The Diploma thesis examines social economy area, social entrepreneurship in particular, with focus on integration of disadvantaged groups on Czech Republic labor market. The main objective of the thesis is to identify strengths and weaknesses of the social entrepreneurship and work integration concept with emphasis on legislation, financing and historical and cultural influence as well as suitability of the environment for further progress. Particular attention is given to evaluation of purposiveness of creating work opportunities for disadvantaged groups by social enterprise. The thesis also examines social entrepreneurship environment in selected European countries to find inspiration for improvement or to identify areas to be aware of and avoid them. The analytical part of the theses is focused on Czech Republic, using information data gathered form subject matter experts, or based on information provided by social enterprise representatives. The thesis is concluded with a SWOT analysis delivering complex overview of Czech social enterprise and its prospective opportunities or potential impediments.

In simultaneously pursuing commercial and social goals, specialist microfinance organisations (MFOs) are leading examples of social enterprises working in development. Yet evidence of the feasibility of such ‘double bottom line’ management is limited. The thesis takes a comparative case study approach to investigating the dynamics of a social enterprise model of microfinance, with particular emphasis on its role in promoting employment related goals. Case study material consists primarily of the experience of two Central Asian MFOs that participated in an action research project ‘Microfinance for Decent Work’ implemented by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Data was obtained through participant observation, staff interviews, client level surveys, and it also includes reflective practice arising from my participation in the ILO project as a consultant to both MFOs between 2008 and 2012. The findings are mixed. One of the MFOs was more strongly internally motivated to achieve social goals, and was more successful in implementing social performance management initiatives. The other was motivated more by the goal to demonstrate social performance to external stakeholders, and was less responsive to the evidence generated. The thesis also illustrates both path dependence in the evolution of social performance management, and the limited capacity of external agencies such as the ILO to influence the institutionalisation of development management within MFOs.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_final.pdf: 2815536 bytes, checksum: 3de3b2f497137c075824b31f2505d95a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-04 / The practice of cultural marketing has been presented as an alternative for the society into a context of which the retraction of the State occurred as a great supplier of social demands. It is important to establish a distinction between the company, which really practices it as an exercise of social responsibility and that, which takes advantage of more than one marketing action, aiming to create a value for the institutional trademark. In this study, it was observed that it is not enough to invest in cultural actions when the other activities of the company have many harmful effects to the society, resulting in the invalidation of the benefits generated by this pseudopractice. Thus, the approach of companies with cultural activities may not be disassociated of concepts of social responsibility and organizational ethic. The comprehensive practice of the cultural marketing may have a positive influence on the three following aspects: social, economic and marketing. Therefore, to invest in cultural marketing must be part of a long-term strategy of less immediatist action companies with concerns beyond the profit of this practice or with interests related to fiscal investment incentives given by the government to those who invest in cultural activities. In accordance with this study, the society (mainly, the consumers inserted on it) has a fundamental role to lead the practice of social responsibility based on the investment of cultural actions. In our research another factor could be observed as the union of efforts of the three sectors of the society represented by the state, enterprises and civil society aiming to emphasize the impact of the developed actions. Finally, it was observed that the cultural marketing does not guarantee that the society could differentiate the company aiming social actions from those using the concept of marketing practices / A prática do marketing cultural tem se apresentado como alternativa para a sociedade em um contexto de retração do papel do Estado, como grande provedor das demandas sociais. É importante estabelecer a distinção da empresa que realmente a pratica como exercício de responsabilidade social de quem se aproveita apenas para mais uma ação mercadológica com o objetivo de criar valor à marca institucional. No estudo, percebeu-se que não basta investir em ações culturais se as demais atividades da empresa têm efeitos tão prejudiciais à sociedade que acabam anulando os benefícios gerados por essa pseudoprática. Assim, a aproximação das empresas das atividades culturais não pode estar desassociada dos conceitos de responsabilidade social e ética organizacional. Praticar o marketing cultural de forma ampla influenciará positivamente no tocante a três aspectos: social, econômico e mercadológico. Sendo assim, investir em marketing cultural deve ser parte de uma estratégia de longo prazo de empresas menos imediatistas, com preocupações que estão, para além do lucro do exercício ou por interesses relacionados aos incentivos fiscais concedidos pelo governo, para quem investe em atividades culturais. Conforme o estudo, a sociedade (sobretudo, os consumidores nela inseridos) exercem uma função fundamental para levar a prática de responsabilidade social pautada no investimento em ações culturais. Na pesquisa, outro fator identificado foi a união de esforços dos três setores da sociedade representados pelo Estado, empresas e sociedade civil com o objetivo de maximizar o impacto das ações desenvolvidas. Finalmente, observa-se que a forma do marketing cultural não garante que a sociedade diferencie quem investe com objetivos sociais de quem apenas faz uso do conceito para práticas mercadológicas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_final.pdf: 2815536 bytes, checksum: 3de3b2f497137c075824b31f2505d95a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-04 / The practice of cultural marketing has been presented as an alternative for the society into a context of which the retraction of the State occurred as a great supplier of social demands. It is important to establish a distinction between the company, which really practices it as an exercise of social responsibility and that, which takes advantage of more than one marketing action, aiming to create a value for the institutional trademark. In this study, it was observed that it is not enough to invest in cultural actions when the other activities of the company have many harmful effects to the society, resulting in the invalidation of the benefits generated by this pseudopractice. Thus, the approach of companies with cultural activities may not be disassociated of concepts of social responsibility and organizational ethic. The comprehensive practice of the cultural marketing may have a positive influence on the three following aspects: social, economic and marketing. Therefore, to invest in cultural marketing must be part of a long-term strategy of less immediatist action companies with concerns beyond the profit of this practice or with interests related to fiscal investment incentives given by the government to those who invest in cultural activities. In accordance with this study, the society (mainly, the consumers inserted on it) has a fundamental role to lead the practice of social responsibility based on the investment of cultural actions. In our research another factor could be observed as the union of efforts of the three sectors of the society represented by the state, enterprises and civil society aiming to emphasize the impact of the developed actions. Finally, it was observed that the cultural marketing does not guarantee that the society could differentiate the company aiming social actions from those using the concept of marketing practices / A prática do marketing cultural tem se apresentado como alternativa para a sociedade em um contexto de retração do papel do Estado, como grande provedor das demandas sociais. É importante estabelecer a distinção da empresa que realmente a pratica como exercício de responsabilidade social de quem se aproveita apenas para mais uma ação mercadológica com o objetivo de criar valor à marca institucional. No estudo, percebeu-se que não basta investir em ações culturais se as demais atividades da empresa têm efeitos tão prejudiciais à sociedade que acabam anulando os benefícios gerados por essa pseudoprática. Assim, a aproximação das empresas das atividades culturais não pode estar desassociada dos conceitos de responsabilidade social e ética organizacional. Praticar o marketing cultural de forma ampla influenciará positivamente no tocante a três aspectos: social, econômico e mercadológico. Sendo assim, investir em marketing cultural deve ser parte de uma estratégia de longo prazo de empresas menos imediatistas, com preocupações que estão, para além do lucro do exercício ou por interesses relacionados aos incentivos fiscais concedidos pelo governo, para quem investe em atividades culturais. Conforme o estudo, a sociedade (sobretudo, os consumidores nela inseridos) exercem uma função fundamental para levar a prática de responsabilidade social pautada no investimento em ações culturais. Na pesquisa, outro fator identificado foi a união de esforços dos três setores da sociedade representados pelo Estado, empresas e sociedade civil com o objetivo de maximizar o impacto das ações desenvolvidas. Finalmente, observa-se que a forma do marketing cultural não garante que a sociedade diferencie quem investe com objetivos sociais de quem apenas faz uso do conceito para práticas mercadológicas

傳統上農民靠天吃飯的特性造就其所得收入的不穩定進而威脅其生存，因此政府在農民福利上加以著墨，希望藉由品種改良、福利金的發放、直接的現金補助與間接的行銷、運輸等補助提升農民生活水準，然而在對農企業的資源投入上則相形較少，因其追求利潤極大化的本質與政府增進農民所得及福利、提高農民生活水準之農民政策目標相背離，因此政府在農企業輔助上多持有保留態度，也因如此造成台灣農企業無法國際化營運、規模亦無法擴大的原因之一；除此之外，政府脫離市場機制，無限制補助的結果更造成其本身財政上的吃緊。農業是由農民、政府與農企業三方面所共同構成的，因此在政策的制定上亦應全盤考量三方的利益衡平，本論文嘗試從根本面來探討三方的利益關係，利用企業社會責任的施行與社會企業的成立，來連結與整合三方利害衡平。舉釀酒葡萄產業為例，點出產業發展與農民福利政策的矛盾，經對比法國釀酒葡萄產業，說明企業社會責任與社會企業對台灣該產業的重要性，再透過美日大廠其施行企業社會責任與社會企業建立的個案分析，了解國外施行方式與達成結果，結果顯示企業社會責任的施行與社會企業的建立確實能達到照顧農民同時發展產業的目標，且因維持市場機制自由運行的結果，政府亦能做最有效率的資源分配，並將外大廠的施行方式嘗試應用於台灣釀酒葡萄產業，針對菸酒公司如何在照顧農民的同時達到企業發展部份提出建言，同時對政府與整個產業提出改善方法，證明企業社會責任與社會企業無非是一項解決農業產業化與農民福利衡平之有效工具與方向。最後提出政府照顧農民的目的與終旨的反思，農民的定義為何？農民真的是弱勢嗎？怎樣的農民才能納入政府輔導的範圍中。在農民、企業、大眾或其他利害團體的眼中政府作到怎樣的程度算照顧？是否過多還是不足，政府該如何衡平照顧農民的公益性角色與發展農企業的商業性角色。農民不是皆是弱勢，政府可透過支持企業社會責任與社會企業的發展，將農民由弱勢變強勢，透過產業化的發揮提升產業附加價值，使農民能小兵立大功，轉變社會對農業的認知。 / Sustainable development is a crucial factor when concerning industry development. When all the interests between all interested parties have been met can start to be considered sustainable development. The thesis started with imbalanced status among the government, vine growers and the winery, agribusiness, of wine industry in Taiwan. Wine growers in Taiwan were considered to be the disadvantaged; lots of subsidies came into the group accordingly. The government even asked agribusiness, typically TTL, gave a lot of allowance and promises to those people ”in need” regardless of the ability of the business can deal with those unneeded vine in market. The imbalance exists and the gap increases; the industry totally goes beyond the rule. As a result, the status has to be changed. The thesis suggests CSR and SE idea can heal the gap. By saying that, the thesis starts to prove why CSR and SE work, especially in Taiwan by comparing with wine industry in France. Based on this foundation, the thesis was then followed by looking at how other big businesses do on CSR and how SE helps to solve social problem as it claimed. With above information, the thesis moved on to its main part, suggestion to TTL and the whole industry. Find a solution to balance all the interested groups and to achieve sustainable development for all sectors in the industry. In conclusion, the thesis raised an urgent to reexamine the purpose of social benefit policy for farmers based on imbalance status. Overall, the thesis was written to raise a question and suggest a solution.

本文從文獻探討中，歸納出DOC(Digital Opportunity Center)經營的關鍵五個面向：學習成效、規模效率、人際互動、文化感受、促進經濟，分析大武DOC、北源DOC經營成效和經營瓶頸。再從經營瓶頸檢視社會企業可以帶給大武DOC、北源DOC的協助和資源有哪些。並從策略聯盟的相關文獻，討論社會企業與學習型DOC策略聯盟的可能模式，和可能需要注意的地方。 研究發現大武DOC與北源DOC的發展歷程中，目前最能展現成果的，就是學習成效的部分。藉由學習成效，再帶出人際互動、促進經濟等提項。也因為「在地經濟-數位落差-經營效率」的循環，當社會企業資源介入輔助大武DOC與北源DOC的經濟面經營時，學習成效、人際互動、文化感受力就提升了，隨著以上這些面向的提升，規模效率自然就會提升。 社會企業與學習型DOC策略聯盟的可能模式為異業、配銷、互補行銷型的模式。以誠食社會企業為例，在成本方面可減低行銷和架設、照護網路商務平台或其他通路的成本；資源方面則可透過誠食社會企業的曝光度，加強社區與地方特色農產的知名度；資訊科技、知識方面藉由有機栽種技術的交流，創造不一樣的精緻農業；形象方面可以從消費者對誠食社會企業的信任，增加地方特色農產品品質良好的形象；形成優勢的面向則是學習型DOC不管是在誠食社會企業的品牌下，有一定的價格保障和通路合作模式。 合作成功的關鍵因素為溝通行為、聯盟管理方式、創新價值與市場導向。其中最基礎也最關鍵的，在誠食社會企業經營社區型社會企業、大武、北源學習型DOC經營、與教育部執行DOC過程中，是「溝通行為」。 / This article summarizes the five key points for managing the Digital Opportunity Center：learning effectiveness, scale efficiency, social interaction, cultural experience, and economic promotion. These are then used to analyze Dawu and Běi yuán Digital Opportunity Center management. This research found that Dawu and Běi yuán Digital Opportunity Center’s earning effectiveness is the most important key point amongst these five. The Digital Opportunity Center can increase human interaction, and promote economic and other mentioned items by raising the learning effectiveness. Furthermore, when human interaction, and economic promotion are rising up, the scale efficiency will also improve. The model of Social Enterprise and DOC strategic alliance can help DOC marketing with their local products. The key point of Social Enterprise and DOC strategic alliance is Communication behavior.

This essay argues that social entrepreneurship is the most efficient means to generate lasting social change and permanently reduce poverty. Using the support of scholarly research, interviews with experts in the field, and my own qualitative observations, I conclude that traditional aid models that are economically dependent on outside funding, as well as those that simply provide monetary and product contributions in order to sustain the poor or marginalized communities they serve are inherently structured in a way that prevents them from resolving social ills. Despite the influx of aid organizations over past decades, chronic poverty and other serious social problems persist, and have not been significantly impacted on a global scale. Traditional aid models merely treat the fundamental issues that perpetuate global poverty. Ironically, these methods of aid actually sustain the inherent problems. Social entrepreneurship is one of the only models that has successfully initiated wide scale social development through promoting the economic independence and self-sustainability of the communities influenced by their initiatives. It has proven to incorporate the necessary tactics that, if implemented internationally and on a wide scale, has the potential to permanently and significantly impact global poverty.

Bakgrund: Impact investment är en ny finansieringsform, som med sitt ursprung och framväxt i både USA och Europa nu spridits till Sverige. Fenomenet beskrivs inom populärvetenskapen som investeringar med avsikten att generera en mätbar samhällsmässig och/eller miljömässig avkastning tillsammans med en finansiell avkastning. I Sverige har impact investment sedan bara några år tillbaka uppmärksammats av svenska aktörer som har börjat arbeta med investeringsformen. Fenomenet kan ses som en idé som överförts till ett nytt sammanhang, därden har uppmärksammats och blivit till verksamhetsaktiviteter. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för fenomenet impact investment i Sverige och att analysera på vilket sätt impact investment har formats av sitt sammanhang. Metod: Studien har en hermeneutisk forskningsansats och har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod. En intervjustudie har utförts med totalt sju nyckelpersoner inom det svenska organisationsfältet för impact investment. Internationella rapporter om fenomenet har även använts för att kartlägga de aktiviteter som genomförts i de länder som ingår i studien. Slutsats: Studien visar att impact investment har flera olika innebörder i Sverige. Impact investment har formats av sitt sammanhang vilket har resulterat i att impact investment har översatts av nya hybridorganisationer i samhället. / Background: Impact investment is a new funding that has its origin and growth in both the USA and Europe. It is now emerging to Sweden. The phenomenon is described in the popular science literature as investments with the intention to generate measurable social and/or environmental impact along with a financial return. In Sweden impact investment has been observed for only a few years. Swedish operators have started to use the funding and the phenomenon can be understood as an idea that has moved to a new context, where it has been noticed and used in operational activities. Aim: The aim of the study is to create an understanding of the phenomenon impact investment in Sweden and to analyse in what way impact investment has been formed by its context. Methodology: The study has a hermeneutic research approach and has been conducted with a qualitative approach. The study has been realized with a total of seven key figures in the Swedish organizational field of impact investment. International reports of the phenomenon have been used to track the activities conducted in the countries included in the study. Conclusion: The study shows that impact investment has many different meanings in Sweden. Impact investment has been formed by its context and has been translated by new hybrid organisations in the society.

This study centers on an exploration of the similarities and differences between social enterprises, commercial enterprises and public sector teams that operate within the same market. The study seeks to contribute to the establishment of social entrepreneurship theory by furthering knowledge of the boundaries of social entrepreneurship. The contextual influence on the development of social entrepreneurship theory is becoming increasingly well understood. As such, different theoretical streams are accounted for and systematically structured into a model containing four contextually anchored approaches, two American and two European, which compares their structures according to eight characteristics. It is on the basis of this model that three cases, one social enterprise, one commercial enterprise and one public sector team all operating towards work integration activities and placements for the long term unemployed are presented and analyzed from two perspectives: one focusing on how they compare to the characteristics and the other on how they compare to the approaches in their entirety. It shows how there are many similarities between the three cases that are lost when compared to each approach. Furthermore, the analysis discovered a limitation within existing social entrepreneurship models, as none of the models turned out to be fully applicable in a Swedish context. Therefore, this study proposes a tentative model for a Nordic approach, rooted in the specific socioeconomic and institutional context of the Nordic states.

落後地區學齡前教育學校建立規劃書 / Right at this moment, there are more than a hundred million kids under the age of six living in urban slums worldwide that are not receiving quality education. Research has shown that early childhood education (E.C.E.) from zero to six years is the critical and unmet need of this century. NGOs, governments and the private sector efforts have not been enough to solve this challenge. Social enterprises may be an effective option to address this issue. Four students in the International Master of Business Administration program of National Chengchi University decided to tackle this issue and create a social enterprise called IMPCT. Social enterprises are nonprofit or for-profit business ventures that strive to achieve a quantifiable double bottom line of financial and social returns. These ventures are financially self-sufficient. IMPCT is built on the idea that the only viable solution to the problem of urban slum early childhood education is having safe and nurturing facilities for children to flourish in. This is currently how the developed world handles early childhood education. More privileged families can take their newborns and babies to professional facilities where they get cognitive development and proper brain stimulations. IMPCT plans to make this privilege accessible to everyone in urban slums. Real ECE facilities will be built within the community for the community by the community. The kids will receive the proper quality education and nutrition in a safe and nurturing environment. IMPCT plans to begin the operations in August 2015 by building the first pilot school in the slums of San Salvador, El Salvador. The ultimate goal is to expand to the Central American countries, Mexico and South America reaching millions of children in the next decade.