Denna kvalitativa intervjustudie har som syfte att undersöka rådande könsnormer och sociala relationer i två klasser i årskurs fem på en skola i södra Stockholm. Metoden för insamling av material har varit fyra gruppintervjuer och sammanlagt har 12 informanter deltagit. Materialet analyseras med ett poststrukturalistiskt perspektiv och det teoretiska ramverket utgörs av Michel Foucaults syn på makt, Judith Butlers begrepp kring normer och R.W. Connells begrepp kring maskulinitet. Analysen skildrar rådande femininitetsnormer, maskulinitetsnormer och visar på hur de uppstår i relation till varandra, samt belyser maktens kontextuella betydelse i skolmiljön. Analysen av elevernas sociala relationer visar på en hierarki och diskuteras i relation till könsnormerna och elevernas utrymme för identitetsskapande. En avslutande diskussion belyser pedagogikens roll och en åtgärdsinriktad forskning som betydande för att arbeta med läroplanens värdegrund med inriktning på jämställdhet och likabehandling.

Previous research has shown that essentialist views on race contribute to higherlevels of prejudice, racism, ethnic inequality, and the preservation of social hierarchies. InSweden, this is a challenging area to investigate due to strong resistance to the use of equalitydata. This is problematic as denying the significance of race in the social sciences limits theability to detect discrimination and inequality. To contribute to the discussion on inequalityand racialization in Sweden, this thesis examines ethnic income disparities based onsubjective ethnic affiliation using bivariate cross-tabulations and multiple regression analysis.The results of this thesis show clear income differences between Swedes and racializedgroups as well as income differences between the different racialized groups.

This essay is a contribution to the process of reconstructing the meaning of a concept that has been long forsaken and somewhat forgotten. It examines the way in which the Swedish nobility perceived the politically active peasantry during the 1740s as an expression of the prevailing political culture of the period. The aim of this study is thus to understand a bygone world of thought that once existed in a very turbulent political culture. I focus on the words formed and articulated in the halls and rooms of the Swedish estates by which the thoughts, opinions and power of the Swedish government came to the fore. In doing so it is possible to say something about how the nobility, in their relationship with the peasantry, constructed an object which represented their perception of the Swedish peasant and what this meant. In other words the persona that the nobility attributed the peasants. The new political culture of the Age of Liberty (1719–1772) allowed the peasants to enforce a political offensive that gave raise to new ways of expressing themselves, new ways of performing and new ways of positioning themselves in relation the other estates. This also meant a change in how the other estates perceived and acted in relation to the peasantry. The peasant persona was mainly characterized by negative traits and qualities. He was foolish, unqualified and naïve in his quest for increased political rights. However, he was also regarded as humble, benevolent and as a dedicated man. He was a Swedish citizen, just as the members of the nobility, and therefore he had an inherent value because of his love for his homeland. This made it possible for the nobility and peasantry to protect themselves against intruders, to strive forward and to live in harmony with each other. / <p>Författaren har bytt namn till Jakob Starlander.</p>

Syftet med denna uppsats är att förklara hur kamratgrupperingar och sociala hierarkier utgör en väsentlig del av samt leder till mobbning bland skolungdomar. Detta har genomförts med kvalitativ meta-analys av forskningsartiklar, som har tolkats utifrån sociologiska teorier om stigmatisering och miniatyrsamhälleliga gruppers maktförhållanden. Resultatet har framställts genom en grounded theory ansats och analyserats utifrån meta-analytisk metod samt diskursanalytisk ontologi. Resultatet och analysen indikerar att kamratgrupperingar och hierarkier utgör skeden av komplexa händelseförlopp, från skolklassers sammansättningar fram till att mobbning utbryter. Konklusionerna av detta är att det behövs vidare fördjupningar av olika orsakssamband i framtida forskning. Sambanden behöver även uppmärksammas för att motverka hierarkiska skiljelinjer mellan kamratgrupper när man förebygger och avstyr mobbning. / The purpose of this essay is to explain how peer groups and social hierarchies are an essential part of, and generate bullying among school adolescents. This has been conducted through qualitative meta-analysis of research articles, which have been interpreted through sociological theories on stigmatization and power relationships between minor social groups. The results are presented through a grounded theory approach and analyzed by meta-analytic methods and discourse analytic ontology. The analysis indicates that peer groups and social hierarchies are stages of complex social processes, between the formations of school classes up until bullying breaks out. The essay concludes that further research of each causal relationship is needed in future research. The causalities also need to be considered when preventing social hierarchies and intervening in school bullying situations.