This paper examines the relative influence of family stressors and the family’s socioeconomic circumstances on children’s happiness. Data from the 9 year old cohort of the national Growing Up in Ireland study (GUI) was used to examine these relationships. The sample consisted of 8,568 children and their families. The stressors considered were a conflictual parent–child relationship; children with emotional and social problems; parental depression; low parental self-efficacy and child isolation. A group of families and children who were experiencing a higher level of these stressors was identified. This constituted 16 % of the sample. Although socioeconomic disadvantage contributed significantly to the vulnerability of this group, it was by no means the sole or dominant issue. Using the Piers-Harris Happiness and Satisfaction Subscale, children’s self-assessed happiness in this identified group was found to be significantly lower than in the other groups, irrespective of socioeconomic and demographic variables. The family stressors were found to explain more than twice the variance in the children’s happiness than explained by the measures of socioeconomic status. Nonetheless, most of the variance remains unexplained. Future research directions to explore this are indicated.

Atualmente a atenção básica no sistema de saúde pública brasileiro, tem sido reorganizada pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Este estudo tem como objetivo principal conhecer as características das famílias que se cadastram na ESF em relação àquelas que numa mesma área não se cadastram, para que, desta forma, possamos avaliar se as famílias cadastradas são realmente as mais necessitadas economicamente e em termos de atenção à saúde. Foi realizado um inquérito populacional na área de abrangência de um dos núcleos de saúde da família (NSF) no bairro Sumarezinho da cidade de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Participaram do sorteio da amostra a ser estudada todos os domicílios situados em sua a área de abrangência, independente de serem cadastrados ou não na ESF. A amostra foi estratificada pelas cinco microáreas pertencentes à área da unidade. Em cada microárea 15% das famílias cadastradas (C) na ESF e 60% das não cadastradas (NC) foram sorteadas. A coleta de informações foi realizada por meio de um questionário (completo) previamente elaborado, estruturado e pré-testado, aplicado a um membro da família. Foram coletadas informações de 209 famílias, relacionadas: à saúde geral e bucal, cobertura de plano de saúde médico e odontológico, condições socioeconômicas, dentre outras. Além disso, informações sobre o perfil de utilização da ESF pelas famílias C e os motivos para não participação das NC, foram também coletados. A análise descritiva foi seguida de análise bivariada entre os grupos de C e NC. Para variáveis contínuas, comparações de médias (teste t) apropriadas foram realizadas, e para variáveis categóricas, o teste de quiquadrado foi empregado.Foram construídos dois modelos de maneira hierárquica, para análise multivariável. 30,8% das famílias NC não tinham conhecimento da existência da ESF no bairro. Dentre as que já conheciam a não participação foi justificada pela posse de plano de saúde. Cerca de 28,0% dos membros das famílias C não utilizam a ESF, a razão mais comum para isso é ter um plano de saúde ou não ter problemas de saúde. O principal motivo para utilização da ESF pelas famílias C é para realização de consultas de rotina. As famílias C têm em geral mais doenças diagnosticadas do que as NC, especialmente artrite/artrose, diabetes, hipertensão, problemas cardíacos, asma e problemas de coluna. Com base no modelo construído para todos as famílias participantes do estudo, as variáveis que melhor predisseram estar cadastrado na ESF foram escolaridade e ocupação do chefe da família, o tempo de moradia no bairro, porcentagem de pessoas com convênio de saúde e número de moradores. No modelo para as famílias que responderam questionário completo a classificação de poder de compra (ABEP) foi mais importante do que a escolaridade do chefe da família. A média de idade da família e a porcentagem de indivíduos embora não tenha sido estatisticamente significante ao ser incluída no modelo (p= 0.289), mostra que existe uma tendência de famílias com média de idade maior se cadastrar mais na ESF. / Currently, the basic care in Brazilian public health system, has been reorganized by the Family Health Strategy (FHS). This study aims to understand the main characteristics of the families signing up in the FHS for those in the same area not signing up. For that, this way we can assess whether the families are actually registered the most deprived economically and in terms of health care. It was an investigation population in the area of coverage of one of the centers of family health, Sumarezinho neighborhood in the city of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Part of the draw of the sample being studied all homes located in the area of coverage of CFH1, whether they registered or not in FHS. Have been excluded from the draw the buildings used for commercial or institutional and homes without residents. The sample was stratified by the five belonging to the microarea of CFH1. In each microarea 15% of households registered (R) at the FHS and 60% of non-registered (NR) were drawn. The data collection was conducted through a questionnaire (full) previously prepared, structured, pre-tested, applied to a family member. Data were collected from 209 families, related to: the general health and oral, plan for coverage of medical and dental health, socio-economic conditions, among others. In addition, information on the profile to use the FHS by households R and the reasons for non-participation of NC, were also collected. The descriptive analysis was followed by the bivariate analysis between groups of R and NR. For continuous variables, comparisons of means (t test) were made appropriate, and categorical variables, the Chi-square test was used. Two models were constructed on a hierarchical, for multivariate analysis. 30.8% of households NR were not aware of the existence of the FHS in the neighborhood. Among those who already knew the non-participation was justified by the possession of the health plan. About 28.0% of the members of the families R does not use the FHS, the most common reason for this is to have a health plan or not having health problems. The main reason for use of the FHS by households R is to hold consultations routine. R The families generally have more disease than those diagnosed NR, especially arthritis/osteoarthritis, diabetes, hypertension, heart problems, asthma and spine problems. Based on the model built for all the families participating in the study, the variables that best predicted to be registered in the ESF were schooling and occupation of head of household, the time of housing in the neighborhood, percentage of people with agreement on health and number of residents. In the model for the families who answered the questionnaire complete classification of purchasing power (ABEP) was more important than the education of the head of the family. The average age of the family and the percentage of individuals but was not statistically significant to be included in the model, shows that there is a tendency for families with average age is higher registered more at FHS.

Atualmente a atenção básica no sistema de saúde pública brasileiro, tem sido reorganizada pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Este estudo tem como objetivo principal conhecer as características das famílias que se cadastram na ESF em relação àquelas que numa mesma área não se cadastram, para que, desta forma, possamos avaliar se as famílias cadastradas são realmente as mais necessitadas economicamente e em termos de atenção à saúde. Foi realizado um inquérito populacional na área de abrangência de um dos núcleos de saúde da família (NSF) no bairro Sumarezinho da cidade de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Participaram do sorteio da amostra a ser estudada todos os domicílios situados em sua a área de abrangência, independente de serem cadastrados ou não na ESF. A amostra foi estratificada pelas cinco microáreas pertencentes à área da unidade. Em cada microárea 15% das famílias cadastradas (C) na ESF e 60% das não cadastradas (NC) foram sorteadas. A coleta de informações foi realizada por meio de um questionário (completo) previamente elaborado, estruturado e pré-testado, aplicado a um membro da família. Foram coletadas informações de 209 famílias, relacionadas: à saúde geral e bucal, cobertura de plano de saúde médico e odontológico, condições socioeconômicas, dentre outras. Além disso, informações sobre o perfil de utilização da ESF pelas famílias C e os motivos para não participação das NC, foram também coletados. A análise descritiva foi seguida de análise bivariada entre os grupos de C e NC. Para variáveis contínuas, comparações de médias (teste t) apropriadas foram realizadas, e para variáveis categóricas, o teste de quiquadrado foi empregado.Foram construídos dois modelos de maneira hierárquica, para análise multivariável. 30,8% das famílias NC não tinham conhecimento da existência da ESF no bairro. Dentre as que já conheciam a não participação foi justificada pela posse de plano de saúde. Cerca de 28,0% dos membros das famílias C não utilizam a ESF, a razão mais comum para isso é ter um plano de saúde ou não ter problemas de saúde. O principal motivo para utilização da ESF pelas famílias C é para realização de consultas de rotina. As famílias C têm em geral mais doenças diagnosticadas do que as NC, especialmente artrite/artrose, diabetes, hipertensão, problemas cardíacos, asma e problemas de coluna. Com base no modelo construído para todos as famílias participantes do estudo, as variáveis que melhor predisseram estar cadastrado na ESF foram escolaridade e ocupação do chefe da família, o tempo de moradia no bairro, porcentagem de pessoas com convênio de saúde e número de moradores. No modelo para as famílias que responderam questionário completo a classificação de poder de compra (ABEP) foi mais importante do que a escolaridade do chefe da família. A média de idade da família e a porcentagem de indivíduos embora não tenha sido estatisticamente significante ao ser incluída no modelo (p= 0.289), mostra que existe uma tendência de famílias com média de idade maior se cadastrar mais na ESF. / Currently, the basic care in Brazilian public health system, has been reorganized by the Family Health Strategy (FHS). This study aims to understand the main characteristics of the families signing up in the FHS for those in the same area not signing up. For that, this way we can assess whether the families are actually registered the most deprived economically and in terms of health care. It was an investigation population in the area of coverage of one of the centers of family health, Sumarezinho neighborhood in the city of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Part of the draw of the sample being studied all homes located in the area of coverage of CFH1, whether they registered or not in FHS. Have been excluded from the draw the buildings used for commercial or institutional and homes without residents. The sample was stratified by the five belonging to the microarea of CFH1. In each microarea 15% of households registered (R) at the FHS and 60% of non-registered (NR) were drawn. The data collection was conducted through a questionnaire (full) previously prepared, structured, pre-tested, applied to a family member. Data were collected from 209 families, related to: the general health and oral, plan for coverage of medical and dental health, socio-economic conditions, among others. In addition, information on the profile to use the FHS by households R and the reasons for non-participation of NC, were also collected. The descriptive analysis was followed by the bivariate analysis between groups of R and NR. For continuous variables, comparisons of means (t test) were made appropriate, and categorical variables, the Chi-square test was used. Two models were constructed on a hierarchical, for multivariate analysis. 30.8% of households NR were not aware of the existence of the FHS in the neighborhood. Among those who already knew the non-participation was justified by the possession of the health plan. About 28.0% of the members of the families R does not use the FHS, the most common reason for this is to have a health plan or not having health problems. The main reason for use of the FHS by households R is to hold consultations routine. R The families generally have more disease than those diagnosed NR, especially arthritis/osteoarthritis, diabetes, hypertension, heart problems, asthma and spine problems. Based on the model built for all the families participating in the study, the variables that best predicted to be registered in the ESF were schooling and occupation of head of household, the time of housing in the neighborhood, percentage of people with agreement on health and number of residents. In the model for the families who answered the questionnaire complete classification of purchasing power (ABEP) was more important than the education of the head of the family. The average age of the family and the percentage of individuals but was not statistically significant to be included in the model, shows that there is a tendency for families with average age is higher registered more at FHS.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ariadne.pdf: 1881547 bytes, checksum: 5eda55be3197c20bcbcf2d5e6b1a9f63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-17 / O trabalho como coordenadora pedagógica da Comissão Permanente de Avaliação (CPA) do Centro Estadual de Educação Magalhães Neto – CEA, onde exames supletivos são desenvolvidos, estimulou a realização da presente dissertação de mestrado que tem por objetivo conhecer as motivações que levam pais, mães e seus filhos, de contextos socioeconômicos diversos, a optarem pelos exames supletivos. O estudo caracterizou-se por ser descritivo exploratório e teve 80 participantes. Estes foram subdivididos em Grupo 1, composto por 20 candidatos aos exames supletivos e seus respectivos pais/mães pertencentes às classes sociais A e B, e o Grupo 2 abarcou 20 candidatos das classes sociais C e D e seus pais/mães. Os critérios de classe foram os estabelecidos pelo IBGE, no Censo 2010, e a idade dos candidatos variou de 15 a 20 anos. Para a coleta de dados foram construídos dois questionários semiestruturados: um para os candidatos e outro para os seus pais. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UCSal. Houve convite aos participantes no Centro Estadual de Educação Magalhães Neto – CEA e os que aceitaram, assinaram o Termo de Consentimento/Assentimento Livre e Esclarecido e, em seguida, preencheram o questionário na sala da Coordenação Pedagógica da referida instituição. Os dados foram analisados construindo categorias a partir das respostas obtidas e calculando-se as respectivas porcentagens. Além disso, houve análise da quantidade de inscritos, dos presentes e dos aprovados nas avaliações dos exames supletivos da referida escola no período de 2010 a 2013. Os principais resultados foram: na unidade escolar estudada, havia uma maior procura pelos exames supletivos referentes ao ensino médio do que ao ensino fundamental II. Foi crescente a procura por tais exames, mas o percentual de reprovação mostrou-se elevado. Para os/as pais/mães das classes A e B (Grupo 1), a principal motivação para que o(a) filho(a) realizasse os exames supletivos foi a antecipação do ingresso dele(a) na universidade. Por outro lado, os pais das classes C e D (Grupo 2) queriam que o(a) filho(a) concluísse o ensino médio com maior rapidez por estar em defasagem idade/série. Os jovens do Grupo 1 estavam motivados principalmente pelo fato de terem sido aprovados em faculdade/ENEM. Por sua vez, para os jovens do Grupo 2, as motivações estavam voltadas para obter a certificação em decorrência da defasagem idade/série e para poder inserir-se mais facilmente no mercado de trabalho. Nos diversos contextos, há expectativas dos pais para que os filhos tornem-se bons profissionais e sejam independentes economicamente. A educação é valorizada por todos os entrevistados, mas há a necessidade de políticas públicas eficazes que garantam educação formal de qualidade para todos, numa sociedade que a cada dia exige mais capacitação dos seus cidadãos. / Working as educational coordinator of the Standing Committee Assessment (CPA) the State Center for Education Magalhães Neto – CEA, where suppletive exams are developed, led to the development of this dissertation which aims to understand the motivations that lead parents and their children, representing different social contexts, opt for supplementary course exams. The study was characterized by being descriptive exploratory and had 80 participants. These were divided into Group 1 comprised 20 candidates for supplementary course examinations and their fathers/mothers belonged to A and B social classes, and Group 2 encompassed 20 candidates of C and D social classes and their fathers/mothers. The class criteria were established by the IBGE in the 2010 Census, and the age of the candidates ranged from 15 to 20 years. For data collections were built two semi-structured questionnaires: one for the candidates and one for their parents. The study was approved by UCSal Research Ethics Committee. There was invitation to participants in the State Center for Education Magalhães Neto – CEA and who agreed, signed the Consent/Free and Clear Assent and then completed the questionnaire in the Pedagogical Coordination room of the mentioned institution. Data were analyzed building categories from the responses obtained and calculating the respective percentages. Furthermore, there was analysis of the subscribers’ amount, current and approved on reviews from suppletives tests of that school in the period 2010 t0 2013. The main results were: in the studied school, there was a greater demand for supplementary course examinations related to high school than the elementary school II. The demand for such tests increased, but the failure percentage was high. For the fathers/mothers of classes A and B (Group 1), the main motivation for the son performs the tests suppletives was the anticipation of his access at the university. On the other hand, parents of Class C and D (Group 2) wanted the son conclude the high school faster by being overdue in age/grade. Young people from Group 1 were mainly motivated by the fact that they were approved in college/ENEM. In turn, for young people in Group 2, the motivations were aimed to obtain certification as a result of age/grade and to be able to enter more easily into the labor market. In many contexts, there are parents’ expectations for their children to become good professionals and economically independent. Education is valued by all respondents, but there is the need for effective public policies that guarantee formal quality education for all, a society that every day requires more training of its citizens.

Studien sökte besvara hur det kompensatoriska uppdraget uppfattades, vad som kompenserades, vilka strategier som användes samt förutsättningar för det. Social bakgrund i relation till det kompensatoriska uppdraget har genomsyrat skolans utveckling över tid och därav låg studiens fokus på det. Tidigare forskning visade att social bakgrund samt språknivå korrelerar väl med skolprestation. Data samlades in med hjälp av 18 semistrukturerade intervjuer med lärare, specialpedagoger, rektorer och skolchef från förskola till gymnasiet, mejlkonversation med tre statliga skolmyndigheter samt personliga samtal med två statstjänstemän. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter inbegrep intersektionalitet, specialpedagogiska perspektiv, sociokulturellt och salutogent perspektiv samt habitus. Enligt Skollagen ska skolan kompensera för elevers olika behov och förutsättningar. Trots att informanterna kompenserade för många saker, framförallt neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar, framkom en viss osäkerhet kring uppdraget då det var relativt okänt och dels uppfattades tolkningsbart. Förutsättningarna för uppdraget varierade. De största hindren tycktes vara brist på kommunikation kring uppdraget samt resurser. Statstjänstemännen var tydliga med att det är språket som ska kompenseras. De flesta av informanterna ansåg inte att kopplingen mellan social bakgrund samt språknivå och kompensatoriska insatser är tydlig. Många uttryckte att de kopplar social bakgrund till föräldrars förmåga att stötta sina barn med läxläsning eller ekonomiska förutsättningar. En av studiens slutsatser var att det kompensatoriska uppdraget behöver förtydligas och diskuteras i större omfattning. / This study sought to show how the compensatory mission is perceived, what is being compensated as well as which strategies are used and finally the prerequisites for the mission. Social context in relation to the compensatory mission has throughout the history of school been of importance and it is therefore a focal point in this study. Previous research showed that social context as well as language skills corresponds well to a student's school performance. The data collection method was semi structured interviews with a total of 18 teachers, special educators, headmasters and a headmaster of education, from nursery and preschool to high school. Data were also collected from three national school authorities and two officials. The theoretical framework included different perspectives such as intersectional, special education, sociocultural, salutogenic and habitus. According to the school law, the school ought to compensate for the different needs and prerequisites of the students. Despite the fact that the informants compensated for many things, in particular neuropsychiatric disabilities, an uncertainty concerning the mission arose since it was relatively unknown and was apprehended as interpretable. The prerequisites for the mission varied. The mayor obstacles for the mission seemed to be lack of communication regarding the mission and resources. The two officials were explicit concerning that it is the language that should be compensated for. The informants did not find the connections between social background and compensatory input or language clear. Nevertheless, they saw a coupling between social background and parents´ ability to support their children with homework or economic preconditions. One of the conclusions of the study was that the compensatory mission needs to be clarified and be discussed to a greater extent.

A partir d’idées purement théoriques sur l’enfance, fruits d’un bouleversement sociétal en occident au temps des Lumières, il a fallu des siècles pour accomplir le trajet conduisant à la reconnaissance juridique des droits de l’enfant : La Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant de 1989 marque l’aboutissement et le point de départ d’une nouvelle vision de l’enfant. Ainsi, les droits de l’enfant deviennent un enjeu politique et juridique pour tous les États qui l’ont ratifié dont la France et le Maroc. Si pour la France, la ratification de la CIDE a été le prolongement de réformes entamées au niveau interne, il s’agit pour le Maroc d’une première prise de conscience. Néanmoins, la reconnaissance des droits de l’enfant ne s’arrête pas au stade de la ratification symbolique du texte international. Les États parties doivent rendre effective les dispositions de la CIDE que ce soit au niveau de la norme ou en pratique. La mise en œuvre du texte international dont son applicabilité directe devant le juge, sa concrétisation dans le quotidien de l’enfant, l’adoption de sa philosophie et de sa nouvelle logique constitue les preuves de cette reconnaissance. En effet, c’est à ce stade là que les divergences entre les deux systèmes juridiques étudiés s’opèrent. Entre débordements et manquements, omniprésence et occasionalité, chaque contexte et chaque système juridique appréhende la question des droits de l’enfant, notamment son effectivité en dépend de son histoire, de son processus socioculturel, de son système politique et également de sa situation socioéconomique. De cette manière, la CIDE devient un outil parmi d’autre et non pas un objectif en soi. Au final ce sont les droits de l’enfant qu’on veut réaliser et non pas le compromis des États signataires de la Convention. / From purely theoretical ideas on the childhood, the fruits of a societal upheaval in west in the time of the Lights, were needed centuries to carry out the route leading to the legal recognition of children rights: the International Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989 marks the outcome and the starting point of a new vision of the child. So, children rights became a political and legal stake for all the States which ratified it among which France and Morocco. If for France, the ratification of the CIDE was the continuation of reforms begun at the internal level, it is a question for Morocco of a first awarenessNevertheless, the recognition of children rights does not stop at the stage of the symbolic ratification of the international text. Involved states have to make effective the capacitieS of the CIDE whether it is at the level of the standard or in practice. The implementation of the international text among which its direct applicability in front of the judge, its realization in the everyday life of the child, the adoption of its philosophy and its new logic establishes the proofs of this gratitude. Indeed, it is at this stage that the differences between both studied legal systems take place.Between overflowing and breaches, omnipresence and occasionality, every context and every legal system dreads the question of children rights, in particular its effectiveness depends on its history, sociocultural process, political system and also its socioeconomic situation. In this way, the CIDE becomes a tool among of the other one and not the objective in itself. In the end it is the children rights which we want to realize and not the compromise agreed by the states who signed up the convention.