne, les troupeaux doivent être vaccinés au plus tôt après la saison des pluies pour optimiser la portée de la vaccination. L'étude révèle aussi que le pic d'exploitation des mâles, dû à la Tabaski, et la situation épidémiologique initiale du troupeau influent peu sur la dynamique du taux d'immunité.L'outil développé au cours de cette thèse peut être utilisé pour toute maladie infectieuse pour laquelle on dispose d'un vaccin efficace à long terme et toute population domestique dont on connaît la dynamique. Il pourrait cependant être amélioré par l'intégration de la dynamique de la maladie et de la répartition spatiale des élevages sous forme de méta-communauté. / Peste des petits ruminants is a highly contagious animal disease. Widespread in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, it has a devastating effect on small ruminants. Small ruminants are essential to sustainable livelihood in developping countries, especially in rural communities. In western Africa, the disease incidence is higher because of the difficulty to control animals movements (transhumance, illegal trade, conflicted areas, etc.) and to settle adapted sanitary actions.A global strategy for the progressive control and the eradication of the disease has been developed by the OIE and FAO. It is based on mass vaccination, with vaccination protocols defined on empirical basis.After a vaccination campaign, the population dynamics is responsible for herd renewal, the proportion of protected individuals (post-vaccinal immunity rate) in the population is decreasing over time (entries of non-vaccinated animals and exits of vaccinated ones). The immunity rate decrease allows to assess to the efficiency of employed vaccination strategies in term of immunity coverage. From a given threshold, the immunity rate can stop the viral transmission. The population renewal has to be estimated carrefully because it varies from one farming system to another. The work described in this manuscript provides an optimization tool of vaccination strategy, supporting decision markers in the formulation of vaccination protocole achiving the best possible immunization coverage in a given socio-economical context.Using the demographic matrix model theory, we developed a seasonal model predicting the immunity rate dynamics in traditional small ruminants livestock of Western African during a vaccination program. We used this model to evaluate different vaccination protocols proposed for Sahelian arid and semi-arid areas, and Soudano-guinean sub-humid and humid areas. Model parameters were estimated from the available data and an exhaustive review of literature.Synthesising indicators of the protocoles efficiency were computed (length of protective immunity, average immunity rate, etc.) and compared.The work described in the manuscript broadly confirmed the protocols proposed by the OIE and FAO. Additionally, this work provides details for the various scenarios. Very high vaccination coverage (>80%) should be reached to protect the population during the whole program. In the Sahelian zone, herds should be vaccinated at the earliest possible from September to optimize the scope of vaccination. We also show that the males offtake increase due to Tabaski and the initial epidemiological situation poorly influences the immunity rate dynamics.Our tool is generic. I can be applied to any infectious disease which has a vaccine providing a lifelong immunity and for which the population dynamics is known. Nevertheless, it could be improved by implementing spatial analysis and disease dynamics.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-09T13:37:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jobson Filipe de Paula Cajueiro.pdf: 767324 bytes, checksum: 776ab3e5c28585de71b32d4d723d5483 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T13:37:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jobson Filipe de Paula Cajueiro.pdf: 767324 bytes, checksum: 776ab3e5c28585de71b32d4d723d5483 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-07 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Hypocalcemia in dairy cows has been studied around the world, mainly due to its impact on animal production and productivity, will be related to various diseases. However, few studies have been conducted on this disease in small ruminants, especially in dairy goats. Therefore , the aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of calcium during the transition period in dairy goats in order to differentiate groups of hypocalcemic animals (G1) and normal calcium (G2), in order to infer the influence of subclinical hypocalcemia in profile metabolic thereof. For this, 35 goats, otherwise healthy, pregnant, primiparous and multiparous, crossbred or purebred dairy breeds used. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture before delivery [30 , 20 and 10 days before parturition (dap)] , on the day of partum and post -partum [10,20,30,40,50 and 60 days later parturition (dpp)]. The variables measured were: glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β - hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cholesterol, triglycerides, amylase, total protein (TP), albumin, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), total calcium, phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), chlorides, hormones cortisol and insulin, as well as ions Ca++, Na+ and K+. Were considered to have subclinical hypocalcemia goats showed that Ca++≤ 0.72mmol/L. The statistical model used for analysis was ANOVA . In G1 concentrations of Ca++ remained below that of G2 and the biggest difference ( P < 0.001 ) occurred at parturition . The highest concentrations of NEFA were observed at birth in both groups, but were higher in G1 (P< 0.03) than the G2 at delivery and during the pre -partum. The BHB had a slight growth from beginning to 40dpp in both the G1 and G2 and there were no differences between them. The behavior of amylase was increased in antepartum reaching their highest values to 10dpp and remained stable postpartum in both groups, did not return to their initial values. A decrease in the values of triglycerides 20dap until 10dpp and differences (P<0.05) were found between the pre-and postpartum in both groups occurred. Cholesterol remained slight growth in postpartum, a little more evident in G2 than in G1, however these did not differ. Reduction in the concentration of insulin to 10dap in both groups, but in this G1 was greater (P˂0.001) that some times postpartum. The highest values of cortisol and glucose occurred at delivery and there were no differences between groups. The PT values were rising delivery to 30dpp not returning to baseline values in both G1 and G2. Albumin fell to 20dap and grew from birth up to 30dpp when returned to its initial value in both groups. The lower (P<0.05) values of total calcium is given at birth and the G1 was lower than G2 in almost the entire period. It is concluded that in subclinically goats hypocalcemic serum concentrations of Ca++ fall before the normocalcêmicas goats and remain lower throughout the transition period and that some variables of the metabolic profile as NEFA, glucose, insulin and total calcium are strongly influenced by the Ca++. Furthermore, the lower food intake by goats with subclinical hypocalcemia is one of the main factors affecting the metabolic profile and probably the productivity of these animals. However, other studies should be conducted to measure the effects of this disease in its subclinical form , the production rates and the emergence of other diseases in the transition period in dairy goats. / A hipocalcemia em vacas leiteiras tem sido objeto de estudos ao redor do mundo, principalmente em função de seu impacto na produção e produtividade animal, por estar relacionada á diversas enfermidades. Entretanto, poucos trabalhos sobre esta enfermidade foram realizados em pequenos ruminantes, sobretudo em cabras leiteiras. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as concentrações de cálcio durante o período de transição em cabras leiteiras, afim de, diferenciar grupos de animais hipocalcêmicos (G1) e normocalcêmicos (G2), com o objetivo de inferir a influência da hipocalcemia subclínica no perfil metabólico destes. Para tanto, 35 cabras, hígidas, gestantes, primíparas e multíparas, mestiças ou puras de raças leiteiras foram utilizadas. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas por venopunção jugular no pré-parto [30, 20 e 10 dias antes do parto (dap)], no dia do parto e no pós-parto [10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 dias depois do parto (dpp)]. As variáveis mensuradas foram: glicose, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), β-hidroxibutirato (BHB), colesterol, triglicerídeos, amilase, proteínas totais (PT), albumina, uréia, creatinina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamiltransferase (GGT), creatina quinase (CK), cálcio total, fósforo (P), magnésio (Mg), cloretos, os hormônios cortisol e insulina, bem como os íons Ca++, Na+ e K+. Foram considerados com hipocalcemia subclínica as cabras que apresentaram Ca++≤0,72mmol/L. O modelo estatístico empregado para análise dos resultados foi a ANOVA. No G1 as concentrações de Ca++ mantiveram-se sempre abaixo do G2 e a maior diferença (P<0,001) ocorreu no dia do parto. As maiores concentrações de AGNE foram verificadas no parto, em ambos os grupos, porém no G1 foram maiores (P<0,03) que no G2 no parto e durante o pré-parto. O BHB teve um discreto crescimento do início até o 40dpp, tanto no G1 quanto no G2 e não houve diferenças entre eles. O comportamento da amilase foi crescente no pré-parto alcançando seus maiores valores aos 10dpp e manteve-se estável no pós-parto, em ambos os grupos, não retornando aos seus valores iniciais. Ocorreu uma queda nos valores dos triglicerídeos dos 20dap até os 10dpp e diferenças (P<0,05) foram verificadas entre o pré e o pós-parto, em ambos os grupos. O colesterol manteve discreto crescimento no pós parto, um pouco mais evidente no G2 que no G1, entretanto estes não diferiram. Houve redução na concentração da insulina aos 10dap em ambos os grupos, porém no G1 esta foi mais expressiva (P˂0,001) que alguns momentos do pós-parto. Os maiores valores do cortisol e da glicose ocorreram no parto e não ocorreram diferenças entre os grupos. Os valores de PT foram crescentes do parto aos 30dpp não retornando aos valores iniciais tanto no G1 quanto no G2. A albumina caiu aos 20dap e apresentou crescimento a partir do parto até aos 30dpp quando retornou ao seu valor inicial em ambos os grupos. Os menores (P<0,05) valores do cálcio total se deram no parto e o G1 foi menor que o G2 em quase todo o período. Conclui-se então que em cabras subclinicamente hipocalcêmicas as concentrações séricas do Ca++ caem antes que nas cabras normocalcêmicas e permanecem mais baixas durante todo o período de transição e que algumas variáveis do perfil metabólico como AGNE, glicose, insulina e o cálcio total sofrem forte influência do Ca++. Além disso, a menor ingestão alimentos pelas cabras com hipocalcemia subclínica é um dos principais fatores de interferência no perfil metabólico e provavelmente na produtividade destes animais. Contudo, outros trabalhos devem ser realizados a fim de mensurar os efeitos desta doença, na sua forma subclínica, nos índices produtivos e no surgimento de outras enfermidades no período de transição em cabras leiteiras.