Les systèmes PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) permettent une traçabilité de l'information et facilitent la réduction du cycle de développement des produits. Ils ont vocation à fédérer l'ensemble des données techniques nécessaires à l'élaboration de nouveaux produits et contribuent aussi à l'amélioration des processus de l'entreprise.Nos travaux de thèse proposent une méthodologie globale de déploiement d'un système PLM qui intègre la dimension spécifique de la capitalisation des connaissances. A partir d'une formalisation des processus métier, des éléments de connaissance sont extraits et permettent d'enrichir le modèle de données. Ce modèle s'articule autour de deux axes: un axe "information" et un axe "connaissance". Chaque axe est composé de quatre étapes : identifier, modéliser, utiliser et évaluer. L'étape d'identification permet de définir le modèle de données du système et de repérer les activités nécessitant des connaissances métier particulières. La phase de modélisation consiste à paramétrer le système pour intégrer le modèle défini dans le PLM mais également formaliser les connaissances tacites extraites. l'utilisateur intervient ensuite dans le cadre de l'utilisation du système paramétré. Enfin, nous proposons d'évaluer le système d'un point de vue de la modélisation Produit, Process, Organisation mais également d'un point de vue des connaissances générées au sein du système.L'étude de cas d'un processus d'appel d'offre de l'entreprise Marmillon SAS, sous-traitant de rang 2 dans le secteur de la plasturgie et spécialiste des processus d'injection et d'extrusion pour des pièces du secteur automobile, a permis de valider notre démarche. / PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) Systems allow traceability of information and facilitate the reduction of products development cycle. Besides the aspect related to information management, they aim at bringing together all technical data needed to develop new products and also they contribute to improve business processes. Our PhD work define a methodology of PLM system deployment that incorporates the knowledge capitalization dimension. Based on a business processes formalization, elements of knowledge are extracted and used to enrich the data model. This model revolves around two axes: an "information" axis and a "knowledge"axis. Each axis is devided into four steps: identify, model, use and evaluate. The identification stage is to define the data model of the system and activities requiring specific business knowledge. The modeling phase is to configure the system to integrate the defined model in the PLM system but also to formalize extracted tacit knowledge. Then comes the user through the use of the system. Finally, we propose to evaluate the system from product, process and organization modeling but also from generated knowledge within the system. The case study of a process of bidding for the Marmillon SAS company which is a subcontractor in the field of plastics, specialist of injection and extrusion processes for automotive parts allow to validate our approach.

An over-commercialized society has made consumers prefer the opinions of influential people in online settings. Companies have a harder time reaching consumers and therefore turn to social media influencers (SMIs) for exposure. With the growth of influencer marketing, regulations and guidelines in Sweden have been put in place to ensure consumers integrity. SMIs and companies are required to disclose paid partnerships. However, many companies have the perception that truthful marketing can affect consumers brand perception negatively. Research based on consumer brand perception and disclosed paid partnerships between SMIs and companies have not previously been explored. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to explore how consumers perceive brands when SMIs disclose paid partnerships. In order to gather consumers ́ brand perception when SMIs and companies collaborate, a qualitative study using focus groups was conducted, where the participants thoughts and opinions have been studied. The findings of this thesis indicate that the communication and characteristics of SMIs influences consumers brand perception. The factors analyzed were: influence of SMIs, content, trust and truthfulness. The factors were important for how consumers perceive the SMI and brand of companies. The most important implication of this thesis is that the study can be of use for companies that seek to collaborate with SMIs when the aim is to reach target groups and enhance brand perception.

Influencer marketing and celebrity endorsement has grown in the past years and has become a vital part of marketing in the fashion industry. This field has been well researched, however a gap in the research is the focus on men and the role brand love has. The purpose of this study has been to enhance the understanding of how brand love influences men’s perception when exposed to influencer marketing and celebrity endorsement on Instagram. Additionally, the aim was to examine if influencer marketing or celebrity endorsement was most appropriate when marketing brands.    The method for this thesis was a qualitative approach by interviewing men in focus groups. The empirical findings were analyzed together with the literature in order to find thematics. The conclusions from the analysis was men do not experience brand love in the same capacity as the literature describes. However their emotional preferences and connections can still influence how they view brands being marketed on Instagram by an influencer or celebrity endorser. Men tend to trust celebrity endorsement more compared to influencer marketing regardless of gender, as they are viewed as more professional aligned with source credibility. However, the empirical findings showed men do not feel a need for male influencers. A reason why brands need to rethink marketing through endorsers.

In a society where digitalization thrives, opportunities for both conducting e-commerce and promoting it are enhanced. A common marketing strategy that has shown to be efficient is collaborating with Social Media Influencers. It is widely known that social media influencers can greatly help e-commerce companies get noticed. However, it has remained a problem figuring out what an appropriate influencer is for one’s business purposes and marketing objectives.  This study has gathered empirical data by conducting qualitative studies, including interviews with four e-commerce companies. The researchers followed a deductive approach in their investigation. The interviews have helped identify patterns related to the research questions and have generated new insights in the field. The research provides a deeper understanding of which parameters are suitable for specific purposes. Additionally, the thesis highlights the interconnections between these parameters to elaborate an overall understanding of the strategy. The potential risks associated with the strategy are also addressed. This thesis highlights why certain social media influencers are considered more suitable than others in the perspective of an e-commerce business.

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<p dir="ltr">Localizing movements in the external space is crucial for animals to navigate safely, find food, avoid predators, and interact with their surroundings. Efficient localization during body movements requires the brain to distinguish between externally generated movements and self-generated ones. This involves integrating external stimulation with a continuous estimate of one's body position, to isolate external motion by suppressing sensations arising from self-motion.</p><p dir="ltr">To explore the neural mechanisms underlying object localization during active touch, we focused on the mouse superior colliculus (SC), which harbors multiple egocentric maps of sensorimotor space. Our studies revealed that SC neurons exhibit a rapidly adapting tactile response during externally generated touch. The response is significantly attenuated during self-generated touch, thus enhancing the ability to distinguish between external and self-induced tactile stimuli. Additionally, the direction of external motion is precisely encoded in the firing rates of these tactile-responsive neurons, indicating a specialized localization mechanism within the SC.</p><p dir="ltr">In scenarios devoid of external stimuli, SC neural activity accurately reflects the kinematics of self-motion, such as whisker position and locomotion speed, capturing past, present, and future body positions. Half of the neurons that encode self-motion also respond to external tactile stimuli. This dual functionality suggests that these neurons not only track self-motion but also engage in the processing of external tactile information. The magnitude of the external tactile response in these neurons is modulated by the state of self-motion upon touch. These results suggest that SC neurons integrate internal estimates of body movements with external tactile inputs to compute the egocentric distance of objects.</p>

Yes / Objective Medication arrangements for patients with severe mental illness (SMI), including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, can be complex. Some have shared care between primary and secondary services while others have little specialist input. This study investigated the contribution a specialist mental health clinical pharmacy team could make to medicines optimisation for patients on the SMI register in primary care. Research shows that specialist mental health pharmacists improve care in inpatient settings. However, little is known about their potential impact in primary care. Method Five general practice surgeries were allocated half a day per week of a specialist pharmacist and technician for 12 months. The technician reviewed primary and secondary care records for discrepancies. Records were audited for high-dose or multiple antipsychotics, physical health monitoring and adherence. Issues were referred to the pharmacist for review. Surgery staff were encouraged to refer psychotropic medication queries to the team. Interventions were recorded and graded. Results 316/472 patients on the SMI register were prescribed antipsychotics or mood stabilisers. 23 (7%) records were updated with missing clozapine and depot information. Interventions by the pharmacist included clarifying discharge information (12/104), reviewing high-dose and multiple antipsychotic prescribing (18/104), correcting errors (10/104), investigating adherence issues (16/104), following up missing health checks (22/104) and answering queries from surgery staff (23/104). Five out of six interventions possibly preventing hospital admission were for referral of non-adherent patients. Conclusion The pharmacy team found a variety of issues including incomplete medicines reconciliation, adherence issues, poor communication, drug errors and the need for specialist advice. The expertise of the team enabled timely resolution of issues and bridges were built between primary and secondary care.

L’objectif de l’étude est de proposer, suivant une approche microéconomique, des outils d’analyse théorique et empirique permettant de savoir si le système financier d’un pays en développement tel que le Burkina Faso contribue à la création des richesses de la meilleure manière possible. Au terme des travaux, quelques enseignements se dégagent. D’abord, sur le plan théorique, à partir d’un premier modèle proposé, il ressort que, compte tenu de leur nombre dans les pays en développement, les PME sont un maillon essentiel du dispositif de création de richesse et qu’alors, ils constituent le meilleur canal par lequel le système financier peut avoir le plus grand impact sur la croissance économique. Ensuite, un second modèle théorique montre comment dans les pays en développement, caractérisés par un environnement légal et institutionnel de mauvaise qualité, la performance du système financier est compromise. Sur le plan empirique, les résultats révèlent qu’au Burkina Faso, le fonctionnement du système financier n’est pas performant en ce sens que les branches d’activités de petite taille et par transitivité les PME, étant le meilleur canal de transmission du développement financier sur la croissance économique au Burkina Faso, ne sont pas conséquemment financées par les banques. Par ailleurs, il apparaît que dans ce pays, les banques butent dans leur fonctionnement sur le problème de la prédominance du secteur informel dans lequel se retrouve une grande partie des entreprises. C’est pourquoi, malgré le fait que les PME contribuent fortement à la création de richesses intérieures, les banques ne parviennent pas à faire d’elles, des partenaires privilégiés en termes de financement. Ces enseignements appellent à des recommandations de politiques ou de réformes à faire pour encourager la mise en place de structures d’intermédiation informationelle telles que les Centres de Gestion Agréée, les agences de reporting, les agences spécialisées en matière de communication financière des entreprises. Cela permettra de rendre optimale l’interaction entre les PME et le système financier. / The purpose of this study is to propose, according to a microeconomic approach, some theoretical and empirical analysis tools which allow determining whether the financial system of a developing country (such as Burkina Faso) contributes to the creation of wealth the best way possible. So, we draw some lessons. First of all, on the theoretical level, from a first proposed model it emerges that, considering their number in developing countries, small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) are essential for creating wealth and then, they represent the best way through which the financial system can get the highest impact on economic growth. Secondly, a second theoretical model shows how in developing countries, characterized by a legal and institutional environment of bad quality, the financial system performance is compromised. On the empirical level, the results reveal that in Burkina Faso, the functioning of financial system is not optimum because the small industries and by transitivity the SME, being the best way of transmission of financial development on economic growth in the so called country , are not enough funded by banks. Elsewhere, it appears that in this country, banks in their functioning come up against the problem of the predominance of informal sector in which we find almost enterprises. That’s why, despite the fact that SME highly contribute to the creation of national wealth, banks don’t succeed on doing of them, privileged partners in terms of financing. These lessons appeal to some political recommendations or reforms to be doing in order to make optimum the interaction between SME and financial system.

Les mitochondries et leur génome, l'ADN mitochondrial (ADNmt), sont généralement transmis uniquement par la mère aux fils et aux filles chez les métazoaires (transmission strictement maternelle, SMI). Une exception à la règle générale de la SMI se trouve dans environ 100 espèces de bivalves, qui se caractérise par une double transmission uniparentale (DUI) des mitochondries. Chez les espèces DUI, deux lignées d'ADNmt très divergentes et liées au sexe coexistent. Une lignée mitochondriale maternelle (type F), présente dans les ovocytes et les tissus somatiques des individus femelles et males, et une lignée paternelle (type M), présente dans les spermatozoïdes. Dans les tissus somatiques mâles, les deux lignées coexistent parfois, une condition appelée hétéroplasmie. En sachant que les variations génétiques dans l’ADNmt peuvent avoir un impact sur les fonctions mitochondriales, et en donnant l'association stricte des ADNmt de type M et F avec différents gamètes, il est imaginable que la forte divergence entre les deux lignées DUI puisse entraîner des adaptations bioénergétiques avec répercussion sur la reproduction. Le système DUI apporte également la nécessité pour les mitochondries paternelles de préserver leur propre intégrité génétique, ainsi que pour les cellules somatiques de faire face à l'hétéroplasmie. L'objectif de ma thèse était de lier le génotype mitochondrial des espèces bivalves DUI et SMI au phénotype. Plus précisément, j'ai exploré l'impact des variations de l'ADN mitochondrial spécifiques au sexe sur un large éventail de traits phénotypiques, allant de la bioénergétique mitochondriale et cellulaire à la performance des spermatozoïdes, en étudiant la valeur adaptative du système DUI à la lumière du fitness reproductif, de la sélection et de la transmission mitochondriales. Les résultats issus de ce projet de thèse ont révélé une nette divergence phénotypique entre les espèces DUI et SMI, reflétant peut-être les différentes pressions sélectives agissant sur les deux lignées mitochondriales. Contrairement aux espèces SMI, l'évolution sexo-spécifique des variants d'ADNmt DUI entraîne l'expression de différents phénotypes bioénergétiques mâles et femelles. Au niveau de la fonctionnalité mitochondriale, les mitochondries DUI de type M présentent une phosphorylation oxydative (OXPHOS) remodelée, caractérisée par un contrôle respiratoire inhabituel à l'extrémité de la chaîne respiratoire. La réorganisation générale de la bioénergétique des spermes DUI entraîne également une variation de l'équilibre entre les principales voies de production d'énergie, incluant la glycolyse, la glycolyse anaérobique, le métabolisme des acides gras, le cycle de l'acide tricarboxylique, l'OXPHOS, ainsi que la capacité antioxydante. Enfin, les spermatozoïdes DUI comptent entièrement sur l'énergie produite par OXPHOS pour maintenir une motilité inhabituelle caractérisée par une vitesse lente et une trajectoire plus curviligne, traits potentiellement associés à un plus grand succès de reproduction chez les organismes marins sessiles. Aussi, ils conservent la capacité de passer à une stratégie de production d'énergie mixte (aérobique et anaérobie) après la détection des ovocytes. Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que la variation de l'ADNmt dans les espèces DUI pourrait être adaptative, incluant adaptation bioénergétique sexo-spécifiques avec un effet en aval sur la performance des spermatozoïdes, la capacité de reproduction, la sélection et transmission des mitochondries paternelles. / Mitochondria and their genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), are usually transmitted only by the mother to both sons and daughters in metazoan (i.e. strict maternal inheritance, SMI). An exception to the general rule of SMI is found in around 100 species of bivalves, which are characterized by a doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) of mitochondria. In DUI species, two highly divergent and sex-linked mtDNA lineages coexist. One mitochondrial lineage is maternally inherited (F-type) and is present in oocytes and somatic tissues of both female and male individuals. The other lineage is paternally inherited (M-type) and is present in sperm. In male somatic tissues both lineages sometimes coexist, a condition named heteroplasmy. Knowing that variations in mitochondrially-encoded genes might impact mitochondrial functions, and giving the strict association of M and F-type mtDNAs with different gametes, it is conceivable that the variation between the two DUI lineages might result in sex-specific bioenergetic adaptations with repercussion on reproduction. Despite providing an unprecedented opportunity for the mtDNA to evolve for male functions, the DUI system also brings the need for sperm mitochondria to preserve their genetic integrity, as well as for somatic cells to deal with heteroplasmy. The objective of my PhD was to link the mitochondrial genotype of DUI and SMI bivalve species to the phenotype. I explored the impact of sex-specific mtDNA variations upon a wide set of phenotypic traits, ranging from mitochondrial and cellular bioenergetics to sperm performance, investigating the adaptive value of DUI system in the light of reproductive fitness, mitochondrial selection, preservation and transmission. The results stemming from this PhD project revealed a clear phenotypic divergence between DUI and SMI species, possibly reflecting the different selective pressures acting on their mitochondria as a result of their different mode of mitochondria transmission. Conversely to SMI species, the sex-specific evolution of DUI mtDNA variants results in the expression of different male and female bioenergetic phenotypes. At the level of mitochondrial functionality, M-type mitochondria exhibit a remodelled OXPHOS characterized by unusual respiratory control at the terminus of the respiratory chain. The general reorganization of DUI sperm bioenergetics also entails variation in the balance between the main energy producing pathways, including glycolysis, anaerobic glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, OXPHOS, as well as the antioxidant capacity. Finally, DUI sperm exhibit an unusual motility phenotype characterized by slow speed and high curvilinear trajectory, traits potentially associated with a higher reproductive success in sessile broadcast spawning marine organisms. They also completely rely on the energy produced by OXPHOS to sustain their performance, although maintaining the ability to switch to a more combined aerobic/anaerobic strategy of energy production after oocyte detection. Altogether, these results suggest that the mtDNA variation in DUI species might be adaptive, resulting in the expression of sex-specific bioenergetic adaptation with downstream effect on sperm performance, reproductive fitness, paternal mitochondria selection, preservation and transmission. The results also suggest that heteroplasmy has an impact onto the bioenergetics of male soma, and that a functional compensation between genomes might minimize any potential deleterious outcome.