Magistro baigiamajame darbe apžvelgta valstybinio socialinio draudimo sistema, išskirti pagrindiniai veiksniai, įtakojantys VSDF biudžetą, išanalizuotas įmokų ir išmokų kitimas 2005 – 2012 m. laikotarpiu ir pateikti siūlymai dėl biudžeto nesubalansuotumo problemos sprendimo. Pirmojoje dalyje teoriniu lygmeniu nagrinėjamos socialinės apsaugos ir socialinio draudimo sąvokos, analizuojama socialinio draudimo raida ir apžvelgiamas teisinis reglamentavims. Antrojoje dalyje teoriniu lygmeniu analizuojama VSDF biudžeto struktūra, pateikiamos įmokų ir išmokų rūšys, nustatomi politiniai ir ekonominiai veiksniai, įtakojantys VSDF biudžeto įmokų ir išmokų kitimą ir pateikiama tyrimo metodologija. Trečiojoje dalyje išskiriamos aktualios VSD problemos, atliekama koreliacine ir regresinė veiksnių, įtakojančių įmokas ir išmokas, analizė, apžvelgiamas 2005 – 2012 m. įmokų ir išmokų kitimas ir analizuojama dabar susiklosčiusi padėtis. Ketvirtojoje dalyje įvardijamos VSDF biudžeto deficito susidarymo priežastys, atliekama einamųjų ir ateinančių metų įmokų ir išmokų prognozė ir numatomos problemų sprendimo kryptys. . / State social insurance system is being reviewed in this master’s thesis as well as the main factors that influence the State social security insurance budget. Moreover, contributions and benefits change has been analyzed for 2005 and 2012 year’s period and proposals for budget imbalance were presented. You can find the concept of social security social insurance analysis of social evolution and an overview of the legal regulation in the first part of the work. The theoretical analyze of structure of State social security insurance budget types of contributions and benefits the political and economic factors that affects State social security insurance budget contributions and benefits and the methodology of the research were set in the second part. The actual State Social Insurance problems, correlation and regression analyze that shows the factors that influence contributions and benefits. The overview of contributions and benefits change during year 2005- 2012 and now in the third part. The fourth section identifies the cause of budget deficit as well as shows the prediction of contributions and benefits and provides problem-solving directions.

Diss. Göteborg : University, 2002.

Esta tese aborda as disputas em torno do processo de reforma da Previdência Social e identifica que foram orientadas pela formação de um discurso embasado na racionalidade econômica, segundo o qual a situação de escassez e de crise fiscal foi determinante no projeto de reforma. O discurso do déficit na Previdência Social confrontou o modelo de seguridade social instituído pela Constituição Federal de 1988. O principal ponto da disputa foi o Orçamento da Seguridade Social, que, ao integrar a Previdência Social, tornou-a sujeita ao controle público, tanto na fase elaboração do orçamento, quanto na sua execução. Essa foi a dimensão que alimentou o debate e orientou um amplo processo de racionalização da Previdência Social, indo além da reforma nos critérios de acesso aos benefícios, como um resultado não esperado. / This thesis analyses the disputes about the social insurance reform process and identifies that they are oriented by a discourse based on the economic rationality, that one the scarcity situation and fiscal crisis determine the reform projects. The social insurance deficit discourse confronted the social security model set up by the 1988 Federal Constitution. The main point of the dispute was the social security budget that subjected to the public control the Social Insurance System as in the stage of budget elaboration as its performance. That was the point that maintained the contend and oriented a extensive process of social insurance rationalization. That got ahead of the reform in the entrance criterion of the social benefits as an unexpected effect.

Esta tese aborda as disputas em torno do processo de reforma da Previdência Social e identifica que foram orientadas pela formação de um discurso embasado na racionalidade econômica, segundo o qual a situação de escassez e de crise fiscal foi determinante no projeto de reforma. O discurso do déficit na Previdência Social confrontou o modelo de seguridade social instituído pela Constituição Federal de 1988. O principal ponto da disputa foi o Orçamento da Seguridade Social, que, ao integrar a Previdência Social, tornou-a sujeita ao controle público, tanto na fase elaboração do orçamento, quanto na sua execução. Essa foi a dimensão que alimentou o debate e orientou um amplo processo de racionalização da Previdência Social, indo além da reforma nos critérios de acesso aos benefícios, como um resultado não esperado. / This thesis analyses the disputes about the social insurance reform process and identifies that they are oriented by a discourse based on the economic rationality, that one the scarcity situation and fiscal crisis determine the reform projects. The social insurance deficit discourse confronted the social security model set up by the 1988 Federal Constitution. The main point of the dispute was the social security budget that subjected to the public control the Social Insurance System as in the stage of budget elaboration as its performance. That was the point that maintained the contend and oriented a extensive process of social insurance rationalization. That got ahead of the reform in the entrance criterion of the social benefits as an unexpected effect.

Ett allt vanligare fenomen i dagens arbetsliv är att tjänsteproduktion organiseras efter modeller som i grunden är anpassade för varuproduktion. En av dessa organisationsmodeller är Lean, som har implementerats inom Försäkringskassan. Försäkringskassans byråkratiska organisation har därmed struktureras upp i ännu fler regler, rutiner och processer. Finns det något utrymme för lärande i en sådan organisation? Denna studie har som ambition att bidra till en ökad förståelse för hur lärande i det dagliga arbetet uppstår i en byråkratisk organisation där regler och rutiner är en del av jobbet. Syftet är att belysa personliga handläggares upplevelse av lärande i det dagliga arbetet. Utifrån syftet har följande frågeställningar formulerats; Hur upplever handläggare att styrande rutiner för arbetets utförande inverkar på deras lärande? Hur upplever handläggare att de lär sig av sina kollegor? I vilken utsträckning upplever handläggare att lärande sker över det egna teamets gränser? Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metodansats och åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med handläggare på försäkringskassan. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån Wengers teori om Communities of Practice. Resultatet visar att regler och rutiner används för att fylla kunskapsluckor och därmed bidrar till lärande. Handläggare lär också i det dagliga arbetet genom social interaktion som bland annat uppstår vid informella diskussioner och formella möten. Interaktionen leder till ett erfarenhetsutbyte mellan kollegor. Genom att ta del av andra myndigheters eller individers erfarenheter och kompetens har handläggarna möjlighet att utveckla ett lärande över gränser. Dock skiljer sig handläggarnas uppfattningar när det kommer till kunskaps- och erfarenhetsutbyte med aktörer utanför Försäkringskassan. / An increasingly common phenomenon in today's working life is that the production of services is organized through production models that originally was created to organize the production of things. One of these organizational models is Lean, which has been implemented within the Swedish Social Insurance Agency. This bureaucratic organization has thus been structured into even more rules, procedures and processes. Is there any room for learning in such an organization? This study is an attempt to contribute to an understanding of how learning in daily work occurs in a regulated organization where rules and procedures are part of the job. The aim of the study is to investigate the social insurance officers personal experience of learning in the daily work. To answer the purpose of the study the following questions has been formulated; How do social insurance officers experience that common routine descriptions of work design influence their learning? How do social insurance officers experience that they learn from their colleagues? To what extent do social insurance officers experience learning over the boundaries of their own team? The study is based on a qualitative method using eight semi-structured interviews with social insurance officers at the Swedish Social Insurance Agency. The empirical data has been analyzed from Wengers theory Communities of practice. The result shows that rules and procedures are used to fill knowledge gaps and thus contribute to learning. The social insurance officers also learn in daily work through social interaction by informal discussions and formal meetings. By studying other authorities or individuals' experiences, the social insurance officers can develop cross-border learning. However, the perceptions of the social insurance officers differ when it comes to knowledge and experience exchange with actors outside the Swedish Social Insurance Agency.

Background: The Social Insurance is part of the Swedish welfare system that is intended to create economic security for citizens in the event of unemployment, sickness, functional disability, and old age. The Swedish sickness‐benefit insurance is based on the standard insurance principle meaning that sickness benefits are related to level of lost income. The increasing number of sick listed people and people with disability pension (DPs) in Sweden may lead to marginalisation of individuals as they are not part of the labour market. The government has decided that the number of sick‐listed people should be halved by 2008, which means a tougher judgment of the applications for sick leave compensation. To be qualified for sickness benefit the disease has to impair the work ability in relation to the specific demands of the work of that person. The evaluation of the work ability in a percentage is an important element with regard to the policy on disability. The social insurance officers (SIOs) who are assessing the work ability are dependent on judgments from the physicians as expertise, and the guidelines in the social insurance act. The eligibility criteria for DP and the process of dealing with applications for DP is scarcely studied. Objectives: The overall aim of the thesis was to explore demographic and health differences between those, who were granted and those, who were not granted disability pension. The second aim was to study how the process from applications to decisions on disability pensions were executed and perceived by the social insurance offices and to elucidate their working conditions during the decision process. Material and methods: The first two studies explored differences between those granted DP and those not granted DP. Study I was a register‐based retrospective case‐control study carried out in the area of a county in Sweden. The cases were all individuals rejected a full disability pension 1999‐2000, in all 99 cases. Controls were every tenth person who was granted a full DP during the same period, 198 controls. Determinants were recorded from the Social Insurance (SI). In study II demographic data and medical diagnoses were obtained from the SI records. Data concerning self‐reported health, HRQoL, social networks and use of health care were collected by a postal questionnaire. The study objects were the same as in study I. In study III and IV indepth interviews were carried through to study the social insurance officers’ perspective on the process from application to decision on disabilitypensions as well as their experiences of prerequisites and hindrances in their work with DP applications. The transcribed data were analysed by an inductive content analysis. Results: Unemployment, living in the main municipality and age below 50 years were determinants for rejection of DP. Medical status as described in the Social Insurance records had less association with the outcome. There are variations in praxis of rejection of applicants between social insurance boards in different geographical areas due to other reasons than medical. The nDP group had more often multiple diagnoses, and lower self‐reported health and HRQoL compared to those granted DP. Those not granted DP also had significantly smaller social networks. The SIOs perceived that they had to make rapid decisions within a limited time frame, based on limited information, mainly on the basis of incomplete medical certificates, and with no firm criteria for the regulations on the individual case level. Communication among the various authorities as employment offices and social services suffered from lack of common goaldirected strategy. In study IV the SIOs described their working conditions when executing the applications for DP. The SIOs perceived recurrent changes in rules and regulations as frustrating as they at the same time had to face the client. The large number of clients prevented them from being able to offer clients activities and support them in the way they were supposed to do. The SIOs powerful position and how their discretion was implemented made them feel responsible for performing their work well. SIOs are to be considered as typical street‐level bureaucrats as they have to perform their work between the policy, rules and clients. Conclusions: The individuals had an increased risk to be rejected DP if they were younger than 50 years, unemployed, and lived in the main city. No evident differences in medical diagnoses were found between the groups. The results indicate that there may be other reasons than medical in praxis. Contrary to expectations, those not granted DP do not seem to have better health, but rather to suffer from more sickness than those, who were granted DP. Unemployment leads to inability to qualify for compensation and benefits that are associated with participation on the labour market. The group not granted disability pension appears to be a disadvantaged group in need for a co‐ordination between different parts of the social welfare system. The different perspectives were perceived as obvious obstacles in the communication between professionals in the welfare system as they had other goals and demands. Clients, that have comprehensive problems and are in need of coordinated measures from many authorities to get entrance to the labour market still suffer from lack of coordination. One question is how the different public officers use their discretion when handling clients and how the cooperation can be improved. / The electronic version of the printed dissertation is a corrected version.

Viešojo sektoriaus ekonomikos magistro baigiamojo darbo tema yra aktuali, kadangi darbe nagrinėjama Lietuvos valstybinių pensijų sistema. Pensijų sistema – tai vienas iš socialinės apsaugos elementų. Socialinis draudimas yra pagrindinis institutas, apsaugantis pilietį rinkos ekonomikos sąlygomis. Prieš penkis metus Lietuvoje pradėta įgyvendinti valstybinio socialinio draudimo pensijų sistemos reforma. Ši reforma reiškia dalinį valstybinio socialinio draudimo pensijų sistemos privatizavimą. Šis žingsnis susilaukė ir kritikos ir pritarimo. Lietuvos mokslininkai, atlikę skaičiavimus ir statistinius tyrimus labai kritikavo ir tebekritikuoja atliktą reformą. Pasak juos, reformuota pensijų sistema nėra teisinga, daugiausia nuo jos nukentės dabartiniai pensininkai, bei vyresni dabartiniai darbuotojai, nepatenkantys į sistemą (Gylys, 2002). Atlikti tyrimai parodė, kad valstybinio socialinio draudimo pensijų sistema sukuria didesnį socialinį saugumą, nei privačių pensijų sistemos (Bitinas, 2008). Beje Lietuvoje privačios pensijų sistemos kuriamos valstybinio socialinio draudimo pensijų sąskaita. Įgyvendinus pensijų reformą, turi būti nagrinėjama, kokį socialinį poveikį pensijų sistema turės ateityje. Pensijų sistema turi būti valdoma siekiant socialinio teisingumo. Laisvosios rinkos instituto ekspertai pritaria pensijų sistemos privatizavimui, jie teigia, kad norint išgelbėti žmonių pensijas, o ne dabartinę socialinio draudimo sistemą, reikia esminių reformų, kurių galutinis tikslas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Public Sector Economics Master's final thesis topic is of interest because we consider the Lithuanian state pension system. Pension system - is one of the elements of social protection. Social security is the basic institution which protects the national market economy. Five years ago Lithuania was launched in the state social insurance pension system reform. This reform is part of the state social insurance pension system privatization. This step and the context of criticism and support. Lithuanian scientists perform calculations and statistical analysis is very critical and critical carried out the reform. According to the reformed pension system is not fair, they will suffer most from the current retirees and older workers today, outside the system (Gylys, 2002). Studies have shown that the state social insurance pension system creates greater social security or private pension systems (Bitinas, 2008). By the way Lithuania private pension system developed state social insurance pension account. The implementation of pension reform should address the question of the social impact of the pension system will in the future. Pension system should be managed in the interest of social justice. Free Market Institute, experts agree the privatization of the pension system, they argue that in order to save people's pensions, rather than the current Social Security system needs radical reform, with the ultimate aim of the mandatory state social insurance waiver. However, the social... [to full text]

Valstybės piliečių gerovę užtikrinantys socialinių ir ekonominių priemonių visuma ir principai yra valstybės socialinė politika. Lietuvoje pasirinktas korporatyvusis – klientelistinis socialinės politikos modelis, būdinga ribota socialinė parama ir specialios ribotos valstybės išmokos. Valstybinis socialinis draudimas, kaip vienas iš socialinės politikos elementų, pagrįstas kartų solidarumo principu: dirbantieji mokėdami socialinio draudimo įmokas remia dėl atsiradusios socialinės rizikos negalinčius dirbti pensininkus, neįgalius asmenis, bedarbius, kūdikių susilaukusius ir kt. Socialinio draudimo politikai vykdyti Lietuvoje veikia Valstybinio socialinio draudimo fondo valdyba „Sodra“ prie Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerijos, kuri yra įgaliota administruoti savarankiško valstybinio socialinio draudimo fondo lėšas: rinkti įmokas ir jas perskirstyti. Socialinis draudimas apima pensijų draudimą, ligos ir motinystės draudimą ir nelaimingų atsitikimų darbe bei profesinių ligų socialinį draudimą. Valstybinio socialinio draudimo sistemos finansų pagrindas yra valstybinio socialinio draudimo fondo biudžetas, sudaromas vieneriems metams. / The social policy of state is consisting of social and economic measures that provide well-being of state citizens. Lithuania has chosen a client-corporation model of the social policy which is characteristic by limited social assistance and special payments from the state part. The state social insurance as one of the element of social policy is based on generation solidarity: the working pay social insurance fees supporting in this way pensioners, disableds, unemployeds, taking care of baby, etc., al who can not work due to the social risk. The social policy in Lithuania carries out “Sodra” by the Ministry of social security and labour of the Republic of Lithuania. “Sodra” has legal power to administrate money of the independent social insurance fund: collect fees distribute them. The social insurance provides pension insurance, insurance against illness, mother insurance, insurance against working accident or professional illness. The financial base of state social insurance is the budget of state social insurance fund approved for one year. Incomes of the fund budget mostly depend of the quantity of insured people. Last time we see some demographic tendencies: negative increase of population, growing up of emigration, quality changes of population. Incomes depend also of the employment level in the country and of the range of salary of insured persons, as well as their distribution by groups referring the salary level. Costs of the budget fund are influenced by the... [to full text]

Viešojo sektoriaus ekonomikos magistro darbo tema yra ypatingai aktuali tiek valstybei, tiek šalies gyventojams. Kiekvienoje valstybėje yra labai svarbu garantuoti socialinę apsaugą kiekvienam jos piliečiui, todėl socialinio draudimo fondo biudžetas turi būti planuojamas itin atidžiai. Įvairiais ekonomikos vystymosi etapais atsiranda socialinio draudimo fondo biudžeto sudarymo problemų, kurios ypatingai aktualios esant ekonominiam nuosmukiui, nes susidaro didžiausia problema – Valstybinio socialinio draudimo deficitas. Socialinės išmokos ir užtikrintas jų gavimas, kai netenkama pajamų yra labai svarbus, tačiau esant dideliam biudžetui deficitui atsiranda pavojus, kad išmokų mokėjimas gali sutrikti arba išmokos mažėti. 2008 m. atsiradęs didžiulis biudžeto deficitas kelia nerimą net tik socialinio draudimo valdybai, kuri atsakinga yra už jo vykdymą, bet ir gyventojams, nes tai gali paliesti kiekvieną iš jų. Dėl šios priežastys svarbu tirti Valstybinio socialinio draudimo biudžetą ir pateikti rekomendacijas, kaip jį subalansuoti. Pagrindinė tyrime analizuojama problema – VSDF biudžeto deficitas, kuris susidaro ekonomikai vystantis cikliškai. Tyrimo objektas – Valstybinio socialinio draudimo fondo biudžetas. Tyrimo tikslas – atkleisti Valstybinio socialinio draudimo fondo priklausomybę nuo ekonominių ciklų ir pateikti siūlymus kaip sumažinti jų neigiamą poveikį socialinio draudimo biudžetui. Šiame moksliniame darbe iškeltam tikslui pasiekti yra nustatomi šie uždaviniai:... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This master's thesis in Public Sector Economics is particularly relevant to both the state and the country's residents. Ensuring social protection is very important for each citizen so the Social Insurance Fund budget must be planned very carefully. During the economic development various problems of the social insurance fund budget appear which are particularly relevant during economic downturn. In this period the main problem is the state social security fund budget deficit. To ensure benefits when there is the loss of income is very important, but when the budget has deficit the social payments can be irregular, o social benefits may go down. The budget deficit in 2008 is a matter of concern not only for State social Insurance Fund border but also for every citizen, because reduction of benefits can affect everyone. For this reasons it is important to investigate the state social insurance fund budget and set recommendations on how to balance it. Deficit in State social Security Fund budget resulting from the cyclical economy is the main problem analyzed in the study. The object of investigation - the State Social Insurance Fund budget. The goal of this research – to discover State Social Insurance Fund's dependence on economic cycles and provide advice to minimize negative impact due to cyclical fluctuations on the social security budget. The objectives of the research: to describe the concept of social security its history, social policy Lithuania, to describe and... [to full text]

Tyrimo objektas – VSDF pajamas įtakojantys veiksniai. Tyrimo tikslas – išnagrinėjus socialinio draudimo pajamas įtakojančius veiksnius, įvertinti jų įtaką VSDF pajamoms. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Atliktus teorinę VSDF pajamas įtakojančių veiksnių ir jų vertinimo metodų analizę, išskirti pagrindinius veiksnius ir jiems įvertinti tinkamus vertinimo metodus; 2. Parengti veiksnių įtakos VSDF pajamoms vertinimo metodiką; 3. Nustatyti identifikuotų veiksnių reikšmingumą VSDF pajamoms; 4. Numatyti veiksnių kitimo tendencijų įtaką VSDF pajamoms ir pateikti pasiūlymus VSDF pajamų didinimui. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės ir periodinės literatūros bei teisės aktų analizė, sintezė, koreliacinė ir regresinė analizė, ekspertinė apklausa, grafinio vaizdavimo, dinamikos eilučių analizė, indukcijos ir dedukcijos bei modeliavimo. Tyrimo rezultatai: pirmojoje dalyje pateikiama teorinė analizė apie VSDF pajamas įtakojančius veiksnius bei išskiriami juos apibūdinantys rodikliai. Antrojoje dalyje yra parengta metodika, kaip identifikuoti VSDF pajamas įtakojančius veiksnius bei juos apibūdinančius rodiklius, parengta jų svarbumo įvertinimo metodika. Trečioje dalyje pritaikoma sukurta metodika, atliekami skaičiavimai bei vertinimai. Nustatomas veiksnių ir identifikuotų rodiklių reikšmingumas. Pagal sudarytus regresinius modelius ir kitus statistinius metodus atliekamos prognozės bei pateikiamos rekomendacijos, į kuriuos veiksnius ir rodiklius reikia atkreipti dėmesį, kad būtų padidintos VSDF pajamos. / The object of the research is the factors affecting SSIF’s revenue. The aim of the research is to analyze the factors affecting the social insurance revenue and to evaluate their impact on SSIF’s revenue. The objectives of the research: 1. To carry out the theoretical analysis of the factors affecting SSIF’s revenue and their evaluation of methods analysis, also to point out main factors and evaluate them in the appropriate methods. 2. To develop the methodology for evaluating the factors and the impact of their indicators on SSIF’s revenue; 3. To determine the significance of the identified factors for SSIF’s revenue; 4. To forecast the indicators’ change trends and to make suggestions on how to increase SSIF’s revenue. The research methods are the following: analysis of scientific and periodic literature and legal acts, correlation and regression analysis, expert survey, graphic depiction, dynamic line analysis, logical thinking, etc. The results of the research: in the first part the theoretical analysis of the factors affecting SSIF’s revenue is presented and the indicators that define those factors are identified. In the second part the methodology for identifying the factors affecting SSIF’s revenue and the indicators that define those factors and the methodology for evaluating their significance are developed. In the third part the developed methodology is applied, calculations and evaluations are made. The significance of the factors and the identified indicators is... [to full text]