This paper analyses the process of wealth accumulation with regard to the path dependence theory. Based on the theoretical foundations of Robert King Merton, Vilfredo Pareto and Pierre Bourdieu, mechanisms of wealth accumulation are analyzed. These mechanisms, which are understood as direct and indirect network effects, are formalized using the statistical computing software R. A base model without any mechanisms of wealth accumulation is developed, which makes it possible to include the analyzed mechanisms step by step and observe their effects on the process of wealth accumulation and social inequality. Piketty's findings from his work Capital in the 21st Century are included in the formalized models of wealth accumulation, in particular the relationship between the rate of return on capital and the growth rate of the economy. (author's abstract)

A questão da mortalidade Infantil continua sendo um dos mais graves problemas sociais. A demonstração do Interesse por esse tipo de estudo não se limita ao âmbito do debate acadêmico, está presente no cotidiano daqueles que atuam no Interior das intituições governamentais voltadas para o planejamento e para a avaliação de prioridades no conjunto das políticas públicas. Embora os progressos na área de stlúde tenham contribuído pera uma redução importante nos riscos de morte de crianças menores de um ano em São Paulo, sua incidência ainda continua elevada em relação aos países que alcançaram níveis mais favoráveis. Além disso, o processo desigual da redução da mortalidade, que determina um avanço mais rápido em alguns setores da sociedade e um maior atraso em outros, reproduz a existência de importantes diferenciais sócio-econômicos da mortalidade infantil. A inclusão de uma histórla de nascimentos na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 1984 propiciou a análise das probabilidades de morte infantil definidas no tempo e detalhadas por idade, segundo um conjunto de variáveis sócio-econômicas e demográficas. Este trabalho tem por base empírica este conjunto de informações e representa um esforço no sentido de analisar e discutir aspectos significativos dos padrões e diferenciais de mortalidade infantil, estimados diretamente a partir da história de nascimentos. Com isto, avençamos na compreensão da influência de fatores sócio-econômicos e demográficos nos níveis e tendências da mortalidade Infantil no Estado de São Paulo. A análise foi dividida em três capítulos principais: a influência de fatores sócio-econômicos sobre a mortalidade infantil, a influência de fatores demográficos e os efeitos da queda da fecundidade sobre a mortalidade infanlil em São Paulo. Primeiramente, são analisados os efeitos da instrução materna e da renda familiar. Em seguida, são abordados os efeitos do saneamento básico através da análise do tipo de abastecimento de água, com ou sem cananalização interna e do tipo de esgotamento sanitário controlando-se o uso da instalação sanitária. A partir daí, desenvolve-se uma análise da innuência simultânea da instrução, renda e saneamento. A variável cor materna é analisada individualmente e em conjunto com as demais variáveis sócio-econômicas. Por último, exploram-se as informações sobre aleitamento materno, procurando-se analisar as mudanças de frequência e a influência sobre a mortalidade infantil. O tema seguinte aborda a influência das variáveis demográficas: idade materna, ordem de nascimento, intervalo intergenésico e sexo. As variáveis são analisadas isoladamente e, em seguida, reunidas em um modelo multivariado para a análise simultânea dos efeitos. Finalmente, são analisados os efeitos recentes da queda da fecundidade sobre a mortalidade infantil, discutindo-se as tendências temporais da estrutura dos nascimentos segundo a ordem de nascimento, idade da mãe e intervalo intergenésico e suas influências sobre a mortalidade infantil. Os resultados obtidos salientam os efeitos diferenciados de algumas destas variáveis sobre o fenômeno estudado. / Infant mortality has remained as one of the most dramatic social problems and, therefore, has emerged as a rising point of analysis not only in the ambit of intrinsec academia interest but also as a concern for the govemment\'s future development goals. In fact, mortality studies have been more and more demanded by govemmental institutions which deal with planning and evaluation of the priorities in terms of pubfic policies to be put into effect. Despite some improvement in health, which has lead to a reduction in the risk of infant deaths in São Paulo, the levet of infant mortallity is still considerably higher than that estimated for developed countries. Moreover, the inequality of the process of mortality decline, which determines a more dramatic pace of improvement in some sectors than in others; reflects the existence of important socioeconomic differentials in infant mortality. The inclusion of a birth history in the 1984 National Household Survey (PNAD-84) gives rise to a possibility of analysing probabilities of infant deaths defined in a time scale and detailed by age, according to a set of socioeconomic and demographic variables. This study is undertaken on the basis of these empirical information, and represents an effort to discuss some significant aspects of patterns and differentials of infant mortality directly estimated from birth histories. With this, we bring forward the comprehension of the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on the levels and trends of infanl mortality in the State of Sao Paulo. The analysis of the determinants of infant mortalily is divided in three chapters. The first is concerned with socio-economic factors. The efects of maternal education and family income are studied. Subsequently the analysis turns to a discussion of the effects of basic sanitation, considering the sources of water supply - houses with or without piped water - and the kind of sewerage disposal. Education, income and sanitation are incorporated next in the anlysis, in order to obtain a better understanding of their simultaneous effects on infant mortality. The effect of mother\'s color studied both in itself and in conjunction with the other socio-economic variables. Information on breastfeeding is also included with the aim of analysing the pattern of breastfeeding behavior and its influence on infant mortality. The second chapter deals with the following demographic variables: maternal age, birth order, birth interval and sex of infant. These variables are first considered separately and then included in a multivariate model in order to understand their simultaneous effects on infant mortality. Finally, the third chapter studies the effects of fertility decline on infant mortality. The trends in birth composition according to birth order, mother\'s age and birth interval and their influence on infant mortality are analysed. The results shows that some of the studied variables have a diferentiated effect on infant mortalily.

This dissertation includes three studies, devoted to trying to understand inequality in health between people from different social groups in a democratic society. In the U.S., social inequality in health takes various forms and the key to understanding how democracy solves the problem of inequality lies in a complex set of political and social factors. I take an institutional approach and focus on examining how political and policy institutions, their administrative processes, and the policy implementation environment are linked to social inequality in health. The first essay, Whose Baby Matters More, uses a theoretical framework for evaluating heterogeneous group responses to public health policies and depicts how racial disparities in health are rooted in group heterogeneity in policy responses. The second essay, Anxious Girls and Inactive Boys, focuses on how state-level policy interventions and social capital interactively affect gender differences in health. The third essay, Responsibility for Equity, explores the link between publicness of state healthcare systems and social equity in healthcare access. In the first essay, I focus on racial disparities in infant mortality rates and pool state-level data from 1990 to 2006. The empirical analysis suggests that enhancing the capacity of state healthcare systems is critical to improving population health. Blacks and whites, nevertheless, exhibit different responses to the same policy. Racial disparities could be reduced only when policy interventions generate more relative benefits for Blacks. In the second essay, I find that social capital conditions the effect of public health policies with regard to managing childhood obesity. There are gender differences, moreover, in health outcomes and behavioral responses to state and local-level obesity policies. In the third essay, I find that different institutional factors exhibit different impact on inequality in healthcare access. While public finance resources may reduce inequality in healthcare access, public ownership and the public healthcare workforce do not have significant association with inequality in healthcare access. State Medicaid eligibility rules exhibit moderate impact on inequality in healthcare access.

Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διπλωματική εργασία με θέμα «Αντιλήψεις των εκπαιδευτικών Π.Ε. Αχαρνών Αττικής σχετικά με τον τρόπο αντιμετώπισης από τους ίδιους τους εκπαιδευτικούς, των παιδιών που προέρχονται από διαφορετικά κοινωνικά στρώματα γενικά και ειδικότερα στα σχολεία που υπηρετούν» διενεργήθηκε στο πλαίσιο του Π.Μ.Σ. «Λόγος, Τέχνη και Πολιτισμός στην Εκπαίδευση» του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός ήταν να μελετηθεί η συμβολή των εκπαιδευτικών Π.Ε. στην αναπαραγωγή του φαινομένου των κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων μέσα στο σχολείο. Προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση διενεργήθηκε έρευνα με τη χρήση ερωτηματολογίου σε δείγμα το οποίο αποτελεί μικρογραφία του πληθυσμού των εκπαιδευτικών Π.Ε. του Δ. Αχαρνών. / This present postgraduate study is titled: ''Believes of kindergarten teachers in public schools of the Municipality of Acharnes in Attica, relatively to the ways that teachers themselves affront in general children from different social classes and in particular in the schools that they work'' and has been held in the limits of the Postgraduate Program Studies ''Utterance, Art and Culture'' of the University of Patras. The main aim was to be studied how and if infant school teachers contribute to the phenomenon of inequality reproduction in schools. For this reason, a research was carried out by questionnaire in a miniature sample of teacher population of Acharnes

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-03-23T20:15:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima, Frederico Burgos.pdf: 3432592 bytes, checksum: 4a06c77009815fa92e2203656da2b5f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-03-23T21:46:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima, Frederico Burgos.pdf: 3432592 bytes, checksum: 4a06c77009815fa92e2203656da2b5f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-23T21:46:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima, Frederico Burgos.pdf: 3432592 bytes, checksum: 4a06c77009815fa92e2203656da2b5f5 (MD5) / As possibilidades de fragmentação de uma identidade territorial transitam pelos processos constitutivos das sociedades locais, geradores das suas diversas formas de inclusão e exclusão social. Em lugares marcados por extremas desigualdades, a intercomunicabilidade entre os seus diversos grupos sociais tende a ser impactada por um quadro de necessidades e desejos distintos e definidores de horizontes de ação, em muitos casos, diametralmente opostos entre si. Em tais circunstâncias, o amplo compartilhamento ou não das representações identitárias hegemônicas tende a transitar entre a sua não-efetividade ou uma efetividade dependente das formas de coesão social construídas ao longo de sua história. É a partir desse quadro teórico que desenvolvemos a nossa reflexão sobre as formas constitutivas da identidade baiana (baianidade), a sua apropriação na difusão do turismo e analisamos como se estabelecem as relações de identificação dos baianos de Salvador com alguns dos principais atributos creditados ao povo local. The possibility of territorial identity fragmentation transits through constitutive processes of local societies, generators of various forms of social inclusion and exclusion. In places marked by extreme inequality, intercommunication between various social groups tends to be impacted by a framework of distinct needs and desires that define action horizons that, in many cases, are diametrically opposed to each other. In such circumstances, the broad sharing, or not, of hegemonic identity representations tends to move between non-effectiveness and an effectiveness that depends on forms of social cohesion built throughout its history. With this theoretical framework in mind, we observed the constitutive forms of baiano identity (baianidade) as well as its ownership in the dissemination of tourism and we analyzed how identity relations of baiano´s from Salvador with key attributes credited to the locals are established.

A questão da mortalidade Infantil continua sendo um dos mais graves problemas sociais. A demonstração do Interesse por esse tipo de estudo não se limita ao âmbito do debate acadêmico, está presente no cotidiano daqueles que atuam no Interior das intituições governamentais voltadas para o planejamento e para a avaliação de prioridades no conjunto das políticas públicas. Embora os progressos na área de stlúde tenham contribuído pera uma redução importante nos riscos de morte de crianças menores de um ano em São Paulo, sua incidência ainda continua elevada em relação aos países que alcançaram níveis mais favoráveis. Além disso, o processo desigual da redução da mortalidade, que determina um avanço mais rápido em alguns setores da sociedade e um maior atraso em outros, reproduz a existência de importantes diferenciais sócio-econômicos da mortalidade infantil. A inclusão de uma histórla de nascimentos na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 1984 propiciou a análise das probabilidades de morte infantil definidas no tempo e detalhadas por idade, segundo um conjunto de variáveis sócio-econômicas e demográficas. Este trabalho tem por base empírica este conjunto de informações e representa um esforço no sentido de analisar e discutir aspectos significativos dos padrões e diferenciais de mortalidade infantil, estimados diretamente a partir da história de nascimentos. Com isto, avençamos na compreensão da influência de fatores sócio-econômicos e demográficos nos níveis e tendências da mortalidade Infantil no Estado de São Paulo. A análise foi dividida em três capítulos principais: a influência de fatores sócio-econômicos sobre a mortalidade infantil, a influência de fatores demográficos e os efeitos da queda da fecundidade sobre a mortalidade infanlil em São Paulo. Primeiramente, são analisados os efeitos da instrução materna e da renda familiar. Em seguida, são abordados os efeitos do saneamento básico através da análise do tipo de abastecimento de água, com ou sem cananalização interna e do tipo de esgotamento sanitário controlando-se o uso da instalação sanitária. A partir daí, desenvolve-se uma análise da innuência simultânea da instrução, renda e saneamento. A variável cor materna é analisada individualmente e em conjunto com as demais variáveis sócio-econômicas. Por último, exploram-se as informações sobre aleitamento materno, procurando-se analisar as mudanças de frequência e a influência sobre a mortalidade infantil. O tema seguinte aborda a influência das variáveis demográficas: idade materna, ordem de nascimento, intervalo intergenésico e sexo. As variáveis são analisadas isoladamente e, em seguida, reunidas em um modelo multivariado para a análise simultânea dos efeitos. Finalmente, são analisados os efeitos recentes da queda da fecundidade sobre a mortalidade infantil, discutindo-se as tendências temporais da estrutura dos nascimentos segundo a ordem de nascimento, idade da mãe e intervalo intergenésico e suas influências sobre a mortalidade infantil. Os resultados obtidos salientam os efeitos diferenciados de algumas destas variáveis sobre o fenômeno estudado. / Infant mortality has remained as one of the most dramatic social problems and, therefore, has emerged as a rising point of analysis not only in the ambit of intrinsec academia interest but also as a concern for the govemment\'s future development goals. In fact, mortality studies have been more and more demanded by govemmental institutions which deal with planning and evaluation of the priorities in terms of pubfic policies to be put into effect. Despite some improvement in health, which has lead to a reduction in the risk of infant deaths in São Paulo, the levet of infant mortallity is still considerably higher than that estimated for developed countries. Moreover, the inequality of the process of mortality decline, which determines a more dramatic pace of improvement in some sectors than in others; reflects the existence of important socioeconomic differentials in infant mortality. The inclusion of a birth history in the 1984 National Household Survey (PNAD-84) gives rise to a possibility of analysing probabilities of infant deaths defined in a time scale and detailed by age, according to a set of socioeconomic and demographic variables. This study is undertaken on the basis of these empirical information, and represents an effort to discuss some significant aspects of patterns and differentials of infant mortality directly estimated from birth histories. With this, we bring forward the comprehension of the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on the levels and trends of infanl mortality in the State of Sao Paulo. The analysis of the determinants of infant mortalily is divided in three chapters. The first is concerned with socio-economic factors. The efects of maternal education and family income are studied. Subsequently the analysis turns to a discussion of the effects of basic sanitation, considering the sources of water supply - houses with or without piped water - and the kind of sewerage disposal. Education, income and sanitation are incorporated next in the anlysis, in order to obtain a better understanding of their simultaneous effects on infant mortality. The effect of mother\'s color studied both in itself and in conjunction with the other socio-economic variables. Information on breastfeeding is also included with the aim of analysing the pattern of breastfeeding behavior and its influence on infant mortality. The second chapter deals with the following demographic variables: maternal age, birth order, birth interval and sex of infant. These variables are first considered separately and then included in a multivariate model in order to understand their simultaneous effects on infant mortality. Finally, the third chapter studies the effects of fertility decline on infant mortality. The trends in birth composition according to birth order, mother\'s age and birth interval and their influence on infant mortality are analysed. The results shows that some of the studied variables have a diferentiated effect on infant mortalily.

Orientador: Claudio Salvadori Dedecca / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:01:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Covre_ArianedeAlmeidaCorrea_M.pdf: 3366999 bytes, checksum: d47e6096e0a0ce1daab205b34047a3d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O Brasil é um país profundamente marcado pela desigualdade de renda, mas durante a última década passou por um período de crescimento econômico acompanhado de uma melhora na estrutura social e de redução da desigualdade. Este trabalho pretende analisar a queda da desigualdade de renda disponível no Brasil no período de crescimento econômico compreendido entre os anos de 2003 e 2009. Pretende-se estudar a evolução da desigualdade de renda após a subtração dos impostos, tendo em vista a importância dessa informação como um aspecto importante de uma abordagem multidimensional da desigualdade, para compreender a atuação do Estado nesse processo de diminuição da desigualdade / Abstract: Brazil is a country deeply marked by income inequality, but over the last decade has experienced a period of economic growth accompanied by an improvement in the social structure and inequality reduction. This paper discusses the fall in inequality of disposable income in Brazil in the period of economic growth between the years 2003 and 2009. We intend to study the evolution of income inequality after subtracting taxes, considering the importance of this information as an important part of a multidimensional approach to inequality aspect to understand the role of the state in this process of reduction of inequality / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestra em Desenvolvimento Econômico

The increasing burden of chronic disease in ageing populations has shifted focus towards illness prevention and the self-management of health. Middle-aged and menopausal women’s transitioning bodies, specifically with respect to weight gain and changes in body fat composition, have received much attention by public health officials during the alleged obesity epidemic. In addition to these transformations, socioeconomic status has been shown to interact with obesity by decreasing the psychosocial health of vulnerable women. Although public health actions have targeted the health practices of clinically obese women throughout the menopausal transition, their effectiveness is limited because of existing socioeconomic inequalities, narrow focus on body weight interventions, and the psychosocial impact of an obesity stigma. Drawing on Bourdieu’s sociocultural theory of practice, and namely his concepts of body habitus and symbolic violence, this study aims: (a) to identify the norms and values of clinically overweight and obese postmenopausal women from contrasting socioeconomic backgrounds with regard to the ways they treat and care for their body, and (b) to outline the socio-cultural processes which incline them (or not) to pursue weight-loss strategies. Forty semi-structured interviews were conducted with clinically overweight and obese postmenopausal women from underprivileged (n=20) and middle class (n=20) milieus in the city of Sherbrooke, Québec. An intersectional (gender, age, socioeconomic status) thematic analysis was employed in order to analyze the data and identify emergent themes within and between both socioeconomic groups. This thesis is composed of two distinct studies. The first identifies the diverse contexts of occurrence of obesity stigma and weight shaming, as well as the contrasting responses between the two socioeconomic groups. Although all participants experienced obesity stigma, participants from lower social positions were more vulnerable to the psychosocial impact of dominant obesity discourses. In contrast, a higher access to social, economic, and educational resources provided middle-class women with more protection from weight shaming and discrimination. In the second article, from a public health perspective, the analysis of hierarchies of priorities, perception of control, as well as barriers and facilitators show that weight management needs to be understood as the outcome of a social process in which living conditions, material and psychosocial, offer a number of conditions of possibilities. Globally speaking, middle-class conditions privileged the adherence to public health recommendations, while socially deprived conditions inclined women to adopt unsustainable and risk-oriented weight-loss practices.

No description available.

In England, social choice in education faces trade-offs between equity and efficiency. The scope of these trade-offs ranges from the introduction of choice to correcting 'market failures' to reduce inequalities and restrict social injustices. The article analyses the English school education system and its relationship with social preferences. The authors argue that the moral and legal need for non-discriminatory education supersedes perceptions of cost-effectiveness and utilitarianism. They consider that the current system has failed owing to inappropriate processes within social and public choice and that a reformed system based on a social democratic imperative will allow closer social integration on the basis of ability rather than privilege.