A presente pesquisa discute a real existência do discurso de resistência nas letras de RAP, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, e tem como corpus de análise canções dos grupos O RAPPA e Racionais Mcs, comparando-as com outras compostas por alunos do ensino médio de escolas particulares, que não vivem em condições sociais desfavorecidas. O objetivo da pesquisa é propor novas perspectivas na análise de letras desse tipo de música, levando em consideração especificamente o RAP projetado na mídia, e a influência que ele exerce no seu público consumidor, de jovens e adolescentes, uma vez que ele corresponde à ordem do discurso da atualidade. / The present research discuts the real existence of resistence discourse on RAPs compositions. The methodology used is the Francese Discourse Analyse and have like a analises courpus the groups O Rappa and Racionais Mcs s songs, that are compareds with other songs made by students of private higth school, that dont live in bad conditions of life. The objective of this pesquise is to propose one new perspective on analysis of this kind songss compositions, worry about, especially with the RAP present on media and the influence that it have on the public, teen agers, since that it corresponds to atual discourse order.

Tanzania ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1991, but still 32 per cent of the Tanzanian children estimate to be involved in child labour. Why children work, the work they most commonly do, and under the conditions which they work differ regionally. This study aims to find the underlying causes behind child labour among boys in Babati Town, both from the researcher’s - and the children’s own perspective. The study was accomplished through a qualitative case study in Babati Town and the data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, primarily with the child labourers’ themselves to get the right child perspective. The data from the interviews was analyzed according to four chosen theories of underlying causes behind child labor with the purpose to see to what extent the findings of the study correlate to the indicators outlined in each theory. The study found that indicators from each theory correlating with the Babati case with poverty as the major underlying cause behind the labouring. From the child labourer’s perspective was poverty the underlying cause for their labouring. Poverty on its own was though, from the researcher’s perspective, found to be insufficient to explain the prevalence of child labour. The problem of child labour is massive due mainly widespread poverty but also due the social context and its traditions, insufficient funding, school policies and inadequate implementing of important regulations as the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Ce travail se propose de saisir les mécanismes langagiers qui permettent de rendre compte du sens dans les romans de Daniel Biayaoula, Fatou Diome et Léonora Miano. L’analyse du discours est l’approche autour de laquelle s’articule notre recherche. L’oeuvre romanesque repose sur une hétérogénéité d’indices que l’énonciation permet de relever pour mieux examiner son organisation. Dès lors, notre étude se divise en deux parties. Le premier point a pour thème, « La scène d’énonciation : motif révélateur du fonctionnement de la société ». Il analyse les éléments du discours en rapport avec le contexte social, culturel, littéraire et politique de l’Afrique et de la France. Il ressort de là que les personnages sont assujettis par les pratiques coutumières, religieuses et culturelles actualisées dans l’espace romanesque. La deuxième partie s’intitule « Le mode d’inscription énonciatif des personnages dans le tissu textuel » et elle s’intéresse particulièrement aux dispositifs de communication qui déterminent les caractéristiques des personnages. A partir d’éléments langagiers, la présente section se propose de voir à partir de l’organisation des structures textuelles, comment l’énonciation définit les personnages. / This work aims at dispalying the language mechanisms used by Daniel Biyaoula, Fatou Diome and Léonora Miano in their novels in order to convey the meaning. It higens on the discourse analysis. The work of fiction lies a diversity of clues that the enunciation underlines and helps better examine the organization.Therefore, our study is divided into parts. The first theme is, « The scene of enunciation: pattern indicative of the functioning of society ». It analyzes the elements of speech in connection with the social, cultural, literary and political context of Africa and France. It appears from this that the characters are subjected by customary, religious and cultural practrice updated in the space in the novel. The second part is entitled « The enunciative registration method of the characters in the textual frabric » and it is particularly interested in communication devices that determine the characteristics of thecharacters. From language elements, this section proposes to see from the organization of textual structures, how the enunciation defines the characters.

Peer assessment actively engages peers in the formative assessment and evaluation of work produced by a peer. This thesis explores how social processes, such as classroom talk, influence the quality of children’s learning in more interactive contexts of PA. This focus is needed since children often find PA challenging as they may not have the interpersonal skills to collaborate effectively leading them to use talk ineffectively as a tool for learning. This research was interventionist and children in the year three and four classes I taught received Thinking Together lessons as a strategy to enhance the quality of their talk in contexts of peer assessment. Methods used to examine the impact of the talk intervention, and to gain greater insights into the role that the social context plays in peer assessment, included transcribed digital audio recordings, open ended observations, semi-structured interviews, mind maps and children’s work. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic coding analysis whilst data in transcripts were quantitatively analysed to calculate the frequency of words and phrases associated with exploratory talk before and after the intervention. Findings suggest that children’s characteristics influence the way they communicate in contexts of PA and some of the most challenging learners seemed to benefit most from the talk intervention in terms of its influence on their ability to collaborate, hypothesise and reason throughout the peer assessment tasks. The findings also draw attention to previously under-researched PA social processes such as discussion, negotiation and peer questioning that lead to outcomes for learners such as self assessment. The main conclusions drawn are that more interactive kinds of peer assessment might be viewed as a differentiated and discursive practice where teachers consider the various needs of learners, based on their individual characteristics, and provide appropriate support so they are able to collaborate and use language for mediating effective PA practice.

This dissertation is composed of research studies that contribute to three research areas including social context-aware computing, internal context-aware computing, and human behavioral data mining. In social context-aware computing, four studies are conducted. First, mobile phone user calling behavioral patterns are characterized in forms of randomness level where relationships among them are then identified. Next, a study is conducted to investigate the relationship between the calling behavior and organizational groups. Third, a method is presented to quantitatively define mobile social closeness and social groups, which are then used to identify social group sizes and scaling ratio. Last, based on the mobile social grouping framework, the significant role of social ties in communication patterns is revealed. In internal context-aware computing, two studies are conducted where the notions of internal context are intention and situation. For intentional context, the goal is to sense the intention of the user in placing calls. A model is thus presented for predicting future calls envisaged as a call predicted list (CPL), which makes use of call history to build a probabilistic model of calling behavior. As an incoming call predictor, CPL is a list of numbers/contacts that are the most likely to be the callers within the next hour(s), which is useful for scheduling and daily planning. As an outgoing call predictor, CPL is generated as a list of numbers/contacts that are the most likely to be dialed when the user attempts to make an outgoing call (e.g., by flipping open or unlocking the phone). This feature helps save time from having to search through a lengthy phone book. For situational context, a model is presented for sensing the user's situation (e.g., in a library, driving a car, etc.) based on embedded sensors. The sensed context is then used to switch the phone into a suitable alert mode accordingly (e.g., vibrate mode while in a library, handsfree mode while driving, etc.). Inferring (social and internal) context introduces a challenging research problem in human behavioral data mining. Context is determined by the current state of mind (internal), relationship (social), and surroundings (physical). Thus, the current state of context is important and can be derived from the recent behavior and pattern. In data mining research area, therefore, two frameworks are developed for detecting recent patterns, where one is a model-driven approach and the other is a data-driven approach.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among undergraduate applied music students' perceptions of autonomy support, competence, and task persistence. One assumption of self-determination theory was that competence would increase when social environment supported self-organization. A motivational-cognitive framework designed to promote sustained motivation in undergraduate applied music students was proposed. Three self-report scales administered in the form of a web survey were completed by undergraduate applied music students (N = 366) at six Florida universities. The scales were designed to measure perceived autonomy support, perceived competence, and perceived persistence in practice in the applied music studio setting. Internal consistency reliability estimates as measured by Cronbach's alpha were high for all three measures: perceived competence (alpha = .89), perceived autonomy support (alpha = 92), and perceived task persistence of musical practice (alpha = .87). All three constructs-perceived competence, perceived autonomy support, and perceived task persistence showed a significant positive correlation with each other. The use of perceived competence as a mediating variable in a hypothesized path model helps to illuminate the nature of the relationships among the three constructs. In the path analysis model, perceived autonomy support was found to have a significant direct effect on perceived task persistence. Thus, students who perceived that they had strong autonomy support in the applied studio setting were more likely to perceive themselves as more highly task persistent than students who perceived that they had less autonomy support. Also, in the path model, student perceived competence was found to moderately mediate the effect of their perceived autonomy support on perceived task persistence. Thus, in the investigation of the relationship between perceived autonomy support and task persistence, the path analysis also revealed that something in addition to perceived autonomy support, namely perceived competence, served to explain the relationship between perceptions of autonomy support and task persistence. It is hoped that this study may promote further understanding of the optimal conditions in higher education for the persistence of practice for applied music study.

I arbetet analyseras en samling barnbrev som skrevs till tidningen Jultomten under några år vid sekelskiftet 1900. Dessa brev har undersökts med avseende på barnens tex- och bildreception. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och syftar till att förstå vilka identifikationsytor som uppstår vid läsningen och i själva responsen, samt, vidare, hur dessa handlingar stimulerar barnens läsupplevelse och literacyutveckling. Resultatet visar bland annat att barnens reception av text och bild berör de sammanhang och företeelser som är förknippade med barnens egen erfarenhetsvärld. Engagemang, inlevelse och social kontext byggs upp av barnets erfarenheter, personliga associationer och konkreta upplevelser. Slutligen hävdas det också att det är rimligt att anta att dessa rön kan överföras och vara giltiga även i en samtidskontext.Nyckelord: barnbrev, bild, engagemang, fritidens läsning, inlevelse, literacyutveckling, perspektivering, social kontext / AbstractThis paper is a qualitative study of children´s letters to the editor of Jultomten, during a period of three years at the turn of the century 1900. The letters are analyzed with the aim of increasing the understanding of how children identify with the characters in texts and illustrations, and how their appreciation and involvement enhances their literacy development. The result indicates that children´s reception of the illustrated journal concerns the areas and subjects that are connected to their own experiences. Involvement, empathy and the social context are constructed through the children´s own experiences and living conditions. Finally, it is argued that the findings can be transferred and be valid in expanding children´s literacy development today.Keywords: children´s letters, involvement, illustrations, literacy development, the social context

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第20813号 / 人健博第50号 / 新制||人健||4(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 三谷 章, 教授 二木 淑子, 教授 村井 俊哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DGAM

Identity creation in friendship circles. A qualitative study on young adults' identity  creation in friendship circles.  All social contexts consist of norms and expectations, which presupposes a structure that highlights desirable behavior. This also happens among friendship circles, and a central challenge for young adults thus becomes reading the situation and adapting to confirm that expectations are met. Previous research informs how social media and the influence of friends influence the individual's identity creation. The purpose of the studies is to investigate young adults' identity creation with a focus on friendship circles. In order to answer this in the best way, the essay is based on a qualitative research method with inspiration from the phenomenological orientation. This is realized through semi-structured interviews with eight respondents from the local environment. Self-identity, Habitus and impression control are the theories used to analyze the results. Overall, the results show that the individual's behavior patterns change in different social contexts and that friends have an influence on identity creation. There is a clear adaptation, which is perceived as natural. / Alla sociala sammanhang består av normer och förväntningar, vilket förutsätter en struktur som belyser önskvärt beteende. Detta sker även bland vänskapskretsar och en central utmaning för unga vuxna blir därmed att läsa av situationen och anpassa sig för att bekräfta att förväntningarna möts. Tidigare forskning upplyser hur sociala medier och vänners betydande påverkar individens identitetsskapande. Syftet med studien är att undersöka unga vuxnas identitetsskapande med fokus på vänskapskretsar. För att på bästa sätt besvara detta utgår uppsatsen från en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med inspiration från den fenomenologiska inriktningen. Detta realiseras genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta respondenter från närmiljön. Självidentitet, Habitus och intrycksstyrning är teorierna som används för att analysera resultatet. Sammantaget visar resultatet att individens beteendemönster förändras i olika sociala sammanhang och att vänner har ett inflytande på identitetsskapandet. Det sker en tydlig anpassning som upplevs naturlig.

Playful teasing is an ancient form of interaction that now occurs through computer-mediated communication. Teasing through short message service texting is examined conceptually and empirically in this dissertation. Teasing and computer-mediated communication are framed in the theoretical lens of social information processing in Chapter 1. The development of study materials and stimuli to examine teasing through texting, using iterative focus groups and online pilot data collection, are detailed in Chapter 2. The two studies that examined message features, social context, and rejection sensitivity in the context of playful teasing via texting are presented in Chapter 3. The influence of two commonly used message features (the “winking face with tongue” emoji and the “lol” initialism) on teasing text message interpretation, compared to unadorned texts, were investigated in Study 1. Rejection sensitivity was also examined in relation to interpretation. Texts with the emoji contributed to more positive interpretations compared to texts with the “lol” initialism or unadorned texts, providing the first evidence that emoji and initialism function differently in the context of teasing. The influence of social context (the sender-receiver relationship) on the interpretation of teasing texts, and the relationship between message interpretation and rejection sensitivity were examined in Study 2. Teasing texts sent by close friends were rated more positively than those from acquaintances. In both studies, higher rejection sensitivity was related to more negative interpretations of teasing texts, however, teasing texts with the emoji did not show this pattern. The studies’ findings are discussed in Chapter 4 in the context of social information processing theory and in practice, examining implications for individuals with rejection sensitivity and practices for text message composition.