Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the course of olfactory dysfunction [OD] due to upper respiratory tract infections [URTI] especially for COVID-19 [C19] in a multicentric design and to investigate possible predictors for the outcome. Methods In a multicentric study, patients (n = 147, of which 96 were women) with OD due to URTI, including C19 and non-C19 were evaluated at two visits with a standardized medical history and “Sniffin’ Sticks” extended psychophysical testing to examine the course and possible predictors for improvement of olfactory function. Results C19 patients showed better overall olfactory function (p < 0.001) compared to non-C19. Olfactory function (p < 0.001) improved over 3.5 ± 1.2 months in a comparable fashion for C19 and non-C19 comparable over time (p = 0.20) except for a more pronounced improvement of odour threshold (p = 0.03) in C19. C19 patients with parosmia exhibited a higher probability of clinically relevant improvement of odour threshold, a better threshold in the second visit, and tended to have a better TDI-score at the second visit. Further possible predictors for an improving olfactory function were younger age, female gender, and had lower scores in olfactory tests at the first visit. Conclusions Patients with C19 and non-C19 URTI exhibit a similar improvement over 3–4 months except for the odour threshold, with a better TDI in both visits for C19. For C19 a better prognosis in terms of olfactory recovery was found for younger patients with parosmia and lower olfactory scores at the first visit. Still, for many patients with olfactory loss, an improvement that is experienced as complete may only occur over months and possibly years.

Le système olfactif a un impact significatif sur la qualité de vie. Une diminution de l'odorat peut influencer la santé physique et mentale des individus, or l’activité physique (AP) pourrait améliorer la fonction olfactive. Cette thèse vise à déterminer l'association entre AP et l'olfaction et si la durée, la fréquence et le volume de l’AP d’intensité moyenne à élevée pouvaient être liés à la fonction olfactive chez l'adulte. Les données (n = 3527) ont été extraites de l'enquête américaine National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) de 2013-2014. L'étude comprenait des participants qui ont rempli à la fois le questionnaire autodéclaré sur le niveau d’AP et des tests d'odeur (chocolat, fraise, raisin, oignon, fumée, gaz naturel, cuir et savon). L'association entre l'olfaction et les paramètres d’AP a été évaluée à l'aide de corrélations et de régressions logistiques, rapportées ici sous forme de d'intervalles de confiance (IC) à 95 % et de rapport de cotes (RC). La valeur p≤0,05 était considérée comme statistiquement significative. En analysant l'association entre les paramètres de l'AP et le score olfactif total, il a été montré une corrélation positive avec la durée, la fréquence de l'AP modérée et la fréquence de l'AP vigoureuse, ainsi que le volume total de l'AP (tous p≤ 0,05). La durée, (intervalles de 10 min/jour), une fréquence (jour/semaine) et un volume (METs*h/semaine) plus élevés d'AP modérée étaient associés à une plus grande capacité à détecter les odeurs de raisin [1,002< RCs <1,047, IC95 % (1,000 -1,082), p=0,007]. La fréquence des AP modérées était positivement associée à la capacité à identifier les odeurs de fumée [RC =1,074, IC 95% (1,019-1,131), p=0,008] et de cuir [RC =1,060, IC 95% (1,019-1,103), p= 0,004]. De plus, la fréquence des AP vigoureuses était positivement associée à la détection de l'odeur de raisin [RC = 1,002, IC 95 % (1,000-1,005), p = 0,028]. D'après ces résultats, les paramètres du PA sont liés à la capacité de détection de certaines odeurs, principalement pour l’AP modérée. Cependant, il faut considérer que l'effet constant de l'AP sur les chances de détecter correctement les odeurs est son meilleur de 7.4%. Par conséquent, ces résultats pourront être utilisés par d'autres chercheurs et kinésiologues pour explorer comment améliorer les troubles olfactifs à l'avenir. En ce sens, l'AP d'intensité modérée pourrait particulièrement être recommandée pour la prévention et le traitement des certains troubles olfactifs. / The olfactory system has a significant impact on the quality of life. A decrease in the sense of smell may influence individuals’ physical and mental health, and physical activity (PA) might improve olfactory function. This thesis aimed to determine the association between PA and olfaction and whether the duration, frequency, and volume of moderate to vigorous PA could be related to the olfactory function in adults. The data (n=3527) were extracted from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014. The study included participants who completed both self-reported PA questionnaire and smell tests (chocolate, strawberry, grape, onion, smoke, natural gas, leather, and soap). The association between olfaction and PA parameters was assessed using correlations and logistic regressions, reported here as Odds-Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). P-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. In analyzing the association between PA parameters and total smell score showed a positive correlation with the duration, frequency of moderate and frequency of vigorous PA, as well as PA total volume (all p≤ 0.05). Higher duration (bouts of 10min/day), frequency (day/week), and volume (METs*h/week) of moderate PA was associated with a higher ability to detect the smells of grapes [1.002<ORs<1.047, CI95% (1.000-1.082), p=0.007]. The frequency of moderate PA was positively associated with the capacity to identify smoke [OR =1.074, CI 95% (1.019-1.131), p=0.008] and leather [OR =1.060, CI 95% (1.019-1.103), p=0.004] odors. Furthermore, the frequency of vigorous PA was positively associated with the detection of grape smell [OR =1.002, CI 95% (1.000-1.005), p=0.028]. As a result of these findings, PA parameters are associated with the ability to detect some odors, mostly moderate PA. However, it should be considered that the constant effect of PA on the chance of correctly detecting the smells is his best at 7.4%. Therefore, these results could be used by other researchers and kinesiologists to improve olfactory disorders in the future. Moderate-intensity PA could especially be recommended for the prevention and treatment of some olfactory disorders.

Über 50 % der 65- bis 80-Jährigen leiden unter einer verminderten Riechfähigkeit. Strukturelle Veränderungen in der Riechbahn sind wahrscheinliche Gründe. Der altersbedingte histologische Rückgang des olfaktorischen Epithels wird seit langem erforscht. Die Darstellung der altersbedingten peripheren und zentralen Veränderungen auf elektrophysiologischer Ebene ist Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit. Insgesamt wurden 73 TeilnehmerInnen untersucht, darunter 40 jüngere (davon 25 Frauen, Altersspanne 18-27 Jahre) und 33 ältere (davon 22 Frauen, Altersspanne 50-78 Jahre). Vor der Teilnahme an der elektrophysiologischen Untersuchung erhielten alle ProbandInnen eine nasale Endoskopie, eine standardisierte Anamnese sowie detaillierte Geruchstests mittels Sniffin‘ Sticks. ProbandInnen mit chronischen Erkrankungen des olfaktorischen Systems oder anderen Bereichen des zentralen Nervensystems wurden nicht in die Studie eingeschlossen. Zur intranasalen Stimulation wurden olfaktorische und trigeminale Reize verwendet. Als olfaktorische Stimulantien dienten Schwefelwasserstoff als eher unangenehmer und 2-Phenylethylalkohol als eher angenehmer Duft. Zur trigeminalen Stimulation diente Kohlendioxid. Mittels Luftverdünnungsolfaktometrie (Olfaktometer OM6b; Burghart, Deutschland) wurden Stimuli von 500 ms Dauer in einen konstanten Luftstrom von etwa 8 l/min eingebettet. Elektroolfaktogramme wurden als elektrophysiologisches Korrelat der olfaktorischen Rezeptorpotenziale direkt von der Riechschleimhaut abgeleitet. Gleichzeitig erfolgte die EEG-basierte Registrierung chemosensorisch-ereigniskorrelierter Potentiale (CSEP) bzw. bei Reizung mit Duftstoffen olfaktorisch- ereigniskorrelierter Potenziale (OERP). Die Ergebnisse der psychophysischen Riechtests ergaben eine deutlich negative Korrelation mit dem Alter der Teilnehmenden (r=-0,42, p< 0,001). Obwohl die EOG-Amplituden und Latenzen keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Altersgruppen zeigten, wurde ein deutlicher altersabhängiger Rückgang in der Anzahl der registrierten Potenziale festgestellt. Für die zentralnervöse CSEP-Reaktion zeigte sich eine altersabhängige Verkürzung der relevanten Latenzen, so z.B. die P1-Latenz an Elektrodenposition Cz nach Stimulation mit PEA (t = 3,4, p = 0,003). Eine Korrelation von P2-Ampltiuden (Cz) und Alter bei Stimulation mit PEA zeigte darüber hinaus einen signifikant negativen Zusammenhang (p=0,005, r=-0,44). Die Veränderungen der EOG und CSEP entsprachen in ihrer Ausprägung nicht den altersabhängigen Veränderungen in den psychophysischen Testergebnissen. Jedoch zeigen die vorliegenden Ergebnisse einen eher zentral-betonten, aber auch peripher nachweisbaren Alterungsprozess der elektrophysiologischen Geruchsverarbeitung. Die geringe Ausprägung dieser Veränderungen ist möglicherweise Zeichen der Effektivität von Kompensationsmechanismen und systemimmanenten Redundanzen, die es weiter zu erforschen gilt.

With covid-19 affecting people's ability to smell, it might be of interest to find multimodal solutions, where other senses could assist someone with an impaired sense of smell to identify an odor. This area of research lacks data since there has not been many studies on this. Moreover, there are studies that tried to find a connection between sound and smell in other contexts. The goal of this study was to find if it is possible to communicate an odor, with the help of foley sound, to someone with an impaired sense of smell. This required answers to questions regarding whether people, with and without a changed sense of smell, can improve their odor identification with the help of sound and if foley is an effective method for it. This was tested by first collecting sound associations to odors, as well as cultural associations. The data were analyzed to find common themes to choose the sounds that would be used. The participants in the study were asked to make free identifications after being presented with odor pens together with additional stimuli cues. The experiment included tests with an associated color, a matching foley sound, a matching soundscape, an incongruent color and an incongruent foley sound. The results showed that sound in general has a positive impact on someone's identification capabilities, which were measured by counting the amount of right answers on each test. The odors coffee, fish and leather had foley sound that greatly increased the amount of correct answers whilst the foley sound to lemon, rose and peppermint had less of an impact. People with an imparied sense of smell were affected similarly to the different stimuli as people without an impairment. Since identification of odors are dependent on prior experiences, some odors could be harder or easier to identify. In order to create an auditory icon for an odor there needs to be strong collective associations for it to be efficient in relaying information and not being distracting. / Covid-19 har haft en negativ effekt på människors förmåga att känna lukt, och därmed finns det ett intresse av att undersöka och hitta multimodala lösningar där andra sinnen kan hjälpa att identifiera en lukt. Det har inget större omfång av liknande forskning inom detta område. Däremot finns det studier som försökt hitta en koppling mellan ljud och lukt i andra kontexter. Målet med denna studie var att ta reda på ifall ljud kunde hjälpa att kommunicera en lukt för någon med försämrat luktsinne. Detta innebar att besvara frågor huruvida foleyljud kan förbättra människors luktidentifieringsförmåga, både för dem med nedsatt luktförmåga och oförändrat luktsinne. Det innebar också att testa ifall foleyljud är effektivare än andra typer av ljud. Forskningsfrågorna testades genom att först samla in ljud associationer till olika lukter, samt kulturella associationer. Datan analyserades för att hitta gemensamma teman att göra ljud av. Deltagarna i studien ombads skriva fria identifieringar efter att ha presenterats med doftpennor, samtidigt som de utsattes för ett annat stimulus. De stimulikombinationer som testades var doft med associerad färg, doft med ett tillhörande foleyljud, doft med en tillhörande ljudbild, samt versioner med inkongruent färg och inkongruent foleyljud. Resultatet visar att ljud har en positiv påverkan på personers identifieringsförmåga, vilket mättes med hur många som skrev rätt doft på varje test. Lukterna kaffe, fisk och läder hade foleyljud som ökade antalet rätta svar medan foleyljud till lukterna citron, ros och pepparmynta hade en mindre påverkan. Personer med nedsatt luktsinne påverkades på liknande sätt av de olika testerna som folk utan påverkan. Då luktperception påverkas av tidigare erfarenheter kan olika lukter vara svårare eller lättare att identifiera. För att lukt ska kunna sonifieras behövs starka kollektiva associationer som är tillräckligt kända för att lättare förmedla information och inte distrahera lyssnaren.

Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate whether olfactory fluctuations (OF) are pronounced in patients with sinonasal olfactory dysfunction (OD). - Methods The retrospective investigation included patients aged 18 years or older, who consulted a tertiary referral center for olfactory loss. Patients with normal smell function were excluded. Patients answered a structured questionnaire about their olfactory symptoms, with specific questions related to the presence of OF and its average frequency, amplitude, duration, time since most recent OF, and associated symptoms of self-reported OF. Patients also underwent clinical evaluation including a structured medical history and physical examination including nasal endoscopy. In addition, we assessed orthonasal olfactory function using Sniffin’ Sticks, and gustatory function using “taste sprays”. - Results Participants included 131 men and 205 women (n = 336), aged 18 to 86 years (mean 50, SD 16). Patient-reported fluctuations occurred most frequently in sinonasal (38%), idiopathic (29%), and postviral (29%) OD. Amplitude of OF was highest in postviral OD (p = 0.009). Average frequency, duration, and the time since the most recent fluctuation were not significantly different between groups (all p’s > 0.42). Odor discrimination (p = 0.002) and identification (p = 0.017) scores were higher among those individuals with OF. - Conclusion Amplitude of OF may help distinguish postviral from other causes of OD, especially in patients presenting with equivocal symptoms of sinonasal disease.

Titel - En gallerias kommersiella miljö: Besökarens individuella upplevelse Ämne - Företagsekonomi, kandidatuppsats på C-nivå Författare - Hilda Gustafsson, My Kristiansson &amp; Camilla Romberg Handledare - Dan Halvarsson Frågeställningar - Hur är den individuella besöksupplevelsen i en gallerias kommersiella miljöer, utifrån människans fem sinnen och dess multisensoriska sinnesupplevelse? Vad påverkar den individuella besöksupplevelsen i en gallerias kommersiella miljöer, utifrån människans fem sinnen och dess multisensoriska sinnesupplevelse? Syfte - Syftet med denna studie är att studera och skapa förståelse för hur besökaren uppmärksammar en gallerias kommersiella miljö, samt hur denna miljö påverkar besökarens individuella upplevelse utifrån sinnesmarkandsföring. Detta då få studier inom ämnet i sinnesmarkandsföring har genomförts. Metod - Studien innefattar ett induktivt synsätt och en kvalitativ metod. Studien har fokuserat på två torg som finns i gallerian Emporia i Malmö. Där har det utförts semistrukturerade intervjuer vid insamling av empirisk data. Analys - Utgångspunkten i studien är sinnesmarknadsföring, som handlar om hur olika sinnen enskilt samt i kombination har stimulerat besökare och påverkat deras upplevelse i en galleria. Empirin har sedan sammankopplats med teorier inom sinnesmarknadsföring. Slutsats - Båda torgen väckte stor uppmärksamhet hos intervjupersonerna. Generellt upplevdes det Gröna torget som positivt för intervjupersonerna medan det Blå torget upplevdes som både positivt och negativt. / Title - The servicescape in a shopping mall: The visitors’ individual experience Subject - Business Economics, bachelor thesis Authors - Hilda Gustafsson, My Kristiansson &amp; Camilla Romberg Tutor - Dan Halvarsson Presentation of the questions - How is the visitors’ individual experience in a shopping mall, on the basis of the human five senses and multisensory? What affects the visitors’ individual experience in a shopping malls servicescape, on the basis of the human five senses and multisensory? Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to study and create an understanding of how the visitor recognizes the shopping mall produced servicescapes, and how this servicescapes affects the visitor's individual experience based on sensory marketing. This is because few studies are conducted on the subject sensory marketing. Method - The study includes an inductive approach and a qualitative method. The study have been focused on two servicescapes that are in the shopping mall Emporia in Malmö, where there were used semi-structured interviews to gather empirical data. Analyse - The starting point was based on sensory marketing. It was about how different senses individually and combined had stimulated visitors and affected their experience in a shopping mall. The empirical data has then been linked with theories of sensory marketing. Conclusions - Both of the servicescapes attracted attention from the interviewed people. The interviewed people at the Green servicescape had a positive experience and at the Blue servicescape, did they have both positive and negative experience.

Deficiencies in software design or architecture can severely impede and slow down the software development and maintenance progress. Bad smells and anti-patterns can be an indicator for poor software design and suggest for refactoring the affected source code fragment. In recent years, multiple techniques and tools have been proposed to assist software engineers in identifying smells and guiding them through corresponding refactoring steps. However, these detection tools only cover a modest amount of smells so far and also tend to produce false positives which represent conscious constructs with symptoms similar or identical to actual bad smells (e.g., design patterns). These and other issues in the detection process demand for a code or design review in order to identify (missed) design smells and/or re-assess detected smell candidates. UML diagrams are the quasi-standard for documenting software design and are often available in software projects. In this position paper, we investigate whether (and to what extent) UML diagrams can be used for identifying and assessing design smells. Based on a description of difficulties in the smell detection process, we discuss the importance of design reviews. We then investigate to what extent design documentation in terms of UML2 diagrams allows for representing and identifying software design smells. In particular, 14 kinds of design smells and their representability in UML class and sequence diagrams are analyzed. In addition, we discuss further challenges for UML-based identification and assessment of bad smells.

The aim of this investigation is to analyze the effects of incorporating scent-based elements in ethnographic exhibits. Specifically, it attempts to identify changes in patron response to a visual display, with and without a scent element. Groups of patrons were observed throughout their engagement with the exhibit, and interviewed post-engagement to generate data on information retention, opinion on content and empathetic response in relation to the exhibit. Findings suggest that the inclusion of scent did increase memorization of the limited facts reinforced through the scent element. However, there was no detectable difference between the groups on measures of overall comprehension of the subject matter, nor their empathetic responses toward the exhibited culture. The results of the study are discussed as a measure of the observer—observed dichotomy, and the argument is made that multisensory representation in the museum can aid in the facilitation of cross-cultural education. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Cabines de veículos automotores recém-manufaturados podem ser consideradas críticas quando se avalia a qualidade do ar interno, pois concentrações de compostos orgânicos voláteis encontram-se em níveis mais altos que os ambientes externos. Determinadas substâncias presentes no ar da cabine podem ser prejudiciais ao ser humano em função da sua toxicidade, pricipalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. A avaliação do ar da cabine automotiva se faz necessária. Nesse estudo, foi feita uma avaliação da qualidade do ar interno da cabine de 7 veículos populares recém-manufaturados contendo materiais de acabamento interno iguais. Um total de 46 compostos orgânicos voláteis foi identificado, sendo que 14 deles são compostos carbonílicos e 32 são hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e aromáticos, compostos halogenados e um nitrogenado. Os compostos carbonílicos foram identificados e quantificados por cromatografia a líquido e os outros VOCs apenas identificados por GC-MS. No ar interno da cabine dos veículos estudados, as concentrações médias encontradas para os compostos carbonílicos (&#181;g/m3) em ordem decrescente foram: formaldeído (165,3); acetona (67,5); acetaldeído (56,8); isovaleraldeído (40,8); propionaldeído (21,1); butiraldeído (17,9); crotonaldeído (14,9); hexaldeído (14,9) valeraldeído (9,8); 2.5- dimetilbenzaldeído (9,3); otolualdeído (8,4); p/m tolualdeído (6,8); acroleína (4,2) e benzaldeído (3,8). Com relação aos outros VOCS foram identificados o metilbutano, que apresentou a maior porcentagem de abundância relativa, 8,5%, seguido de outros hidrocarbonetos com abundância relativa entre 5 e 2% , como, 2,7,10-trimetildodecano, 2,2,6-trimetildecano, ciclopentano, 2,3,4-trimetildecano, n-pentano, 3,6-dimetilundecano, 4-metildodecano, 4,6- dimetildodecano, 3,6-dimetildecano e 1,2-dimetilbenzeno. Dois derivados de hidrocarbonetos halogenados também foram encontrados, sendo que o triclorofluormetano foi o majoritário com 5,7%, e um composto nitrogenado, a acetonitrila com 5,4%. Os compostos derivados do benzeno identificados foram: 1,2-dimetilbenzeno, etilbenzeno, metilbenzeno, 1-etil-3- metilbenzeno, 1-etil-3-metilbenzeno e 1,3,5-trimetilbenzeno que perfazem 6,6 % de abundância relativa. O mais abundante entre os aromáticos foi o 1,2-dimetilbenzeno (2,5%). Os resultados experimentais revelaram também a liberação de VOCs pelos materiais de acabamento interno dos veículos automotores recém-manufaturados. / New motor vehicles cabins may be critical when considering the internal air quality, because concentrations of volatile organic compounds are at levels higher than the outdoors. Certain substances present in the cabin air can be harmful to humans according to their toxicity, mainly in the big cities. Assessment of the cabin air becomes necessary. In this study, cabin air quality was assessed and 7 popular new vehicles containing same interior trim materials were evaluated. A total of 46 volatile organic compounds were identified, with 14 of them were carbonylic compounds and 32 are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds and a nitrogenated compound. The carbonylic compounds were identified and quantified by the liquid chromatography and other VOCs only identified by GC-MS. Cabin air vehicles studied showed the following average concentrations found for carbonylic compounds ( &#181;g/m3) in a descending order: formaldehyde (165.3), acetone (67.5); acetaldehyde (56.8); Isovaleraldehyde ( 40.8); propionaldehyde (21.1); butyraldehyde (17.9); crotonaldeído (14.9); hexaldeído (14.9) Valeraldehyde (9.8); dimetilbenzaldeído-2.5 (9.3); the - tolualdeído (8.4), p / m - tolualdeído (6.8); acrolein (4.2) and benzaldehyde (3.8). Concerning the other VOCs the following compounds were identified: methylbutane, which had the highest percentage of relative abundance, 8.5%, followed by other hydrocarbons with relative abundance between 5 and 2%, 2,7,10-trimetildodecano, 2.2 ,6- Trimetildecano, ciclopentano, 2,3,4-trimetildecano, n-pentane, 3.6-dimetilundecano, 4- metildodecano, dimetildodecano-4.6, 3.6 and 1.2-dimetildecano-dimetilbenzeno. Two halogenated hydrocarbons were also found, and triclorofluormetano had the biggest relative abundance percentage 5.7%, and a nitrogen compound, the acetonitrile with 5.4%. The benzene compounds identified were: 1.2-dimetilbenzeno, ethylbenzene, methylbenzene, 1- ethyl-3-methyl, ethyl-1-and 3-methyl 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene which comprise 6.6% of relative abundance. 1.2-dimetilbenzeno was the most abundant aromatic compound with relative abundance 2.5%. Results also showed that VOCs were released by studied vehicles interior trim materials.

INTRODUÇÃO: O diagnóstico da doença de Parkinson (DP) pode ser um desafio, principalmente nas fases precoces da doença. O diagnóstico acurado desta condição requer mais que a avaliação clínica isolada. A Tomografia computadorizada do crânio de fóton único (SPECT) e a ultrassonografia transcraniana (USTC) podem ser úteis na diferenciação entre a DP e as síndromes parkinsonianas atípicas ou entre a DP e o tremor essencial. O presente estudo objetivou investigar a acurácia da USTC combinada com o teste de olfação Sniffin\' Sticks (SST-16) para diferenciar pacientes com DP de controles saudáveis e comparar com a acurácia do SPECT com 99mTc- TRODAT-1 (TRODAT). MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal que incluiu pacientes com DP segundo critérios do United Kingdom Parkinson\'s disease Society e um grupo controle de indivíduos saudáveis pareados para idade e gênero. Os pacientes foram examinados por um especialista em distúrbios do movimento e submetidos a SPECT encefálico com TRODAT, USTC e SST-16. Curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) foram obtidas para definir os pontos de corte dos métodos avaliados para detecção de DP. RESULTADOS: Vinte indivíduos com DP (13 homens e 7 mulheres) e 9 participantes saudáveis foram admitidos no estudo. A idade mediana de início dos sintomas foi de 56,5 anos e a mediana do tempo de duração da doença foi de 5 anos. Maior área de ecogênica da substância negra (SN) foi observada no grupo com DP (p=0,013). Área ecogênica da SN de 0,22 cm2 foi definida pela curva ROC para detecção de DP, com acurácia de 79%. O ponto de corte do potencial de ligação do TRODAT no striatum foi 0,90, com acurácia de 99% para o diagnóstico de DP. Escore do SST-16 maior ou igual a 10 pontos foi o ponto de corte para detecção de DP, com acurácia de 85,8%. A combinação da USTC com teste da olfação levou à acurácia de 95% para detecção de DP. CONCLUSÃO: A combinação da USTC com SST-16 eleva a capacidade de ! detecção da DP. A acurácia da USTC combinada ao SST-16 para identificar pacientes com DP idiopática aproximou-se da acurácia do SPECT com TRODAT / INTRODUCTION: Diagnosing Parkinson\'s disease (PD) can be challenging, especially in the early stages of the disease. An accurate diagnosis requires more than clinical findings alone. Brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and transcranial sonography (TCS) are helpful for diagnosing PD and differentiating it from atypical parkinsonian syndromes as well as essential tremor. This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of TCS combined with the Sniffin\' sticks olfactory test (SST-16) for differentiation between idiopathic PD patients and healthy controls compared to that of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT (TRODAT). METHODS: A cross-sectional study included PD patients diagnosed in accordance with United Kingdom PD Society Brain Bank criteria and a control group of age and sex-matched healthy subjects. All patients were examined by a movement disorder specialist and underwent brain SPECT using TRODAT, TCS examination and SST-16 test. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to calculate cut-off points for TCS, Striatal TRODAT binding potentials and SST-16. The area under the ROC curve determined the accuracy of the method. RESULTS: Twenty patients with PD (13 males and 7 females) and nine healthy subjects were included. Median age of PD onset was 56.5 years with median disease duration of 5 years. A larger substantia nigra (SN) echogenic area was observed in the PD group (p=0.013). SN echogenic area cut-off point of 0.22 cm2 was obtained from a ROC curve for PD diagnosis. Considering this cut-off point, TCS accuracy was estimated at 79.2% for PD diagnosis. The cut-off value of 0.90 for striatal TRODAT binding was associated with 99% accuracy for the diagnosis of PD. SST-16 values equal or greater than 10 points showed a 85.8% accuracy for PD diagnosis. Combination of both SST-16 and TCS improved the accuracy to 95% for PD diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Combined assessment of SST-16 and TCS are reliable and highly accurate for distinguishing PD patients from healthy controls. The accuracy of TCS combined with SST-16 for differentiation between idiopathic PD patients and healthy controls is similar to that of SPECT TRODAT