La loi du 11 février 2005 « pour l’égalité des droits et des chances, la participation et la citoyenneté des personnes handicapées » a provoqué une profonde mutation du système éducatif et entrainé un nouveau partage entre le monde médico-social et l’Éducation nationale avec la mise en place d’un travail de partenariat. Un changement paradigmatique majeur s’est opéré avec l’émergence du concept d’inclusion. L’école devenue « inclusive » s’efforce désormais de répondre aux besoins éducatifs particuliers de chaque élève en adaptant la norme scolaire. Les dispositifs collectifs d’inclusion sont des leviers privilégiés de la scolarisation d’élèves en situation de handicap qu’ils accompagnent suite à une notification de la Maison Départementale des Personnes Handicapées.L’objectif central de cette thèse consiste à interroger, plus de 10 ans après la loi, les processus à l’œuvre lors de l’orientation d’élèves vers des ULIS école. Certains élèves sont orientés en ULIS école sans pour autant présenter de handicap avéré. Ils sont, pour la plupart, issus d’un environnement marqué par une précarité sociale assorti d’une problématique familiale. Ces orientations qui inscrivent l’enfant sur le registre du handicap se font sous couvert d’un étiquetage médico-psychologique, les difficultés scolaires étant assimilées à de la déficience légère. Elles sont rendues possibles par un élargissement de la catégorie du handicap, par des critères d’orientation de plus en plus larges et par l’accroissement actuel des réponses médico-psychologiques face à l’échec scolaire. Il semblerait que les dispositifs ULIS continuent à assurer une fonction de régulation sociale, le recours à l’enseignement spécialisé restant socialement différencié. Dans le contexte actuel de médicalisation des difficultés scolaires, sont orientés en ULIS école des élèves qui mettent le système ordinaire en difficulté et pour lesquels, il ne semble avoir d’autre réponse que l’inscription dans le champ du handicap. / The 11th of February 2005 law « for disabled persons rights and opportunities equality, participation and civic rights » brought about a deep educational system change and provoked a new sharing between the medico-social system and the Éducation Nationale with the positioning of a partnership. A main changing paradigm has occured with the inclusion concept emergence. Schooling today inclusive is trying to answer pupils’ special educational needs by adjusting school standards. Group inclusion systems are privileged levers to help disabled pupils at school following the Maison Départementale des Personnes Handicapées notifications.This thesis main goal, more than ten years after the law for the disabled persons, consists in examining the process at work when pupils are guided towards a primary school ULIS (Unité Localisée d’Inclusion Scolaire). A certain number of pupils have received educational counselling towards primary school ULIS without any proven disability. They have, mostly, originated from environments with social and family problems. These notifications labelling children as disabled have been done on a medico-psychological basis, the children’s schooling difficulties labelled as mild disability. Those have occured because of a widening of the disability category, wider and vaguer educational counselling criterions and today’s increasing medico-psychological solutions to school underperforming. ULIS systems would seem to carry on ensuring a social regulating function, the recourse to special needs education being socially differentiated. Today’s context of medicalizing school underperformance is leading to guide towards primary school ULIS pupils, putting the common system in a difficult position, and, for whom there seems to be no other solution than labelling them as disabled.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa realizada no IFSERTÃO - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano a respeito das desigualdades sociais nas concepções dos professores e estudantes do PROEJA. Teve como objetivo analisar e compreender os sentidos produzidos pelos sujeitos da pesquisa sobre as desigualdades sociais e suas perspectivas de superação, considerando seu histórico e seus aspectos atuais. Foi organizado epistemologicamente numa abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa a partir do ponto de vista metodológico do estudo de caso do tipo descritivo e analítico com entrevistas e análise do documento Base do Programa institucionalizado pelo MEC, buscando identificar as aproximações ou distanciamentos entre as concepções dos entrevistados com a proposta do material institucional no que diz respeito às perspectivas de superação das desigualdades no contexto da EJA. O problema da pesquisa foi formulado mediante o seguinte questionamento: Como as desigualdades sociais se apresentam nas concepções dos professores e estudantes do programa e quais suas perspectivas de superação? Para estudo do problema, procedeu-se à imersão no campo empírico da pesquisa com abordagens e utilização de um roteiro de entrevistas previamente formulado, incluiu-se a leitura flutuante do material coletado e as vozes dos entrevistados foram gravadas, transcritas, lidas e analisadas, buscando a captação do sentido atribuído pelos sujeitos a respeito das desigualdades sociais. Mediante essa trajetória, identificou-se, nas concepções dos sujeitos da pesquisa, que o trabalho se apresenta como centralidade no que se refere às manifestações das desigualdades sociais no contexto da EJA/PROEJA, bem como suas diferentes feições na lógica do sistema capitalista no que se refere a educar para a empregabilidade atendendo às exigências do capital. Assim, considerando que, historicamente, a EJA é uma modalidade de ensino que vem sendo ofertada para sujeitos que tiveram seus percursos escolares interrompidos pela condição de trabalhadores, esse tema se configura como estudo de grande relevância no contexto das políticas de Educação de Jovens e Adultos trabalhadores. / This work submit for consideration results from a research carried through IFSERTÃO-PERNAMBUCO to find out the social inequalities within the conception of the PROEJA Steachers and students. It had in view to analyze and catch the senses brought about by the subjects of the research focused on social inequalities and how to overcome the perspectives taking into consideration their history and aspects immediate interest. It was accomplished within a epistemological approach to a qualitative research that had its origin in methodological case study, that is, the descriptive and analytic one with interviews and analyze of the document called Program Base established by MEC, searching to identify approaches or dismissals between the interviewers conceptions and the institutional material concerning the perspectives to surpass the social inequalities in the EJA's context. The problem of the research was conceived through the following question: How do the social inequalities come to mind of teachers and students of the program and what are the perspectives to overcome them? For studying the question, they immerged into the empiric field of the research using approaches and an interview guide-book previously formulated,including the floating reading of the collected material and the interviewers voices were recorded, transcribed, read and analyzed, searching, this way, to catch the meaning realized by the subjects concerning the social inequalities. Through this itinerary, they could identify in the conceptions of the research subjects that the work shows up like the centralness of the manifestations of the social inequalities within the context of EJA/PROEJA, as well as their different features according to the capitalist system logic to educate in order to attend employment and demands of capital. Thus, we can say that EJA is historically a way of teaching offered to subjects that had their school trajectory discontinued by their condition of workers. So, we can jump to conclusions and say that this theme shows up like an outstanding study in the context of the policies of Young and Adult Workers Education.

São Paulo, as Desigualdades Sociais e o Descontrole de Uso e Ocupação do Solo é um título que resume o fenômeno urbano ocorrido nesta metrópole, em razão da omissão reguladora do poder público. O gancho histórico foi dado por pensadores paulistanos de diferentes formações, a maioria deles urbanistas, os quais constataram, primeiro, que as regiões nobres, com qualidade urbanística, se concentraram no quadrante sudoeste da cidade; segundo, que os assentamentos pobres se espraiaram, em condições muito precárias, em direção à área rural do município, que era imune à regulação urbana, tornando-se um campo fértil para os loteamentos irregulares ou clandestinos. Entre eles e o centro nobre da cidade, ficavam os vazios especulativos, aguardando pelo melhor custo de oportunidade para o capital imobiliário e os segmentos sociais emergentes por vir. Como contribuição epistemológica, o presente trabalho constatou que a omissão de controle das regiões pobres rebateu-se no desvirtuamento do controle das regiões nobres, resultando no descontrole urbanístico da cidade como um todo. Tal conclusão fundamenta-se em vasto material empírico coletado diretamente no meio técnico e nos sistemas informacionais da prefeitura, até então inéditos no meio acadêmico. Ampara-se nas teorias das relações estado e sociedade, recorrendo a subsídios encontrados na Microeconomia, no Direito e nas áreas do comportamento coletivo, em particular a Teoria da Janela Quebrada e a Teoria da Janela Política. Uma vez constatado o descontrole, restam dois cenários, a partir de agora. O cenário favorável é apontado pelas técnicas do Marketing Social e da política de Tolerância Zero, que seguramente pouco cabem em São Paulo. O cenário desfavorável é apontado pela história do estado de direitos: enquanto não houver inclusão social, continuarão contagiantes os territórios dominados pelo estado da natureza. / São Paulo: Social Inequalities and the Unregulated Land Occupation and Use is the title that summarizes a city phenomenon that has taken place in this metropolis, due to the absence of regulatory framework by the public administration. Historical evidence has been given by São Paulo intellectuals from different backgrounds. Most of them are urbanist architects, who have noticed, first, that the city noble areas are located in the southwestern portion of the city; and second, the poor settlements have spread out towards the rural areas under very weak conditions thought to be immune to urban regulation, and has become a fertile ground for unlawful and clandestine settlements. Between them and the city center there was a speculative land waiting for the best price raise opportunity for the landowners housing capital investment, and the social emerging segments yet to come. As an epistemological contribution, this paper has learned that the absence of regulatory framework in the poor areas encouraged the absence of order in the rich ones, and as a consequence an unregulated land occupation of the city as a whole. This conclusion is based on a vast quantity of empirical data collected in the technical environment (public servants), and from the information systems made available by the city hall archives, as unprecedented approach in academia. It is based on theories of state-society relations, information from microeconomics, law and collective behavior studies, particularly The Broken Window Theory and the Political Window Theory. Once the unregulated land use has been confirmed, two scenarios remain from now on. The favorable scenario is pointed out by the Social Marketing strategies and the Zero Tolerance policy which surely are not feasible approaches for São Paulo City. The unfavorable scenario has been observed throughout the history of the rule of rights: as long as there is no social inclusion, the areas settled according to the state of nature will always be attractive.

Although evidence of health inequities abound, why people in lower socio-economic classes have poorer health has not been sufficiently explored. The purpose of this study is to examine day labourers’ pathways to health inequities in a segregated, urban district in Japan. Critical ethnography was employed to investigate day labourers’ social environments and cultural behaviours in order to reveal the ways that social inequalities embedded in mainstream society and the day labourers’ sub-culture produce and sustain day labourers’ disadvantages, leading them into poorer health than the average population. Data were collected through observations of day labourer’s daily activities, events within the district and their interactions with social workers at a hospital. In addition, interviews were conducted with 16 day labourers and 11 professionals and advocates. The study found several components in the pathways to health inequities of day labourers. First, certain people in Japan are ostracized from the social, economic and political mainstream due to an inability to enact traditional Japanese labour practices. Commonly such exclusions make men become day labourers to survive. In a day labourer district, they are exposed to further social inequalities embedded in the work system and their living circumstance. Living and working as a member of the day labour community, they develop collective strategies in order to survive and preserve their social identities as day labourers. However, such strategies do not provide people with opportunities to lead healthy lives. The study also identified several social determinants of health for day labourers, including: 1) employment, 2) working conditions, 3) temporary living, 4) housing quality, 5) social networks and support, 6) marginalized neighbourhood, 7) access to health care, and 8) gender. The findings contribute to a better understanding of social construction of health inequities, which provides insight on the impact of precarious work in the Japanese society at large. Implications of these findings for public health policy and practice are also discussed.

Although evidence of health inequities abound, why people in lower socio-economic classes have poorer health has not been sufficiently explored. The purpose of this study is to examine day labourers’ pathways to health inequities in a segregated, urban district in Japan. Critical ethnography was employed to investigate day labourers’ social environments and cultural behaviours in order to reveal the ways that social inequalities embedded in mainstream society and the day labourers’ sub-culture produce and sustain day labourers’ disadvantages, leading them into poorer health than the average population. Data were collected through observations of day labourer’s daily activities, events within the district and their interactions with social workers at a hospital. In addition, interviews were conducted with 16 day labourers and 11 professionals and advocates. The study found several components in the pathways to health inequities of day labourers. First, certain people in Japan are ostracized from the social, economic and political mainstream due to an inability to enact traditional Japanese labour practices. Commonly such exclusions make men become day labourers to survive. In a day labourer district, they are exposed to further social inequalities embedded in the work system and their living circumstance. Living and working as a member of the day labour community, they develop collective strategies in order to survive and preserve their social identities as day labourers. However, such strategies do not provide people with opportunities to lead healthy lives. The study also identified several social determinants of health for day labourers, including: 1) employment, 2) working conditions, 3) temporary living, 4) housing quality, 5) social networks and support, 6) marginalized neighbourhood, 7) access to health care, and 8) gender. The findings contribute to a better understanding of social construction of health inequities, which provides insight on the impact of precarious work in the Japanese society at large. Implications of these findings for public health policy and practice are also discussed.

Sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų prieinamumas – tai kiekvieno gyventojo galimybė ligos ar kito patologinio proceso atveju pasinaudoti sveikatos priežiūros teikiamomis paslaugomis. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų prieinamumą sveikatos priežiūros įstaigoje „Telšių sveikata“, priklausomai nuo demografinių – socialinių pacientų charakteristikų. Tyrimo metodika. 2006 m. balandžio mėn. atliktas anoniminis anketinis pacientų tyrimas. Apklausoje dalyvavo UAB „Telšių sveikata“ pas bendrosios praktikos gydytojus besilankantys pacientai. Buvo išdalinta 400 apklausos anketų, užpildyta ir grąžinta – 359, atsakas – 89,75 proc. Statistinė duomenų analizė atlikta SPSS 10 versijos programiniu paketu. Rezultatai. Daugiau kaip pusė visų respondentų (62,8 proc.) į bendrosios praktikos gydytojus kreipiasi dėl ligos. Dažniau moterys (5,4 karto), negu vyrai (4,5 karto). Pirminės sveikatos priežiūros prieinamumas teritoriniu požiūriu geresnis miesto respondentams. Jie greičiau pasiekia savo gydymo ���staigą, todėl patenkintų kelionės laiku iki UAB „Telšių sveikata“ dvigubai daugiau yra miesto respondentų (92,0 proc.), kaimo (47,3 proc.). Dažniausiai registracijos talone nurodytu laiku pas gydytoją nepatenka vyriausi respondentai (31,6 proc.). Laiku nepatekę, prie gydytojo kabineto durų ilgiau priėmimo laukia kaimo respondentai. Taip pat ilgiau laukia vyrai, negu moterys. Daugiau kaip valandą laukia 11,0 proc. vyrų ir 1,5 proc. moterų. Organizaciniu požiūriu sveikatos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Introduction. The accessibility of primary health care – in the chance for the each citizen to avail oneself of health care services in case of illness or pathological process. The aim of study. To evaluate the accessibility of health care services in primary health care service office „Telšių sveikata“ depending on the patients demografic – social characteristics. Methods. An anonymous questionnaire study was carried out in April 2006. Patients visiting the doctors of primary health care service office “ Telšių sveikata” filled in the questionnaire. 400 questionnaires were distributed among patients, of which 359 questionnaires were completed. The response rate of completed questionnaires was 89,75. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS programming packet. Results. More than half of all respondents (62,8%) consulted a doctor due to illness. More frequently female patients (5,4 times), male patients (4,5 times). The territorial access of primary health care is better for urban respondents, because they could easies to reach their health care institution 92 % of them are satisfied in time, reaching the places only 47,3 % of rural patients. 31,6 % of senior patients can’t see the doctor at the fixed time. Rural respondents waited at the physician room longer than urban respondents, longer waited male patients than female. More than one hour had waited 11,0 % males and 1,5 % females. The organizational access was better for urban young... [to full text]

Women in the United Methodist Church (UMC) were officially granted full clerical rights over 50 years ago, and the church’s official stance is that women and men are to enjoy fully equal rights throughout all aspects of life and society, religious and otherwise. Despite these policies, however, women’s and men’s opportunities and experiences in professional ministry in the church remain far from equal. Women continue to be underrepresented in the leadership of the UMC, especially in more prestigious appointments and positions, and face challenges to their work, leadership, and authority throughout their ministries. In fact, national statistics from the UMC show that as of 2010, only 24.6% of the clerical leaders are women. In the Kentucky Annual Conference (KAC), the focus of the present study, women are even more sparsely represented, constituting only 13.56% of the leadership as of 2010 appointments, with few serving at larger churches and only one currently serving as a district superintendent; only four have ever served in that role in the Conference’s history. Using qualitative, semi-structured interviews, I collected data from 36 of the 118 clergy women of the 2010 Conference, including women serving in all types of positions in the Conference as well as all current and former district superintendents and many of the earliest pioneers in the KAC. The goal of this study is to understand from the perspectives of these clergy women their paths into and through ministry, the support and resistance that play such key roles in their lives and work, how their families affect and are affected by their work, and the symbols and symbolic actions that they use to claim and demonstrate the authority they have been given and to navigate some of the obstacles in their paths. In order to provide a theoretical framework for this study, I used primarily social constructionism and standpoint theory and related methods.

This study examines socio-economic factors underlying the demand for private tutoring. The analysis utilizes two samples of students from lower- and upper-level secondary schools in Poland based on the PISA 2006 data set. Special attention is paid to channels through which private tutoring may endure socio-economic inequalities, especially in the context of the gender gap in education outcomes. We find that parents' decisions concerning private education are sensitive to student gender, which may raise concerns for policymakers committed to provide equal opportunities and outcomes in education. At the level of gymnasium (lower-level secondary school), female students are more likely to enrol in private tutoring in mathematics than male students. The evidence indicates the opposite with respect to private tutoring in Polish and preparatory courses for the gymnasium final examination. The grade from the final exam does not affect the probability of graduating from gymnasium, but it is used by upper secondary schools for the admission purpose. In upper secondary schools, we find that male students are less likely to participate in private education services than female students. This may be indicative of an increase in power of students in household's decision-making as they graduate from gymnasium. (author's abstract)

The importance of economic and social capital for health has been well-documented. However, their impact on age-related differences in health is less clear. To address this issue, this study examined the impact of several individual level indicators of economic and social capital on selected health outcomes in middle and later life. Data for the analysis were drawn from the 2008 General Social Survey (Cycle 22) conducted by Statistics Canada. Using a study sample of those aged 45 and over (n=12,135), multivariate regression analyses assessed main, mediating and moderating effects of economic and social capital measures on chronic conditions, health or activity limitations, and self-reported health. The findings indicated that individual level economic capital and structural social capital were positively associated with health status in middle and later life. In addition, the findings revealed the importance of both bonding and bridging forms of social capital in middle and later life. As well, the findings suggest that individual level structural social capital is a more upstream social determinant of health than economic capital in middle and later life as economic capital was found to mediate the social capital-health relationship, but not vice versa. Lastly, no evidence was found for an individual level interaction between economic capital and structural social capital in middle and later life. The theoretical, empirical, and policy implications of these findings are outlined. / Graduate / 2013-12-14

Darbo tikslas: Įvertinti Kauno miesto ir rajono moksleivių mitybos įpročius ir jų ryšius su socialiniais veiksniais. Darbo uždaviniai: Įvertinti tirtų moksleivių socialinę padėtį; nustatyti moksleivių mitybos įpročių priklausomybę nuo lyties, klasės, kurioje mokosi ir gyvenamosios vietos; įvertinti ryšius tarp moksleivių mitybos įpročių ir šeimos turtingumo. Tyrimo metodika: Dalyvaujant Lietuvos moksleivių mitybos tyrime, 2011 metais buvo atsitiktinai atrinktos 8 Kauno miesto ir 5 Kauno rajono mokyklos, kuriose apklausti 7, 9, 11 klasių moksleiviai (n=602; 290 berniukų ir 312 mergaičių). Anoniminei apklausai naudotas originalus klausimynas apie moksleivių mitybos įpročius mokykloje ir namuose bei socialinius veiksnius. Šeimų turtingumui vertinti sukurti trys kriterijai: subjektyvus, objektyvus turtingumas ir turtingumas pagal klausimyną. Kokybinių ryšių vertinimui buvo naudotas χ2 kriterijus ir Z kriterijus. Logistinė regresinė analizė buvo taikyta, siekiant įvertinti moksleivių mitybos įpročių ryšį su šeimos turtingumu, atsižvelgiant į lytį, mokymosi klasę ir gyvenamąją vietą. Rezultatai: Neturtingos šeimos sudarė 14,7 – 29,0 proc. priklausomai nuo šeimos turtingumo vertinimo kriterijaus. Mergaičių ir berniukų, taip pat skirtingų klasių moksleivių šeimų pasiskirstymas pagal turtingumą buvo panašus. Kauno rajone gyveno daugiau neturtingų šeimų nei Kauno mieste. Kasdien pusryčiavo 51,5 proc. moksleivių. Mokykloje kasdien valgė šiltus pietus 24,1 proc. moksleivių. Tik... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study: To evaluate Kaunas city and district school children eating habits and their relation to social factors. The objectives of the study: To evaluate social situation of investigated children; identify eating habits dependence on gender, study environment and place of residence; to assess relations between children eating habits and family‘s wealth. Research methods: participating in Lithuania‘s pupils’ nutrition survey in 2011, 8 schools from Kaunas city and 5 from Kaunas district were randomly selected, where 7th, 9th, 11th grade children were inteviewed ( n=602; 290 boys and 312 girls). For the anonymous survey about pupils' nutrition habits at school and at home also social factors, the original questionnaire was used. For family‘s wealth evaluation 3 criterions were created: subjective, objective, and wealth according to questionnaire. For quality evaluations x2 and Z criteria were used. Logistic regression analysis was used evaluating pupils' eating habits relation with family wealth, considering on gender, grade, and place of residence. Results: Poor families accounted to 14.7 - 29.0% in reference with family wealth criterion. Boys and girls, also distribution of family wealth in different grades was similar. Kaunas district had more poor families than Kaunas city. Breakfast everyday had 51.5 % pupils. Dinner at school had 24.1% pupils. Only one third of pupils’ everyday had black bread, 22.7% ate cereal for breakfast at least two times per week. 22... [to full text]