Abstract There has been extensive literature published about NGO adoption and use of social media, however these studies have only focused on large, and primarily Western operated organizations, while research on NGO and social enterprise adoption in emergent nations is drastically limited. Cambodia was particularly relevant for a study on social media, because in fact Facebook has surpassed television as Cambodian people’s main source for gathering news. In particular this research focused on a famous Khmer-owned NGO, Phare Ponleu Selpak and their sister organization the Phare Performing Social Enterprise. This organization is well-known in Cambodia, because they produce world-renowned visual and performing artists, and are especially known for the circus, which is a major tourism attraction in Siem Reap. In this anthropological, exploratory case study, I conducted in-depth interviews with key staff members and executed a thematic analysis of PPSA and PPSE’s social media platforms in order to unveil the reasons for social media adoption as well as an in-depth analysis of the strategies involved. The results indicated that community engagement and organizational transparency were the key indicators for social media adoption. For strategy, community engagement and informational postings were also more important than posts that prompted actions such as donating, voting, or participating. Finally, social media was seen as a vital tool in the dissemination of information about Cambodian arts and intangible heritages, because Facebook has become the key source for information in Cambodia due to the state owned media. Therefore, Cambodians are able to learn about their history and the arts by following PPSA and PPSE, particularly on Facebook. Furthermore, tourists can also celebrate and learn about Cambodian art and intangible heritage through these social media channels. Keywords: Nongovernmental Organization, Social Enterprise, Social Media, Social Media Adoption and Use, Intangible Heritage

The United Arab Emirates are challenged to include the national workforce into their increasingly diversified and knowledge-based economic vision. The federal Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development incubates Sougha, a non-profit company acting as market intermediary for Emirati artisans. This study aims at providing an insight into Sougha‘s potential to become a social enterprise. A pragmatic and exploratory approach is followed. An iterative process underpins the concept of social enterprise from established literature, re-visits it through a social constructivist lens as an emerging topic in the GCC region, and benchmarks Sougha against two selected social enterprise frameworks, based on data analysis from documents and interviews. Sougha demonstrates social value creation while its commercial value creation is restricted to social mission activities. Financial motives are insufficiently reflected in Sougha‘s strategic documentation; leaving doubt to whether Sougha is genuinely seeking financial sustainability, which endangers its eligibility as a social enterprise. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Submitted by Daniel Marques Périgo (danielmpsp@outlook.com) on 2018-06-19T15:31:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TA Revisão_final_DP_v3.pdf: 1795482 bytes, checksum: b2c593d258e3925a86aabc23f6f4a154 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br) on 2018-06-19T17:00:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TA Revisão_final_DP_v3.pdf: 1795482 bytes, checksum: b2c593d258e3925a86aabc23f6f4a154 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-06-19T21:41:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TA Revisão_final_DP_v3.pdf: 1795482 bytes, checksum: b2c593d258e3925a86aabc23f6f4a154 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-19T21:41:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TA Revisão_final_DP_v3.pdf: 1795482 bytes, checksum: b2c593d258e3925a86aabc23f6f4a154 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-19 / O aumento da competitividade, o cenário macroeconômico e a importância crescente dos aspectos sociais e ambientais, associados ao esgotamento dos modelos de negócios convencionais focados prioritariamente na busca de lucro econômico, estimulam o surgimento de novos modelos de negócio, baseados na obtenção de ganho econômico e no atendimento às expectativas sociais. Os negócios sociais surgem como alternativas aos modelos de negócio tradicionais, ao harmonizar a busca pelo impacto positivo na sociedade e as atividades comerciais de geração de renda, combinando a lógica de mercado com a necessidade filantrópica, a fim de atingir uma missão social; no entanto, seu caráter híbrido carrega tensões intrínsecas do esforço de equilibrar esses dois aspectos. Sistemas de mensuração e gestão de desempenho podem ter um papel importante neste contexto, ao permitir a avaliação da adesão da organização aos objetivos sociais, por meio de métricas financeiras e sociais alinhadas à sua estratégia. Entender de que modo a adoção desses sistemas pode influenciar a gestão e orientar a criação de valor social nesses empreendimentos é o objetivo deste trabalho. Para isso, o Social Enterprise Balanced Scorecard (SEBC), uma versão do Balanced Scorecard de Kaplan e Norton, foi utilizado como modelo de análise. O estudo foi efetivado por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, baseada no estudo de casos múltiplos e em entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com representantes de cinco negócios sociais brasileiros, de naturezas jurídicas diversas. Os dados coletados foram consolidados e os indicadores analisados e distribuídos segundo as perspectivas do SEBC. O trabalho demonstrou que, das cinco organizações, três possuíam sistemas de mensuração implementados, com uma tendência maior de adoção nos negócios do terceiro setor. No entanto, a avaliação das métricas demonstrou uma predominância da medição de outputs, uma medição limitada de outcomes mais generalistas e a ausência de medição de impacto, sugerindo um potencial desalinhamento entre as métricas de desempenho e a missão social da organização. Outro ponto constatado foi a vinculação da missão social à figura do empreendedor, caracterizando uma abordagem mais pessoa-dependente e menos processo-dependente. Por fim, os resultados do trabalho apontam para a potencial aplicabilidade do Social Enterprise Balanced Scorecard como mecanismo de mensuração e gestão no contexto dos negócios sociais, ao proporcionar uma visão mais equilibrada do seu desempenho. / The increase in competitiveness, macroeconomic scenario and the growing importance of social and environmental aspects, associated with the exhaustion of conventional business models focused primarily on economic profit, stimulate the emergence of new business models, focused on obtaining economic gain and meeting the social expectations. Social businesses emerge as alternatives to traditional business models, by harmonizing the search for positive impact on society and commercial income-generating activities, combining market logic with philanthropic need in order to achieve a social mission; however, its hybrid character carries intrinsic tensions in the effort to balance these two aspects. In this context, performance measurement and management systems can play an important role by allowing the assessment of the organization's adherence to its social objectives, by using financial and social metrics aligned with its strategy. Understanding how the adoption of these systems influences the management and creation of social value in these enterprises is the main objective of this work. The Social Enterprise Balanced Scorecard (SEBC) - a version of the Balanced Scorecard of Kaplan and Norton - was used as the analysis model. The study was carried out through a qualitative, exploratory research, based on the study of multiple cases and semi-structured interviews with representatives of five Brazilian social businesses, of different legal natures. The data collected were consolidated and the indicators analyzed and distributed according to the perspectives of the SEBC model. The study showed that three out of the five organizations surveyed had implemented measurement systems, with a greater tendency of adoption in the third sector businesses. However, the evaluation of the metrics demonstrated a predominance of output measurements, a limited measurement of generic outcomes and the absence of business impact measurement, suggesting a potential misalignment between performance metrics and the organization's social mission. Another point observed was a strong association of the social mission to the figure of the entrepreneur, characterizing a more person-dependent and less process-dependent approach. Finally, the results of the study point out to the potential applicability of the Social Enterprise Balanced Scorecard as a measurement and management mechanism in the context of social businesses by providing a more balanced view of their performance.

近期關於組織目標的研究指出，傳統以營利為目的的公司，隨著政府與大眾對於社會議題的日益關注而開始履行企業社會責任；另一方面，傳統以解決社會問題為目的的非營利組織，為了處理資金問題而開始從事營利行為。因為營利與非營利組織的分界開始模糊，各種混合型態的組織跟著出現，構成了一個組織目標的光譜。然而，這個概念上的目標光譜並不容易呈現，目前針對社會價值的創造(Social Value Creation，簡稱SVC)在量化上的分析成果亦有限。本研究從產業經濟學的混合寡占理論出發，提出一個「SVC投資市場」以衡量組織對於社會價值的重視程度，並使用觀察到的資料描繪出SVC投資市場中的需求。再透過組織目標函數的設定以及在市場中競爭的結果，推估組織考量社會價值的比重，找出組織在目標光譜中的位置。本研究針對台灣上市公司的企業社會責任報告書資料以及財報資料進行分析後發現，目前台灣上市公司的消費者並不太重視公司的SVC活動。政府若欲提升公司對於SVC的重視程度，可以嘗試藉由改變消費者的購買決策來影響公司的目標決策。

The degradation of the ecological and social systems has largely resulted from human activities that deplete natural resources and undermine human needs in society. Traditional business culture, driven mainly by profit maximization, is a factor that has worsened this sustainability challenge. Social enterprises (SEs) are a form of business that hold the potential to help make the transition towards a sustainable society. The purpose of this study is two-fold. First, it explores SE contributions to creating a sustainable social system. Second, it examines how SEs exhibit the dimensions of trustworthiness, leading to trusting relationships in society. Social sustainability principles (SSPs) define social sustainability and are drawn from the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development. They are used as a foundation for identifying SE contributions. The researchers draw on experiences from social entrepreneurs and experts in the field of social entrepreneurship. SEs contribute at two levels: the individual level and the societal level. They break down barriers to the SSPs and provide opportunities to individuals with respect to the five principles. SEs operate based on a culture of impartiality and create opportunities for meaning for individuals in their target groups. They consistently take leaps of faith, believing in the trustworthiness of those who are otherwise deemed untrustworthy.

Les structures d'insertion par l'activité économique (SIAE) proposent à des personnes rencontrant des difficultés sociales ou professionnelles particulières une mise en situation de travail et une prise en charge visant à la résolution de leurs diverses problématiques. Depuis une dizaine d'années, les SIAE ont engagé un processus de rapprochement avec les entreprises classiques alors qu'antérieurement prévalaient des relations de méfiance réciproque. L'objet de la thèse est précisément d'analyser le fonctionnement des collaborations nouées entre les SIAE et les entreprises classiques. A cette fin, nous mobilisons tout d'abord la littérature sur l'entreprise sociale qui permet de caractériser la spécificité des SIAE. Nous construisons ensuite un modèle d'analyse inspiré de l'économie des conventions. Les collaborations entre SIAE et entreprises classiques supposent en effet qu'elles s'accordent concernant le contenu de la notion d'insertion. Sur la base d'une enquête qualitative réalisée au sein de trois SIAE, nous distinguons alors trois « conventions d'insertion » (civique-marchande, civique-industrielle et civique-connexionniste) qui sont autant de compromis permettant une coordination. Ces « conventions d'insertion » sont présentes au sein de chacune de nos études de cas mais dans des proportions variables, en fonction des milieux institutionnels dans lesquels évoluent SIAE et entreprises classiques. / Work integration social enterprises (WISE) aim to allow disadvantaged workers to benefit from contracts of employment, in order to facilitate their social and professional inclusion. Since the end of the last decade, collaborations between private businesses and WISE have been increasing in France, whereas at first the attitude was one of mutual mistrust. This study focuses on how WISE and private businesses collaborate. First we use the literature about social enterprise to characterize the special features of WISE. Then we build a framework inspired from the “economics of conventions” school. Collaborations between WISE and private businesses rest on an agreement about what integration means. We produce three kinds of “integration conventions” (civic-market, civic-industrial and civic-connective) that are compromises allowing coordination. We use this typology to investigate three case-studies. In each one all of our “integration conventions” are present but in variable proportions, depending on the institutional constraints faced by WISE and private businesses.

Titel: Sociala företags finansieringsproblematik: En litteraturstudie om bidragande faktorer till finansieringsgapet mellan sociala företag och dess finansiärer. Författare: Jeanette Koznar, Håkan Lindgren och Sandra Nilsson Handledare: Anders Wrenne Institution: Managementhögskolan, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola   Kurs: Kandidatarbete i Företagsekonomi, 15 högskolepoäng Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att identifiera det befintliga kunskapsläget för hur fem utvalda faktorerna påverkar finansiärers benägenhet att investera i sociala företag, för att därefter urskönja mönster mellan dessa fem faktorerna och diskutera hur ett samspelande kan minska finansieringsgapet. Metod:  Vi valde att använda oss av en explorativ litteraturstudie som metod då denna karaktäriseras av att fördjupa förståelsen för ett forskningsproblem.   Slutsatser: Vi fann att genom att se sambanden mellan de faktorer som påverkar finansieringsgapet, mellan sociala företag och finansiärer, kan flera faktorers inverkan på finansieringsgapet minskas framförallt genom att attackera en av dessa faktorer: de organisatoriska färdigheterna. / Title: The financial problem for social enterprises: A literature review on contributing factors to the funding gap between social enterprises and its financiers. Authors: Jeanette Koznar, Håkan Lindgren och Sandra Nilsson Supervisor: Anders Wrenne Department: School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology  Course: Bachelor’s thesis in Business Administration, 15 credits Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to identify the existing level of knowledge for how the five specifically chosen factors affect financiers' propensity to invest in social enterprises, and descry patterns between these five factors and discuss how an interaction between them can reduce the funding gap.   Method: We chose an exploratory literature review as a method to conduct this study based on that it is characterized by further deepening the understandings of a specific research problem.   Results: We found that by investigating the connection between the factors that contribute to the funding gap between social enterprises and financiers, the impact on the funding gap can be reduced primarily by attacking one of these factors: the organizational skills.

This masters's thesis deals with the characterisation of the concept of corporate social responsibility, aiming its attention on its limits and opportunities within the European Union. First part of the thesis focuses on the charactistics of the theoretical concepts and approaches to corporate responsibility, entrepreneurship and businesses, while second part adresses the possibilities of international and european support and control of business activities, especially of the european institutions and other initiatives within the european context

Master’s thesis deals with the establishment of social enterprise that creates workplaces. The main contribution is data processing for business, specifically for a restaurant and café, specialized in target group of people with autism spectrum disorder and in families with children. After carrying out all the analyses a suitable business plan is designed.

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of development and education of Czech social enterprise employees and examines how these services are provided. The research set was made of enterprises listed in the Social Entrepreneurship Directory, which declare their social mission. In the form of a questionnaire survey, it was investigated how the educational process in the enterprise proceeds from the planning, design to implementation and subsequent evaluation of educational activities. The research results show that social enterprises educate their employees, but in most enterprises it is a relatively unsystematic process, with reserves mainly on the theoretical and methodological side, which is mainly hampered by lack of funds and lack of time space. However, in the jungle of social entrepreneurship, there are clear exceptions that, despite all the obstacles, provide their staff with quality education services and care for their development. Keywords social economy, social enterprise, social innovation, development, education, lifelong learning, human resources development, education cycle