社會企業的成立除了新成立的組織去設立公司登記外，大部份是由非營利事業組織(NPO)轉型而來，而營利企業要社會化，則與公司法:企業以營利為目的，相違背，困難度很高，變通的方法就是在母公司之內成立一個新的事業體，或是另外成立一家子公司來經營。 營利事業社會化後其使命、理念、目的、產品、經營，都跟未社會化前有極大的差異，必須建構新的模式來營運才能實現其社會化目的。 本研究選擇第一化工原料股份有限公司(以下簡稱第一化工)創辦[LiFe生活化學]知識推廣平台為案例加以分析，經由訪談創辦者宗旨及目的，分析其社會化背景、目的、模式之建構，社會價值創造作法，再從個案社會化流程的脈絡中，歸納出知識推廣平台建置的關鍵要素。 研究結果發掘平台建置的關鍵要素有五點: 包括:(I)明確社會目標、(2)高階管理階層與股東的支持、(3)完整的專業知識與親民的產品內容設計、(4)整合線上與實體推廣活動、(5)與異業協同合作。 本研究希望給有相同理念的營利事業作參考，社會化前要先考慮以上要素，同時建議企業作社會公益有另一個選擇方式，除了以往被動的作CSR外，也可以選擇主動的讓營利事業--社會化。 關鍵字: 社會企業、社會價值

This research examined whether microfinance-assisted developmental mechanisms can integrate ecological objectives alongside social and economic ones—thus promoting sustainability. The specific focus was to test the ability of microenterprises operated by community-entrepreneurs in supporting local ecosystem services. To this end, the research: elucidated the nature and dynamics of linkages between communities and the local ecosystems with the lens of coupled social-ecological systems, i.e. illustrated ecological modernization of microenterprises in a developing country context; tested how community-based enterprises transform upon application of green microfinance strategy; and then recognized how social learning is promoted through such community-based intervention mechanisms, e.g. microfinance. The research used case study and participatory approaches. The case study comprised two components: i) a green microfinance program, and ii) communities in a riparian, and a wetland ecosystem in Bangladesh engaged in entrepreneurship. The major tools that the study employed for data collections were: household surveys, participatory land -use surveys, semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, multi-stakeholder workshops, field observations, and document reviews. The research findings reveal that the green microfinance strategy, in the short and medium terms, catalyzes entrepreneurial and social innovations, and combine the embedded economic and social objectives of the classic microfinance with the new ecological objectives towards sustainability. The strategy applied by Microfinance Institution (MFI) and adopted by community enterprises transformed the ventures—helping them to go green and reducing greenhouse gas emission. Besides, the partnerships that occur between non-governmental organization (NGO) and community-based organization (CBO) in the process of implementing developmental programs—result social learning and innovations in the communities. The research review found grassroots developmental initiatives as an evolving phenomenon over time. With this view, and with its observation through this cross-sectional study, the research proposes a framework entitled ‘community-based developmental enterprise (CBDE)’. The framework proposes community level entrepreneurial ventures, associated NGO-MFIs, CBOs and other development partners to consider ecosystem services and wellbeing components in entrepreneurial design and actions. / October 2016

Changes are afoot in the nonprofit sector of the economy (James, 2003). Nonprofit leaders are adopting entrepreneurial business models to sustain or expand the scope of their mission work. This change is part of a counter-hegemonic shift toward a new economic paradigm in which blended business models create both social and financial value (Sabeti, 2009; Sahakian & Dunand, 2013). The current study explored how nonprofit leaders understand the shift toward a more enterprising and entrepreneurial nonprofit sector. Qualitative methods, along with a grounded theory framework were used to elicit leaders' perspectives on the emergence of social enterprise in nonprofits and the characteristics of successful nonprofit social enterprise. Findings include five themes of social enterprise understanding that offer structure for further research and professional discourse on the subject, including: 1) Social enterprise as a necessary and inevitable evolution of the nonprofit organization; 2) Social enterprise as a means of achieving a social mission; 3) Social enterprise as a true blending of business and social impact models; 4) Social enterprise as a business principle applied to a social mission context; and 5) Social enterprise as a market-driven approach to financial and social value creation. A secondary analysis points to the emergence of a social enterprise synergy effect in which the social and financial value generated by nonprofit social enterprises yield a third effect that is greater than the sum of the individual parts. The implications of these findings are limited to nonprofit social enterprises, but contribute to our understanding of this nascent field.

In this Masters Research Report I explore how South Africa, in reaction to the global economic crisis’s impact on national unemployment statistics, has embraced the social economy. As this is a recent undertaking of the state, this research covers the timeline of events pertinent to what I determine to be the tipping point of the social economy in South Africa between 2009-­‐2011. Based on documentary analysis and in-­‐depth interviews with key actors determined to be ‘experts’ in the field, this research attempts to gain an understanding of how the concept of the social economy and its organizations of social entrepreneurship and social enterprise are being transposed onto the South African landscape, specifically in the Gauteng province. By examining the trend of the social economy and how it is being conceptualized in the country, this research aims to understand the implications for the future of South Africa’s socioeconomic development path.

Students with intellectual and other disabilities who age out of transition programs or graduate from high school may experience marginalization as young adults. There exists scant literature on the perceptions of parents about access to employment and services for their adult children with disabilities. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how parents perceived educational services, financial burdens, social isolation, and lack of access to employment for their children with intellectual and other disabilities. Critical disability theory and transformational theory constituted the study's conceptual framework. The research questions concerned how parents perceived access to services related to financial assistance, postsecondary education, employment, and vocational consultation. The design was a case study with a purposefully selected sample consisting of 5 parents from a Western U.S. state. Data sources included field notes, interviews, and artifacts. A field log, newspaper articles, and interview transcriptions were gathered, sorted, and categorized into themes. Results of the study revealed that employment gaps for adults with disabilities decreased with better knowledge about disability strengths, social capital, employer and employee diversity training, and competitive employment opportunities. A position paper was developed based on study findings, which was targeted to employers and included information on the reasons for a business to embrace diversity in the workplace. Business leaders' promotion of social enterprises that enable community inclusion and financial independence for people with disabilities may result in a positive paradigm shift towards equitable employment as a positive social change outcome.

O tema em discussão diz respeito ao atendimento, pelo direito comercial, de interesses que não exclusivamente o lucro, e guarda evidente relação com as bases principiológicas e legislativas já estabelecidas principalmente no Código Civil, na Lei de Sociedades por Ações e na Constituição Federal. Identifica-se espaço para o desenvolvimento de extensa gama de atividades econômicas lucrativas com intuito de geração de benefícios sociais, ambientais e econômicos para pessoas excluídas do circuito de consumo no país. Esse é o fundamento do instituto denominado principalmente de empresa social, negócio de impacto ou sociedade de benefícios, idealizado pelo economista bengalês Muhammad Yunus, ganhador do Prêmio Nobel da Paz, que tinha como intuito a erradicação da pobreza em seu país por meio do financiamento aos pobres de microcrédito, oferecido por um banco. A partir do entendimento da empresa como instrumento para que se alcance o desenvolvimento e a geração de impacto positivo na sociedade, o trabalho estuda os mais recentes debates sobre o contexto de surgimento e as diferenças dos conceitos atribuídos a essa modalidade empresarial nos diferentes países e regiões do mundo. Após, analisa a aplicabilidade dos conceitos e práticas de governança à empresa com atuação social, sobretudo em duas frentes: na própria estrutura societária, no que diz respeito à estabilização do compromisso dos sócios e acomodação de interesses entre partes relacionadas; e na organização dos órgãos administrativos da empresa, principalmente incumbidos da administração em si e da fiscalização da atividade social. / The subject under discussion relates to the attention, by corporate law, of interests not exclusively profitable, and is clearly linked to the principles and legislative bases already established mainly in the Civil Code, Companies Law and Brazilian Federal Constitution. One can identify a wide range of economic activities\' development space purposing to generate profits and social, environmental and economic benefits for people excluded from the consumption circuit. This is the main idea of the so-called social enterprise, positive impact business or Benefit Corporation, created by the Nobel Peace Prize winner, Muhammad Yunus, a Bangladeshi economist whose goal was to eradicate poverty by a microcredit bank. Having the enterprise as a tool to achieve development and generate positive impact in society, the study relates the most recent debates about the context of emergence and the concepts\' differences in the different countries to the social enterprise or Benefit Corporations. Afterwards, it analyzes the governance concepts and practices\' applicability to the social enterprise, especially about the corporate structure itself, regarding the partners commitment stabilization and interests\' accommodation between related parties; and the business organization, mainly in charge of the administration itself and the social activity supervision.

<p>I arbetslivet har omfattande förändringar ägt rum, vilket har inneburit hårdare villkor för alla men kanske särskilt för dem som av olika anledningar står utanför arbetsmarknaden. Denna uppsats är en fallstudie av ett socialt arbetskooperativ som drivs av människor med psykiska funktionshinder. Studien syftar till att ge ökad förståelse för, och kunskap om, vilken betydelse det sociala arbetskooperativet har, och har haft, för den enskilde kooperatören och vidare för kooperatörernas livssituation i allmänhet, samt deras förhållande till arbetslivet i synnerhet.</p><p>Vi har gjort en kvalitativ studie grundad på djupgående intervjuer med sex kooperatörer samt med verksamhetens båda handledare. Slutsatserna av vår studie bygger på analyser av dessa</p><p>intervjuer. Den första och kanske viktigaste slutsats vi har dragit är att deltagandet i Solakoop är för kooperatörerna synonymt med ”det goda arbetet” och har givit dem ökat självförtroende,</p><p>initiativförmåga och ansvarskänsla. Dock uppbär kooperatörerna ersättning via socialförsäkringssystemet, vilket har flera negativa konsekvenser för den enskilde. Vidare har vi sett att de av Jahoda (1982) identifierade latenta bieffekterna av arbete är särskilt viktiga för människor med psykisk ohälsa och att samtliga uppfylls i det sociala arbetskooperativet, samt att arbetet i det sociala arbetskooperativet har en rehabiliterande effekt på kooperatörernas psykiska välbefinnande och deras sjukdom. Vi har även dragit</p><p>slutsatsen att arbetet i det sociala arbetskooperativet har fört kooperatörerna närmare den öppna arbetsmarknaden.</p> / <p>Within working life, large-scale changes have taken place which have implied rougher conditions for everyone, particularly for those that are excluded from the labour market for differrent reasons. This paper is a case study of a social enterprise run by people with a mental health handicap. The aim of this study is to gain understanding and knowledge about what the social enterprise has meant for the co-operative’s participants, for their situations in life in general and, more specific, their relationship to working life.</p><p>We have made a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews with six participants and the two guiding mentors of the business. The conclusions of our study are based on analyses of the interviews. The first, and possibly the most important, conclusion we have drawn is that participating in Solakoop has given the co-operators a higher level of self-esteem, power of initiative and sense of responsibility. Dependence on sickness benefits and/or allowances,</p><p>however, produces large negative consequences for individuals.</p><p>Furthermore we have seen that the latent by-products of work, as described by Jahoda, are of particular importance for individuals with mental health handicaps and that all of them are</p><p>accomplished in the social enterprise. We have also come to the conclusion that work in the social enterprise has a rehabilitating effect on the participants’ mental well-being and their</p><p>diseases. Finally we have drawn the conclusion that working in the social enterprise has brought the co-operators closer to the open labour market.</p>

Service science is an emerging multidisciplinary field concerned with the study of service systems and value co-creation. In recent years, the field has expanded considerably, growing to encompass a community of researchers and practitioners from a range of backgrounds and knowledge domains. However, very little research has focused on the study of service systems within the context of social-purpose organizations (SPOs), such as a nonprofit charitable organization or academic institution. We contend that SPOs represent a class of service systems that are understudied in service science, and the goal of this thesis was to contribute to the ongoing development of the disciplines theoretical foundations through an empirical study of a special type of SPO, the social enterprise. Through case-study research we surveyed five social enterprise organizations across Canada. Our findings point to a number of areas that suggest a conceptual bias towards service systems that are economically motivated and profit driven.

Service science is an emerging multidisciplinary field concerned with the study of service systems and value co-creation. In recent years, the field has expanded considerably, growing to encompass a community of researchers and practitioners from a range of backgrounds and knowledge domains. However, very little research has focused on the study of service systems within the context of social-purpose organizations (SPOs), such as a nonprofit charitable organization or academic institution. We contend that SPOs represent a class of service systems that are understudied in service science, and the goal of this thesis was to contribute to the ongoing development of the disciplines theoretical foundations through an empirical study of a special type of SPO, the social enterprise. Through case-study research we surveyed five social enterprise organizations across Canada. Our findings point to a number of areas that suggest a conceptual bias towards service systems that are economically motivated and profit driven.

Abstract This research was to explore 1) the thought and the methods of Sinyi Realty¡¦s Corporate Social Responsibility 2) the intent and core concept in designing Sinyi Realty¡¦s Corporate Social Responsibility and 3) the everlasting strategy of promoting Sinyi Realty¡¦s Corporate Social Responsibility. Hopefully, this research can be a reference for enterprise and business managers to increase corporate social impact. Through seven profound interviews with seven real estate high-ranking executives, relevant quotations and logical inference there from, and my personal experiences and observations in the real estate field, I discovered that Sinyi Real Estate, from the beginning, did not really put particular emphasis on the domain of Corporate Social Responsibility. Instead, what Sinyi Real Estate did was just simply to solve or reduce social problems and insist on the principle of ¡§trust first, then profit¡¨, which virtually put the Corporate Social Responsibility into practice and it became one of the most respected model enterprises. Like all other enterprises, Sinyi Real Estate has had and will have its own difficulties and challenges to deal with in the past, in the present, and in the future (in the past, not being recognized by the mainstream; in the present, personal ideas can not match the goal of the corporation; and in the future, the concept is hard to be passed on) and needs to overcome all the difficulties and challenges one after another in order for Sinyi Real Estate to create new breakthroughs and grow stronger. The research discovered that Corporate Social Responsibility has a positive relationship to corporate everlasting development. Sinyi Real Estate can continuously work to reach the goal of ¡§make Sinyi Real Estate everlasting¡¨ and become the most valued enterprise in society by 1) inheriting and passing on Sinyi Realty¡¦s Corporate Social Responsibility 2) expanding service territory and market 3) enhancing the width and depth of sales 4) strengthening the influence of the Trade Association 5) constantly increasing the responsibility of relevant parties and 6) promoting the concept of green energy environmental impact. Key Words:Sinyi Realty, Corporate Social Responsibility, Business Ethics, Corporate Citizenship, Corporate Governance, Corporate Commitment, Social Participation, Envioronmental Protection, Social Enterprise.