The spatial structure of Cape Town is characterised by segregated low density development patterns and urban sprawling. With a high population growth rate and urbanisation, these patterns are becoming more prominent. Due to the spatial nature of Cape Town, a large proportion of economic activities and employment opportunities are concentrated in patches across the city. In order to combat low-density sprawl and integrate spatially separated areas the key concept ?city densification? and the various elements thereof emerged. The segregated low density city structure, the concentrated nature of economic and employment opportunities along with an ever increasing population and inadequate public transport system resulted in issues such as long average travel lengths, low accessibility by poorer communities, greater use of private vehicles, and a sharp rise in traffic congestion. With the implementation of the Integrated Rapid Transport System (IRT), an initiative to transform the public transport sector to integrate all modal options, the opportunity is rendered to address these environmental, social and economical issues. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the City of Cape Town (CoCT) is utilising the full potential of the new Integrated Transport System currently being developed and implemented in Cape Town, namely the MyCiTi BRT System. It was determined that in terms of potential environmental benefits the CoCT, is utilising its full potential. Furthermore, although the potential social benefits were being utilised, the urgency of addressing social inequality is not reflected in the phased timeframe set out for the system. In terms of economic benefits, the options of using land-value add and environmental finance currently not sufficiently utilised and should be used to encourage a more sustainable public transport system. / Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This thesis documents the attempts by one Australian State government to manage assumed social and economic risks associated with its transition into a globalised economy and society. The specific research focus is on the policy strategy Queensland State Education–2010 (QSE-2010) developed by the Queensland State government and released in 2000. The thesis adopts a governmentality perspective to develop a policy case study focusing on the formulation of QSE-2010 through to its implementation as set out in the Queensland Government’s 2002 White Paper, Education and Training Reforms for the Future. The research demonstrates how one State education system in Australia was transformed as a result of the spread of global risk rationalities originating in comparative studies conducted by the OECD. The study begins by examining how QSE-2010 was discursively positioned within a policy environment characterised by the transformation of social and economic relations into deterritorialised flows and globally connected networks of the global knowledge economy. Queensland’s future prosperity in this emerging context was articulated as unpredictable and uncertain. The policy discourse of QSE-2010 thus presented the global as a novel problem space requiring intervention by responsible government. This analysis identifies the key policy role of knowledge producing practices such as statistical studies, international comparisons and performance benchmarking in transforming global uncertainty into a form that was conducive to governmental programming in education. In the case of education in Queensland, this involved mobilising specific calculative technologies to transform global economic uncertainty into knowable and calculable educational risk. This was expressed in QSE-2010s principal performance target that required 88 percent of students to complete Year 12 by 2010. This study further traces how Education Queensland’s aspirations to manage globalisation risks were translated into practical programs of social and educational governance. It proposes that the concept of social capital was critical for providing a means of attributing economic value to certain patterns of social interaction within families and between families and communities. Once authorities were able to link particular patterns of sociability to increased levels of educational attainment, it became possible to problematise the social capital of some families as a potential source of risk for educational disengagement of students. Here, the social capital believed to characterise the professional, globally networked middle class family emerged as a model for education authorities in Queensland for re-configuring the social capital of disadvantaged families. Social capital thus became instrumental in Education Queensland’s strategy to govern the relationships between schools and their communities, especially relationships between the home and school. Understanding of the problem of educational disengagement afforded by social capital led to attempts to impose particular forms of social capital on Queensland families. This was achieved by mandating the involvement of parents and students in the process of Senior Education and Training Plans. These plans were formally negotiated education and training pathways that students would follow for the completion of the senior phase of learning and the award of the Queensland Certificate of Education. The study argues that governmental technologies such as social capital are critical determinants of the limits and possibilities for social justice outcomes in education policy because they function to constitute both the problems of government and the scope of legitimate policy intervention. It further argues that these technologies have been instrumental in sustaining neoliberal policy solutions in Queensland education because they render invisible socio-economic explanations for educational disadvantage and structured inequalities in education. The study concludes by exploring alternative policy configurations that are made intelligible by alternative ways of representing the social and economic context of schooling.

This thesis documents the attempts by one Australian State government to manage assumed social and economic risks associated with its transition into a globalised economy and society. The specific research focus is on the policy strategy Queensland State Education–2010 (QSE-2010) developed by the Queensland State government and released in 2000. The thesis adopts a governmentality perspective to develop a policy case study focusing on the formulation of QSE-2010 through to its implementation as set out in the Queensland Government’s 2002 White Paper, Education and Training Reforms for the Future. The research demonstrates how one State education system in Australia was transformed as a result of the spread of global risk rationalities originating in comparative studies conducted by the OECD. The study begins by examining how QSE-2010 was discursively positioned within a policy environment characterised by the transformation of social and economic relations into deterritorialised flows and globally connected networks of the global knowledge economy. Queensland’s future prosperity in this emerging context was articulated as unpredictable and uncertain. The policy discourse of QSE-2010 thus presented the global as a novel problem space requiring intervention by responsible government. This analysis identifies the key policy role of knowledge producing practices such as statistical studies, international comparisons and performance benchmarking in transforming global uncertainty into a form that was conducive to governmental programming in education. In the case of education in Queensland, this involved mobilising specific calculative technologies to transform global economic uncertainty into knowable and calculable educational risk. This was expressed in QSE-2010s principal performance target that required 88 percent of students to complete Year 12 by 2010. This study further traces how Education Queensland’s aspirations to manage globalisation risks were translated into practical programs of social and educational governance. It proposes that the concept of social capital was critical for providing a means of attributing economic value to certain patterns of social interaction within families and between families and communities. Once authorities were able to link particular patterns of sociability to increased levels of educational attainment, it became possible to problematise the social capital of some families as a potential source of risk for educational disengagement of students. Here, the social capital believed to characterise the professional, globally networked middle class family emerged as a model for education authorities in Queensland for re-configuring the social capital of disadvantaged families. Social capital thus became instrumental in Education Queensland’s strategy to govern the relationships between schools and their communities, especially relationships between the home and school. Understanding of the problem of educational disengagement afforded by social capital led to attempts to impose particular forms of social capital on Queensland families. This was achieved by mandating the involvement of parents and students in the process of Senior Education and Training Plans. These plans were formally negotiated education and training pathways that students would follow for the completion of the senior phase of learning and the award of the Queensland Certificate of Education. The study argues that governmental technologies such as social capital are critical determinants of the limits and possibilities for social justice outcomes in education policy because they function to constitute both the problems of government and the scope of legitimate policy intervention. It further argues that these technologies have been instrumental in sustaining neoliberal policy solutions in Queensland education because they render invisible socio-economic explanations for educational disadvantage and structured inequalities in education. The study concludes by exploring alternative policy configurations that are made intelligible by alternative ways of representing the social and economic context of schooling.

A mortalidade neonatal, em vários países do mundo, corresponde ao componente mais expressivo da mortalidade infantil. No Brasil, esta mortalidade mantém-se em patamares elevados e com acentuadas desigualdades regionais em sua distribuição. Este estudo teve como objetivos, analisar a tendência temporal e fatores associados à mortalidade neonatal, identificar padrões na sua distribuição espacial e a relação desta com as condições de vida além de analisar a evolução das desigualdades sociais no risco de morte neonatal e suas relações com características maternas, condições de nascimento, atenção à saúde e de condições de vida em Salvador, Bahia, no período de 1980 a 2006. No primeiro artigo que compõe esta tese, construiu-se uma série temporal dos óbitos neonatais de 1980 a 2006, enquanto nos segundo e terceiro artigos, correspondentes a estudos de agregados espaciais referentes a 2000-2006, Zonas de Informação (ZI) compuseram as unidades de análise. Estas foram agregadas em estratos de elevada, intermediária, baixa e muito baixa condição de vida, com base em um Índice de Condições de Vida. Análise de Componentes Principais, Correlação de Spearman, Regressão Linear ordinal e espacial e Qui-Quadrado de tendência foram métodos empregados na análise dos dados, além do Teste I de Moran (Global e Local) para avaliar dependência espacial, e Risco Relativo, para avaliar as desigualdades sociais. Os resultados demonstraram tendência de estabilização dos óbitos neonatais a partir de 1992 e as três principais causas são redutíveis por adequada atenção à gestação, ao parto e ao recém-nascido. Evidenciou-se autocorrelação espacial entre as taxas (I=0,1717; p=0,0100). O padrão espacial detectado teve a proporção de nascidos vivos (NV) com baixo peso como seu principal fator explicativo e definiu os maiores riscos para esta mortalidade (> 9,0/1000 NV) concentrados em áreas do centro e subúrbio, e os mais baixos (3,2 a 5,5/1000NV) ao sul e leste da cidade. Demonstrou-se associação da mortalidade neonatal com as condições de vida, confirmada pelo gradiente linear e crescente do risco nesta mortalidade do estrato de melhor para o de pior condição de vida, indicando a influência da desigualdade social nesta mortalidade. Há indícios de redução desta desigualdade, devido ao decréscimo ocorrido no estrato de intermediária condição de vida (β= -0,93; 0,039), aliada à reduzida variação no risco de morte neonatal do estrato de elevada condição de vida. São necessárias novas estratégias para a redução da mortalidade neonatal que contemplem maior qualificação e reestruturação da atenção à saúde materno-infantil, bem como outras que promovam melhorias nas condições de vida da população, sob o risco de comprometer a velocidade de decréscimo da mortalidade infantil no município. / Neonatal mortality in several countries of the world corresponds to the major component of infant mortality. In Brazil, this mortality remains at high levels and with marked regional differences in its distribution. This study aimed to analyze the trend and factors associated with neonatal mortality, identify patterns in their spatial distribution and the relationship between living conditions and to analyzing the evolution of social inequalities in risk of neonatal mortality and its relationship to maternal characteristics, conditions of birth, health care and living conditions in Salvador, Bahia, from 1980 to 2006. In the first article that makes up this thesis, we constructed a series of neonatal deaths from 1980 to 2006, whereas in the second and third articles, corresponding to spatial aggregation studies concerning the 2000-2006 period, Information Zones (IZ) were the units analysis. These were aggregated into strata of high, intermediate, low and very low standard of living based on an index of Living Conditions. Principal Component Analysis, Spearman correlation, linear regression, and chi-square test were used in data analysis, besides Moran’s Test I (Global and Local) in order to evaluate spatial dependence, and relative risk for social inequalities evaluation. The results showed a trend towards stabilization of neonatal deaths from 1992 and the three main causes are reducible by adequate attention to pregnancy, labor and the newborn. It was observed autocorrelation between the rates (I = 0.1717, p = 0.0100). The proportion of low birth weight as the main determinant of the spatial pattern detected and defined the greatest risk for infant mortality (>9.0/1000NV) concentrated in the downtown areas and suburbs, and the lowest (3.2 to 5.5/1000NV) to the south and east of the city. It was observed an association between neonatal mortality and living conditions, confirmed by the linear and increasing gradient of mortality risk as we go from the best stratum of living conditions to the worst one, indicating the influence social inequality on neonatal mortality. There is evidence that reducing inequality, due to the decrease occurred in the stratum living conditions (β = -0.93, 0.039), combined with reduced variation in the risk of neonatal death of the stratum living conditions. We need new strategies to reduce neonatal mortality, covering more advanced training and restructuring of attention to maternal and child health, as well as others that promote improvements in living conditions of population at risk of compromising the rate of decrease in infant mortality municipality.

The permanent and each time fastest scientific innovations, as well as technological and telecommunications in the industrialized countries, irreversible influence the productive patterns of the underdeveloped countries. This pushes them to insert themselves and to include withinthis new world order that brings the globalization. These changes are dramatic in countries like ours, whose productive structure is still traditional. The transformation of these structurescomes together with the increment of social inequalities and therefore territorial expressed in hierarchies. However, this will depend on the adaptability capacity of each social group to the new economic context.Peru is not foreign to this type of harbor system that generates a series of dynamics in the role of harbor cities, enhancing them as spatial logistics at global level, where the public and private enterprises’ intervention, as well as the role of the State as local and regional subsidiary agent. These dynamics that result from the network system, the spatial configuration patterns and production of these traditional spaces, and the changes that may occur when insert themselves to a more sophisticated stage than the actual one, is focus of economic development understood as the bettering of the peoples quality of life, are the elements for this research. / Las permanentes y cada vez más rápidas innovaciones científicas, tecnológicas y de telecomunicaciones, en los países industrializados, influyen irreversiblemente en el cambio de los patrones productivos en países subdesarrollados, de tal modo que obliga a estos, a poder insertarse e incluirse dentro de este nuevo orden mundial que trae consigo la globalización. Estos cambios son dramáticos en países como el nuestro cuya estructura productiva es aún tradicional. La transformación de estas estructuras viene acompañada del incremento de las desigualdades sociales y consiguientemente territoriales que se expresan en jerarquías territoriales. No obstante, esto dependerá de la capacidad de adaptabilidad que tenga cada grupo social al nuevo contexto económico. El Perú no es ajeno a este tipo de sistema portuario, generando consigo una serie de dinámicas en el rol de las ciudades donde se encuentran estos puertos, consolidándolo como espacios logísticos a nivel global, donde la intervención de las empresas públicas y privadas, así como el rol del Estado como agente subsidiario local y regional, donde se determinaran las condiciones de consolidación y desarrollo de los Puertos en el país. El puerto de Matarani juega un rol importante y determinante en el departamento de Arequipa y en la Macrorregión Surdel Perú, donde se convierte como el principal centro logístico, desplazando a otros puertos importantes no solo dentro del país sino de países vecinos. Estas dinámicas producto del sistema de redes, en los patrones de configuración espacial y producción de estos espacios tradicionales, y los cambios que se pueden producir al insertarse a una etapa mucho más sofisticada que en la actualidad es fuente del desarrollo económico establecido como la mejora en la calidad de vida de la población, son los elementos para esta presente investigación.

As ações afirmativas são medidas especiais, temporárias ou não, implementadas pelo Estado e por setores da sociedade civil, que visam corrigir desigualdades acumuladas ao longo de muitos anos, sejam elas raciais, de gênero, religiosas, étnicas, entre outras, e garantir a igualdade de oportunidades e de tratamento. Historicamente, o ensino superior brasileiro não tem registro em seu quadro de discentes e docentes de um percentual de negros condizente com a população existente no país. Este quadro é majoritariamente composto por brancos, o que demanda a geração de políticas públicas que possam reverter este cenário. A implementação de cotas raciais no ensino público superior teve início em 2003 na Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, sendo seguida por outras instituições; em 2010, compreendia 39 universidades, sendo 16 estaduais e 23 federais, além de outras instituições públicas de ensino superior que também adotaram este sistema, como centros universitários, fundações e institutos. Sendo um processo recente e ainda em avaliação, as cotas raciais têm sido objeto de reflexão em função de sua justificativa social, que consiste em dar mais oportunidades aos negros, dando incentivo para acessarem o ensino superior, oportunizando que possam futuramente ter as mesmas condições de inserção profissional que tem o restante da população. Com objetivo de analisar como essa experiência está ocorrendo, especialmente em sua efetividade enquanto ação inclusiva, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. A investigação, de cunho exploratório e descritivo, buscou, em fontes documentais, em entrevistas com servidores e discentes e na participação em diversas atividades institucionais, os elementos que poderiam elucidar o problema de pesquisa. Para analisar as diversas fontes de dados, foi utilizada a triangulação, que possibilita ao pesquisador entrelaçar e interpretar os dados coletados e devidamente organizados. Os resultados apontam que a inclusão desses alunos através das ações afirmativas de cotas efetiva-se gradativamente em aspectos como inserção no trabalho, mudança em relação ao sentimento de autoconfiança e na descoberta de novos horizontes, como a pesquisa, o ensino e a extensão, dimensões da vida acadêmica. A universidade tem desenvolvido ações para que essa inclusão seja efetiva, promovendo atividades e disponibilizando benefícios que dêem suporte financeiro e acadêmico para a permanência e a conclusão do curso, o que tem sido importante para os alunos cotistas quanto ao apoio básico necessário para que continuem essa caminhada acadêmica. Entre os aspectos que merecem maior atenção, estão a visibilidade dada aos cotistas e a efetiva integração destes junto à instituição em todos os segmentos. / Affirmative actions are special measures, temporary or not, implemented by the State or by private initiatives, aiming at correcting inequalities accumulated over many year, be they social, gender-related, religious, ethnic, among others, and at ensuring equality of opportunities and of treatment. Historically, the Brazilian higher education body of professors and students has no record of a percentage of blacks in keeping with the current country's population. This body is mostly composed of whites, which requires the creation of public policies that may reverse this scenario. The implementation of racial quotas in public higher education began in 2003 at the Rio de Janeiro State University, which was followed by other institutions; in 2010, these comprised 39 universities, 16 state universities and 23 federal universities, as well as other public institutions of higher education, including universities, foundations and institutes. As a recent process still under evaluation, racial quotas have been the object of reflection because of its social justification, which is based on giving more opportunities to black people, encouraging them to enter higher education, thus providing them with the opportunity of eventually having the same conditions of employability that the rest of the population has. Aiming to analyze how this experience has been realized, particularly in its success as an inclusive action, a qualitative research was carried out at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. This investigation, of an exploratory and descriptive character, sought the elements that could elucidate the research problem in documentary sources, in interviews with the staff and the students and in the attendance to many institutional activities. In order to analyze the diverse sources of data, we used triangulation, which allows the researcher to cross and interpret data that was collected and properly organized. The results indicate that the inclusion of these students through affirmative action quotas is gradually actualized in aspects such as occupational integration, changes in the feeling of self-confidence and in the discovery of new horizons, such as research, teaching and public outreach, all dimensions of academic life. The university has promoted actions to ensure that this inclusion is effective, fostering activities and providing benefits that give financial and academic support for the students to stay in the course and finish the course. This has been important for the students who benefited from racial quotas in providing the basic support they need to continue their academic journeys. Among the aspects that deserve greater attention are the visibility given to these students and their effective integration into the institution in all its segments.

186f. / Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-07-18T13:24:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luane Neves Santos Versão Final.pdf: 1679875 bytes, checksum: b2d6306803e6cbecf9514a6fe5306267 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela(anapoli@ufba.br) on 2013-07-18T16:04:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luane Neves Santos Versão Final.pdf: 1679875 bytes, checksum: b2d6306803e6cbecf9514a6fe5306267 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-18T16:04:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luane Neves Santos Versão Final.pdf: 1679875 bytes, checksum: b2d6306803e6cbecf9514a6fe5306267 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar como a desigualdade social, materializada no contato com populações pobres e vulneráveis socialmente, repercute na profissional psicóloga e em sua atuação no CRAS/SUAS. Utilizou-se como aporte teórico a teoria da subjetividade proposta por González Rey e produções brasileiras sobre a desigualdade social, com ênfase na teoria de Jessé Souza. Optou-se pela metodologia qualitativa para estudo da subjetividade, a partir da perspectiva sócio histórica, uma vez que esta incorpora a dialética entre objetividade e subjetividade, no esforço para articular o sujeito ao seu processo social e histórico. Considerando o envolvimento da pesquisadora com o tema, recorreu-se a análise da implicação enquanto recurso metodológico e mecanismo ético-político para interlocução com a pesquisa. A definição do instrumento seguiu a lógica da dinâmica conversacional, almejando transformar a pesquisa em um espaço de construção de sentido. A coleta de dados ocorreu no ambiente laboral das seis psicólogas participantes, requerendo entre dois e três encontros individuais. As conversas foram estimuladas através de comentários e inserção de temas e reflexões, de modo aberto, ainda que contemplassem quatro eixos norteados: 1) trajetória pessoal e familiar; 2) trajetória profissional; 3) o trabalho na assistência social básica; 4) hipóteses explicativas da desigualdade social. A análise dos dados desenvolveu-se como um processo construtivo-interpretativo, no qual após transcrição das conversações, foram conduzidas várias leituras do material coletado, visando seleção de indicadores, destacados pelo aspecto emocional e simbólico que revelavam. Foram então construídos os núcleos de sentido das configurações subjetivas de cada participante, para posteriormente elaborar as zonas de sentido, articulando elementos das subjetividades individuais e social. As sínteses das vivências singulares foram agrupadas em seis zonas de sentidos: 1) hipóteses explicativas sobre a desigualdade social; 2) enfrentamentos da desigualdade social; 3) a dicotomia social X psicológico; 4) a atuação no CRAS frente à concretude da desigualdade social; 5) o (des)preparo das psicólogas para atuar na assistência social básica; 6) a má fé institucional na assistência social básica. A análise destes dados permitiu perceber que o trabalho na assistência social insere as psicólogas em dinâmicas laborais, nas quais vivenciam posições subjetivas referentes à condição de oprimidas e opressoras, construindo práticas 10 atravessadas por sentidos subjetivos que culpabilizam os usuários por sua condição social e naturalizam o fenômeno da desigualdade social. As participantes apresentaram sentimentos de frustração, impotência, angústia e sofrimento, numa dinâmica que alia compaixão e conformação frente às hipóteses explicativas de uma realidade social com forte estratificação. A visão dicotômica, em que demandas sociais não são vistas em relação com as demandas psicológicas, leva a uma atuação fragmentada, influenciada pelos modos de enfrentamento da desigualdade social. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de reposicionar as práticas para atuar na dimensão subjetiva dos problemas sociais, produzindo novas tecnologias e reflexões sobre o lugar social das técnicas, aliado a um trabalho que oportunize espaços de expressão para os usuários, visualizando potências sem perder de vista os limites impostos pelos determinantes sociais e compreendendo a transformação da realidade social como responsabilidade coletiva e cotidiana. This study aimed to investigate how social inequality - manifested in the contact with socially vulnerable populations - has repercussions in psychologists and their work at CRAS/SUAS. González Rey's theory of subjectivity was the theoretical basis used, along with Jessé Souza's papers on social inequality. The study of subjectivity has been done using the qualitative methodology with a socio-historical perspective. Such frame of reference has been chosen due to an effort to relate the subject to its social and historical process, it incorporates the dialectic between objectivity and subjectivity. Considering the researcher's involvement with the theme, implication analysis has been employed both as a methodological resource and ethical-political mechanism to dialogue with the study. The definition of the research instrument followed the Conversational Dynamics Model, which has transformed the study into a process in which meaning could be built to its participants. Data collection took place at the participant Psychologists' workplace and required about two and three individual meetings. The conversations were stimulated through comments and the presentation of themes and reflections that contemplated four different topics: 1) personal and family related trajectory; 2) professional trajectory; 3) professional practice at basic welfare; 4) explanatory hypothesis of social inequality. The data analysis has been developed as a constructive-interpretative process, where the transcripted conversations were read several times in order to select indicators that stood out by the emotional and symbolic aspects they revealed. The following step was the formulation of meaning nuclei of the subjective configurations of each participant, which lead to the elaboration of zones of meaning that articulates elements of social and individual subjectivities. The summaries of the singular experiences were grouped in six zones of meaning: 1) explanatory hypothesis concerning social inequality; 2) confrontation of social inequality; 3) the social vs. psychological dychotomy; 4) working at CRAS while facing the reality of social inequality; 5) the psychologists' unpreparedness to work at basic welfare; 6) the institutional disbelief in basic welfare. The data analysis showed that the professional practice at welfare places the psychologists in labor dynamics in which they experience the subjective positions of being at once the oppressors and the oppressed. Through such positions, the psychologists have built practices that are affected by subjective meanings that blame their clients for their social condition, thus naturalizing the phenomenon of social inequality. The participants have showed feelings of frustration, impotence, anguish, and suffering, while showing compassion and resignation when faced with the explanatory hypothesis of a strongly stratified social reality. A dichotomous point of view - in which social demands are not seen as related to psychological demands - leads to a fragmented profissional practice. The study's results suggest the need to change the professional practice in order to operate on the subjective dimension of social problems, yielding new technologies and reflections on the social place of techniques. Furthermore, the professional practice should provide spaces where the clients can express themselves and can be understood in their possibilities and limitations provided by social determinants. / Salvador

Introdução: A atenção pré-natal (APN) é um componente prioritário da atenção básica (AB). Atualmente, existe um conjunto de indicadores de cobertura que avalia a APN. Os principais desfechos adversos da gestação (prematuridade e baixo peso) e a mortalidade neonatal também são indicadores utilizados para avaliar a qualidade da APN. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar desigualdades na APN, a partir dos indicadores de cobertura da APN e indicadores de desfechos adversos e mortalidade neonatal, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), conforme as regiões de saúde e vulnerabilidade social, de 2010 a 2013. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, baseado na epidemiologia social, com delineamento de série histórica e estudo ecológico, no qual os indicadores foram agregados por macrorregiões e regiões de saúde e índice de vulnerabilidade social.Para a avaliação dos indicadores na perspectiva de possíveis desigualdades sociais, foram escolhidos dois índices: o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS-5) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), divididos em categorias. Para o cálculo dos indicadores, os dados foram extraídos dos seguintes Sistemas de Informação em Saúde (SIS) do DATASUS: Sala de Apoio à Gestão Estratégica Situacional (SAGE), Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB), Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) e Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Resultados: Houve aumento da cobertura de estratégia de saúde da família (ESF) e equipes de saúde bucal (ESB) no RS ao longo dos anos. A análise por macrorregiões e regiões de saúde mostrou elevadas coberturas da APN na maioria dos locais. Foram observadas desigualdades de cobertura, ocorrência dos desfechos negativos e mortalidade neonatal por macrorregiões e regiões de saúde. A análise por IVS-5 permitiu observar que nas categorias com municípios mais vulneráveis, há um expressivo incremento nas coberturas de ESF e ESB, que se traduzem em melhores indicadores da APN e menores taxas de desfechos adversos e mortalidade neonatal. O IDHM não se mostrou como um bom índice para este trabalho. Considerações finais: Há disparidades em termos de cobertura de ESF e ESB no RS quando observadas as macrorregiões, regiões e categorias de IVS-5. Desigualdades são observadas nas coberturas de APN, desfechos adversos e mortalidade neonatal entre macrorregiões e regiões de saúde. Os indicadores de cobertura de APN são melhores nas categorias de IVS-5-3 e IVS-5-4, categorias formadas pelos municípios mais vulneráveis. Nesse sentido, pode-se concluir que há uma preocupação do estado em investir em equipes em áreas mais vulneráveis, seguindo-se o princípio da equidade. Possivelmente, se não houvesse esse incremento em ESF e ESB, seriam observadas baixas coberturas de APN e elevados índices de desfechos adversos da gestação e mortalidade neonatal nas categorias de municípios mais vulneráveis. / Introduction: Prenatal care (PNC) is a main component of primary care (PC). Currently, there is a set of coverage indicators that assess PNC. The main adverse results of pregnancy (preterm birth and low weight) and neonatal mortality are also indicators used to assess the quality of PNC. The goal of this work is to evaluate inequalities in APN, from the coverage indicators of APN and indicators of adverse outcomes and neonatal mortality, in the estate of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) sorted by healthcare regions and social vulnerability, from 2010 to 2013. Methods: This is a quantitative study based on social epidemiology, with a historical series and ecological study design, in which indicators were pooled by macro region, healthcare region and social vulnerability index. To assess indicators for potential social inequalities, two indexes were chosen: the Social Vulnerability Index (IVS-5) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI), divided into categories. For the calculation of indicators, data were retrieved from the following Health Information Systems (SIS) of DATASUS: Situational Strategic Management Support Room (SAGE), Primary Care Information System (SIAB), Live Birth Information System (SINASC), and Mortality Information System (SIM). Results: There was an increase in the coverage of family health strategy (ESF) and oral health teams (ESB) in the RS over the years. The analysis according to macro regions and healthcare regions showed high PNC coverage in most locations. Coverage inequalities, occurrence of negative outcomes and neonatal mortality by macro regions and healthcare regions were observed. The IVS-5 analysis allowed us to observe that, in categories with more vulnerable municipalities, there was a sharp increase in ESF and ESB coverage, which translated into better PNC indicators and lower rates of adverse outcomes and neonatal mortality. The MHDI was not shown to be a good index for this study. Final considerations: There were discrepancies regarding ESF and ESB coverage in the RS when macro regions, regions and IVS-5 categories were observed. Inequalities were observed in PNC coverage between macro regions and healthcare regions. PNC indicators were better in the IVS-5-3 and IVS-5-4 categories, which comprised more vulnerable cities. Therefore, we can conclude that there is a concern in the state with investing in health teams in more vulnerable locations in accordance with the principle of equity. Possibly, if this increase in ESF and ESB had not taken place, low PNC coverage and high rates of adverse outcomes from pregnancy and neonatal mortality would be seen in the categories comprising more vulnerable cities.

A mortalidade neonatal, em vários países do mundo, corresponde ao componente mais expressivo da mortalidade infantil. No Brasil, esta mortalidade mantém-se em patamares elevados e com acentuadas desigualdades regionais em sua distribuição. Este estudo teve como objetivos, analisar a tendência temporal e fatores associados à mortalidade neonatal, identificar padrões na sua distribuição espacial e a relação desta com as condições de vida além de analisar a evolução das desigualdades sociais no risco de morte neonatal e suas relações com características maternas, condições de nascimento, atenção à saúde e de condições de vida em Salvador, Bahia, no período de 1980 a 2006. No primeiro artigo que compõe esta tese, construiu-se uma série temporal dos óbitos neonatais de 1980 a 2006, enquanto nos segundo e terceiro artigos, correspondentes a estudos de agregados espaciais referentes a 2000-2006, Zonas de Informação (ZI) compuseram as unidades de análise. Estas foram agregadas em estratos de elevada, intermediária, baixa e muito baixa condição de vida, com base em um Índice de Condições de Vida. Análise de Componentes Principais, Correlação de Spearman, Regressão Linear ordinal e espacial e Qui-Quadrado de tendência foram métodos empregados na análise dos dados, além do Teste I de Moran (Global e Local) para avaliar dependência espacial, e Risco Relativo, para avaliar as desigualdades sociais. Os resultados demonstraram tendência de estabilização dos óbitos neonatais a partir de 1992 e as três principais causas são redutíveis por adequada atenção à gestação, ao parto e ao recém-nascido. Evidenciou-se autocorrelação espacial entre as taxas (I=0,1717; p=0,0100). O padrão espacial detectado teve a proporção de nascidos vivos (NV) com baixo peso como seu principal fator explicativo e definiu os maiores riscos para esta mortalidade (> 9,0/1000 NV) concentrados em áreas do centro e subúrbio, e os mais baixos (3,2 a 5,5/1000NV) ao sul e leste da cidade. Demonstrou-se associação da mortalidade neonatal com as condições de vida, confirmada pelo gradiente linear e crescente do risco nesta mortalidade do estrato de melhor para o de pior condição de vida, indicando a influência da desigualdade social nesta mortalidade. Há indícios de redução desta desigualdade, devido ao decréscimo ocorrido no estrato de intermediária condição de vida (β= -0,93; 0,039), aliada à reduzida variação no risco de morte neonatal do estrato de elevada condição de vida. São necessárias novas estratégias para a redução da mortalidade neonatal que contemplem maior qualificação e reestruturação da atenção à saúde materno-infantil, bem como outras que promovam melhorias nas condições de vida da população, sob o risco de comprometer a velocidade de decréscimo da mortalidade infantil no município. / Neonatal mortality in several countries of the world corresponds to the major component of infant mortality. In Brazil, this mortality remains at high levels and with marked regional differences in its distribution. This study aimed to analyze the trend and factors associated with neonatal mortality, identify patterns in their spatial distribution and the relationship between living conditions and to analyzing the evolution of social inequalities in risk of neonatal mortality and its relationship to maternal characteristics, conditions of birth, health care and living conditions in Salvador, Bahia, from 1980 to 2006. In the first article that makes up this thesis, we constructed a series of neonatal deaths from 1980 to 2006, whereas in the second and third articles, corresponding to spatial aggregation studies concerning the 2000-2006 period, Information Zones (IZ) were the units analysis. These were aggregated into strata of high, intermediate, low and very low standard of living based on an index of Living Conditions. Principal Component Analysis, Spearman correlation, linear regression, and chi-square test were used in data analysis, besides Moran’s Test I (Global and Local) in order to evaluate spatial dependence, and relative risk for social inequalities evaluation. The results showed a trend towards stabilization of neonatal deaths from 1992 and the three main causes are reducible by adequate attention to pregnancy, labor and the newborn. It was observed autocorrelation between the rates (I = 0.1717, p = 0.0100). The proportion of low birth weight as the main determinant of the spatial pattern detected and defined the greatest risk for infant mortality (>9.0/1000NV) concentrated in the downtown areas and suburbs, and the lowest (3.2 to 5.5/1000NV) to the south and east of the city. It was observed an association between neonatal mortality and living conditions, confirmed by the linear and increasing gradient of mortality risk as we go from the best stratum of living conditions to the worst one, indicating the influence social inequality on neonatal mortality. There is evidence that reducing inequality, due to the decrease occurred in the stratum living conditions (β = -0.93, 0.039), combined with reduced variation in the risk of neonatal death of the stratum living conditions. We need new strategies to reduce neonatal mortality, covering more advanced training and restructuring of attention to maternal and child health, as well as others that promote improvements in living conditions of population at risk of compromising the rate of decrease in infant mortality municipality.

Este trabalho está centrado na análise dos fenômenos socioespaciais que envolvem a criminalidade violenta no meio urbano. Busca-se investigar a relação entre o aumento da violência letal e os elevados índices de desigualdade social nos últimos 30 anos. O trabalho trata respectivamente das causas da violência urbana, das relações do crime e da violência com o espaço, além da participação dos jovens nas ações violentas e no trabalho do tráfico de drogas como fator decisivo na elevação das taxas de letalidade juvenil. Selecionamos o bairro Santa Tereza, por tratar-se de uma região conflituosa no município de Porto Alegre - RS, como objeto de estudo de caso, visto que concentra características de uma sociabilidade violenta. Investigamos as relações de pertencimento nas comunidades e o medo dos lugares em virtude do aumento da criminalidade nos centros urbanos. Da mesma forma, consideramos as causas do aumento da violência como sendo um dos fatores de repulsão dos espaços de uso comum e promotor de novas territorialidades a partir do esgarçamento do tecido sócio espacial. / This work focuses on the analysis of socio-spatial phenomena involving violent crime in urban areas. The aim is to investigate the relationship between the increase in lethal violence to high levels of social inequality in the last 30 years. The work deals respectively of the causes of urban violence, crime and violence relations with the space on the participation of young people in violent actions and the work of drug trafficking as a decisive factor in the rise of juvenile mortality rates. We selected Santa Tereza district, because it is a conflictive region in the city of Porto Alegre - RS, as a case study object as it focuses characteristics of a violent sociability. We investigated the relationships of belonging in communities and the fear of places due to the increase of crime in urban centers. Similarly we consider the causes of increasing violence as one of repulsion factors of spaces for common use and promoter of new territoriality from the fraying of the socio-spatial fabric.