This study investigated the impact of counselor smoking behavior upon nonsmoking clients' perceptions of therapists both during and at the conclusion of treatment. Clients' impressions when counselor smoking behavior was consistent across sessions and when counselors smoked in only the first or only the second interview were examined. In addition, the effect of therapists' smoking behavior on the outcome of counseling was assessed in two ways: changes in clients' career decisiveness and counselors' ability to influence client behavior. Eighty-two female undergraduates met with a vocational counselor for two sessions during which the counselor either smoked or refrained from smoking. Prior to the first interview, subjects completed the Behavioral Indecision Scale. Subjects then met and discussed their vocational concerns with a counselor. Following the interview, subjects completed the Counselor Rating Form and the California Occupational Preference System. The latter instrument, an interest inventory, was interpreted by the counselor during the second interview. The Counselor Rating Form and the Behavioral Indecision Scale were again administered following the conclusion of treatment. Data were analyzed by 2 (counselors) X 2 (conditions) X 2 (interviews) multivariate analyses with repeated measures on the third factor. No significant differences emerged for clients' perceptions when the counselors' indulgence in or restraining from smoking was constant from the first to the second sessions. Similarly, clients' impressions did not differ in relation to the inconsistency of counselors' smoking behavior from the first to the second interviews. In addition, subjects' compliance to a counselor initiated behavioral task and reported certainty of career choice were not differentially affected by counselors' smoking behavior. In conclusion, this study suggests that it makes no difference in nonsmoking clients' impressions of therapists and in counseling outcome if the latter smoke during treatment. Suggested variables to further explore include the effects of counselors' smoking in brief and extended psychotherapy, the impact of therapists' smoking implements other than cigarettes, and smoking clients' perceptions of smoking therapists.

The purpose of this study was to examine the genetic and environmental influences on lifetime quit attempt in three US adolescent and young adult twin samples (N total = 6,322). The study utilized a common-contingent-causal (CCC) model to estimate these factors for lifetime quit attempts, after accounting for the factors for lifetime cigarette use and cigarettes per day. The study also examined age and sex differences, as well as the degree of relationship between these smoking phenotypes. The results demonstrated significant genetic influences for lifetime quit attempts in adolescents and young adults. No sex differences were observed for the contributions of genetic and environmental factors for lifetime quit attempts. Furthermore, separate liabilities for lifetime quit attempts and lifetime cigarette use were found for most age groups. Study findings have important implications for promoting quit attempts in adolescents and young adults.

Rökare får allt mer mindre utrymme att röka på och det blir allt mindre socialt accepterat att röka i dagens samhälle. Syftet med vår uppsats är att undersöka hur rökaren upplever samhällets normer och negativitet kring rökning, samt hur detta påverkar dem. Vår huvudsakliga frågeställning har varit ”Hur påverkas rökare av samhället nedvärderande syn på rökning?”, men även om det finns någon skillnad i deras rökningsbeteende beroende på social situation. Studien är gjord med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer, där vi intervjuat 6 rökare allt ifrån åldern 23-70. Vi har använt oss utav Goffmans intrycksstyrningoch Harveys rumsbegreppför att kunna förklara ur ett sociologiskt perspektiv hur rökaren upplever samhället och hur det påverkar denne. Vårt resultat har visat att rökare anpassar sig väldigt mycket till den sociala situationen, samt tar hänsyn till andra och att rökare kartlägger sin rökning grundat på tid, rum och social situation. / Smokersgetincreasinglyless roomto smokeanditis becoming lesssociallyacceptable to smokeintoday's society.The purpose of ourpaper is to examinehowthe smokerexperiencingsocial normsandnegativity surroundingsmoking,andhow this affectsthem. Our mainresearch questionwas"How does the negative view on smoking in today’s society affect smokers?”, but also if there is any differenceintheir smokingbehaviordepending on thesocial situation.The study was conductedusinga qualitative approachin the form ofinterviews, wherewe interviewedsixsmokersranging fromages23-70. We have usedGoffman'spresentation of SelfandHarveysspace theory to explainfrom a sociological perspectivehowsmokersperceivesociety andhow it affectshim.Ourresults have shownthat smokers arevery adaptedtothe social situation, they are considerate andthat smokerscharttheir smokingbased on thetime, placeand social situation.

A tendência de fumantes a direcionar sua atenção para estímulos associados ao cigarro é chamada viés atencional (VA). Uma revisão da literatura (2000-2008) indicou que o VA em fumantes pode operar durante todo o processo da atenção, sem um consenso sobre o papel da severidade da dependência. Uma tarefa experimental de atenção visual foi desenvolvida para investigar o VA em fumantes. Os participantes (47 fumantes, 50 não fumantes) responderam ao teste de Fagerström para dependência de nicotina, ao Teste de Triagem do Envolvimento com Álcool, Tabaco e outras Substâncias (ASSIST) e a uma tarefa de atenção visual. Os fumantes apresentaram maior VA para estímulos relacionados ao fumar, independente do estágio do processo de atenção (inicial ou mantida). Portanto, jovens fumantes já apresentam VA, indicando que fumar por poucos anos e com baixo nível de dependência altera a orientação inicial e a manutenção da atenção para esta classe de estímulos. / In smokers, attentional bias (AB) is the tendency to focus attention on tobaccorelated stimuli. A literature review (2000-2008) showed that smokers might show AB during all stages of the attentional process, and pointed to a lack of agreement about the role of the severity of dependence on AB. A visual probe task was developed to study AB in young smokers. The participants (47 smokers and 50 non smokers) answer the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence; Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), and a visual probe task. Smokers showed a greater AB for smoking-related cues than non smokers in all stages of attentional process. Therefore, young smokers already show AB to smoking cues, meaning that smoking even for few years and with low dependence can changes the orientation and the maintenance of attention to this kind of stimuli.

A tendência de fumantes a direcionar sua atenção para estímulos associados ao cigarro é chamada viés atencional (VA). Uma revisão da literatura (2000-2008) indicou que o VA em fumantes pode operar durante todo o processo da atenção, sem um consenso sobre o papel da severidade da dependência. Uma tarefa experimental de atenção visual foi desenvolvida para investigar o VA em fumantes. Os participantes (47 fumantes, 50 não fumantes) responderam ao teste de Fagerström para dependência de nicotina, ao Teste de Triagem do Envolvimento com Álcool, Tabaco e outras Substâncias (ASSIST) e a uma tarefa de atenção visual. Os fumantes apresentaram maior VA para estímulos relacionados ao fumar, independente do estágio do processo de atenção (inicial ou mantida). Portanto, jovens fumantes já apresentam VA, indicando que fumar por poucos anos e com baixo nível de dependência altera a orientação inicial e a manutenção da atenção para esta classe de estímulos. / In smokers, attentional bias (AB) is the tendency to focus attention on tobaccorelated stimuli. A literature review (2000-2008) showed that smokers might show AB during all stages of the attentional process, and pointed to a lack of agreement about the role of the severity of dependence on AB. A visual probe task was developed to study AB in young smokers. The participants (47 smokers and 50 non smokers) answer the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence; Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), and a visual probe task. Smokers showed a greater AB for smoking-related cues than non smokers in all stages of attentional process. Therefore, young smokers already show AB to smoking cues, meaning that smoking even for few years and with low dependence can changes the orientation and the maintenance of attention to this kind of stimuli.

A tendência de fumantes a direcionar sua atenção para estímulos associados ao cigarro é chamada viés atencional (VA). Uma revisão da literatura (2000-2008) indicou que o VA em fumantes pode operar durante todo o processo da atenção, sem um consenso sobre o papel da severidade da dependência. Uma tarefa experimental de atenção visual foi desenvolvida para investigar o VA em fumantes. Os participantes (47 fumantes, 50 não fumantes) responderam ao teste de Fagerström para dependência de nicotina, ao Teste de Triagem do Envolvimento com Álcool, Tabaco e outras Substâncias (ASSIST) e a uma tarefa de atenção visual. Os fumantes apresentaram maior VA para estímulos relacionados ao fumar, independente do estágio do processo de atenção (inicial ou mantida). Portanto, jovens fumantes já apresentam VA, indicando que fumar por poucos anos e com baixo nível de dependência altera a orientação inicial e a manutenção da atenção para esta classe de estímulos. / In smokers, attentional bias (AB) is the tendency to focus attention on tobaccorelated stimuli. A literature review (2000-2008) showed that smokers might show AB during all stages of the attentional process, and pointed to a lack of agreement about the role of the severity of dependence on AB. A visual probe task was developed to study AB in young smokers. The participants (47 smokers and 50 non smokers) answer the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence; Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), and a visual probe task. Smokers showed a greater AB for smoking-related cues than non smokers in all stages of attentional process. Therefore, young smokers already show AB to smoking cues, meaning that smoking even for few years and with low dependence can changes the orientation and the maintenance of attention to this kind of stimuli.

No description available.

Целью данного исследования было изучение связи между личностными характеристиками и курительным поведением в двух различных культурных группах: в Шри-Ланке и России. Для измерения личностных качеств участников была использована опросник "Большая пятерка", и оценены уровень невротизма, добросовестности, экстраверсии, открытости опыту и приятность. Кроме того, баллы по состоянию и признакам тревожности были собраны с помощью State Trait Anxiety Inventory, а стресс измерялся с помощью Perceived Stress Scale. В ходе исследования была выдвинута гипотеза, что курильщики будут иметь более высокие показатели экстраверсии, невротизма, тревожности и стресса, а также более низкие показатели добросовестности и приятности, чем никогда не курившие в обеих выборках. Также было предположено, что личностные характеристики будут отличаться у курильщиков из России и Шри-Ланки. Данные были собраны из Шри-Ланки и России в общей сложности для 344 участников. Для исследования различий ANCOVA с возрастом в качестве ковариата была проведена между курящими в настоящее время и никогда не курившими в обеих выборках, а также между курильщиками в настоящее время из Шри-Ланки и России. Полученные результаты: как среди жителей Шри-Ланки, так и среди россиян показатели добросовестности были значительно ниже у курящих. Уровень удовлетворенности ниже у курильщиков в России; в Шри-Ланке не было обнаружено различий. Состояние тревоги выше у курильщиков в России, в то время как тревога выше у никогда некурящих в Шри-Ланке. Воспринимаемый стресс выше у курильщиков, нет различий в Шри-Ланке. Остальные особенности были незначительны в обеих группах. Кроме того, не было обнаружено никаких различий между курильщими Шри-Ланки и России, за исключением личностной тревожности, причем у Шри-ланкийцев личностная тревожность выше. В заключение следует отметить, что модели курения в разных культурах могут быть разными. Результаты также показывают, что российские и шри-ланкийские модели курения отличаются от того, что предлагается в литературе для других стран. Поэтому крайне важно проводить больше исследований с недостаточно изученными культурами, чтобы лучше понять поведение курильщиков в этой стране и, следовательно, помочь разработать более эффективные стратегии вмешательства. / The aim of this study was to examine the association between personality characteristics and smoking behaviour in two distinct cultural groups, in SriLanka and Russia. To measure personality traits of the participants, the Big Five Inventory was used and scores for neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion, openness to experience, and agreeableness were collected. In addition, the scores for state and trait anxiety were collected using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory and stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale. The study hypothesized that current smokers would have higher extraversion, neuroticism, anxiety, and stress scores, and lower scores of conscientiousness and agreeableness, than never smokers in both samples. It also hypothesized that personality characteristics would differ between Russian and Sri Lankan current smokers. Data was collected from Sri Lanka and Russia for a total of 344 participants. To investigate the differences an ANCOVA with age as a covariate was run between current and never smokers in both samples and between SriLankan and Russian current smokers.

本論文的研究目的，主要是從理論的探討與實證的研究出發，評估國內以香菸稅做為反菸工具時的可行性與適當性。 　　由於近些年來，在反菸團體大力地宣導吸菸有害健康的警訊之下，香菸似乎被貼上了罪惡的標籤，除了對人體健康有直接的危害之外，吸菸行為在醫療資源上的浪費與經濟成本上的損失更是不容忽視的問題。因此，除了一般性的租稅課徵之外，許多的學者都主張應再對香菸課以重稅，以期減少社會大眾的香菸消費量。不過在另一方面，亦有學者指出，目前在探討吸菸行為所引起的疾病成本或外部成本時，都忽略了外在環境的改變與其他因素的影響，而使得菸害成本有被高估的可能，因此反對重課香菸稅。其次，由於香菸稅基本上是屬於銷售稅的性質，因此在課稅之後，勢必會對經濟體系造成若干程度的影響，所以本文在理論探討的部分，除了分析香菸稅的理論依據之外，亦將課稅之後所可能產生的經濟效果做一分析與整理。 　　而在實證研究的部分，本文則利用主計處「個人所得分配調查報告」的原始電腦資料，以橫斷面與虛擬長期追蹤模型資料(pseudo panel data)分別估計國內的香菸需求函數。根據研究的結果顯示，國內的香菸價格彈性在-1.35~-1.56之間，表示當價格上升10%之後，香菸的消費量將減少13.5%~15.6%，可見以香菸稅做為反菸工具的效果相當地顯著。 　　總之，若政府的政策是以維護國民的健康而欲減少國內的香菸消費時，透過對香菸課稅的方式確實能達到「以價制量」的既定目標，而且其政策的效果相當地顯著。不過值得注意的是，香菸稅的課徵，雖然可達成上述的反菸政策效果，但卻也會造成租稅累退與超額負擔的發生；甚至由於菸害成本的高估現象，而使得香菸稅率有偏高的趨劫。因此，政府在訂定香菸稅的政策時，除了考慮價格效果之外，同時也必須平衡其所產生的經濟影響，如此才能訂出適當的稅率以充分反映與矯正外部成本的發生。因此，一個最適香菸稅率的決定，則是未來所必須面對的問題了。

Aging increases the risk of both vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome. Vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome may be related, although there are mixed findings. Furthermore, literature suggests other factors such as physical fitness activity and smoking behavior are associated with Vitamin D deficiency and the development of metabolic syndrome. A number of studies have documented associations between Vitamin D levels and physical fitness activities, while other studies found correlations between Vitamin D levels, metabolic syndrome, and smoking behavior. However, no previous study has examined the links between physical fitness activity, smoking behavior, Vitamin D levels, and the risks for metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this study was to examine if smoking behavior and physical fitness activity moderated the relationship between Vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome among older individuals. The research problem was addressed through the use of retrospective data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006. This study utilized a quantitative, retrospective, cross-sectional design employing regression and correlational analysis to determine that Vitamin D deficiency (p = 0.02) predicts metabolic syndrome (n = 1570). However, neither physical activity (p = 0.99) nor smoking behavior (p = 0.23) moderated the relationship between Vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome (n = 1570). The results of the study could give practitioners a better understanding and insights into the different risk factors to metabolic syndrome among older individuals, which can eventually enable primary and secondary prevention interventions.