Submitted in compliance with the requirements for the Doctor’s Degree in Language Practice, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Even after political liberation in South Africa, a mismatch exists between the principles of freedom of religious observance taught in Religion Education and the actual religious observances in public schools. Anglican hymns, prayers and observances are still being used in schools where the religious ethos has changed from one of Christianity to include Hinduism, Islam and Judaism, as well as Shembe and Zionist religions. The Draft Policy on Religion Education stipulates that there should be a distinction between home religions and the school’s official religious instruction. School religious observances, particularly observances which reflect the oppressive nature of past colonial impositions, should not give offence to learners from other religious denominations, or belittle their own practices. This thesis investigates the hegemonic influence of colonial religious observances and their possible effect on school populations. Within a critical linguistic approach, which explores the ways in which language both sets in place and reflects the relations of power implicit in social functioning, a critical discourse analysis was carried out on current and topical media texts reporting on contentious issues involving religious observances in schools. Community members were also consulted by means of surveys and interviews so as to provide an overview of the social context of the wider community within which the schools were situated. The resulting data could then be used to triangulate data obtained from the discourse analysis, and either confirm, modify or challenge the latter. The results suggest that, not only is there a strong hegemonic influence present in schools, as a result of the lingering vestiges of traditional colonial Christianity, but that modern Christian movements are also beginning to exert a persuasive influence on non-Christian populations. The issue of religious observance in schools is a highly complex and potentially controversial issue, but one which merits study in view of the fact that the stakeholders’ right to freedom of religious observance may be violated on a daily basis. / D

Thesis (MDram (Drama))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The spoken language usually consists of the formal and standardised component and an informal colloquial language. The colloquial language may include some language variants. These variants are forms of the language that show deviations when compared to the standardised form of the language and are usually spoken by a specific group of people. Sometimes these colloquial variants are used in writing. This study looks at the use of these colloquial variants in theatre scripts. The variants are implemented for various functions in these scripts, which include the metaphoric, the comic, the realistic, the poetical and the political uses as well as the documentation of specific variants. In this research project I discuss the use and functions of a few Afrikaans variants in plays. Other areas of interest include sociolinguistics, the influence of English on Afrikaans and its impact on the future of Afrikaans, as well as a brief discussion of the problematic term Standard Afrikaans.

published_or_final_version / English Studies / Master / Master of Arts

國立政治大學研究所碩士論文提要 研究所別：語言學研究所 論文名稱：中文交談中修復之社會語言學分析 指導教授：詹惠珍 博士 研究生：魏詩婷 論文提要內容： 在交談情境中，當說話者(Interlocutor)無法清楚表達其訊息時就必須進行修復(Repair)。修復的種類不僅止於句法結構，在說話者發現語意不足時，就有做語意修復的必要性。而修復的種類也會依其所行使的語用功能(Pragmatic Function)而有所不同。修復的方式更有可能因交談者雙方的年齡差距大小而改變。因此，本研究針對說話者行使的語用功能及交談者的年齡差距來探討修復的語言形式與使用情形。 本研究所使用的語料來自十份日常生活會話。其中，三份來自於20-30歲的說話者，三份來自於40-55歲的說話者；其餘四份來自於跨年齡層的交談者。另外，交談者的關係若非好友則為親戚，因此較沒有距離感。每份語料長約三十至四十分鐘，主題均與日常生活相關，以便蒐集到最自然的語料。 語料又根據修復的方式分為句法層次（Syntactic Level）及語意層次(Semantic Level)。其中句法層次又包含刪除（Deletion與添加(Addition)兩重種策略；語意層次則包括替換(Replacement)及添加(Addition)兩個策略。語用功能則分為釐清(Clarification)、確認(Confirmation)、解釋(Explanation)、贊成(Agreement)、強調(Emphasis)及弱化(Alleviation)六種。 所有語料先經分類後，再加以統計檢定。研究結果發現：(一)說話者使用語意修復的頻率顯著高於句法修復，(二)在語意修復中，又以縮限(Narrowing)的使用情形最多。(三)修復大多用來行使釐清語意的功能。(四)說話對象的年齡對修復的使用有部分顯著的影響。(五)年紀小的說話者較少對年紀大的聽話者進行修復。除了量化分析之外，本研究亦追加訪談，以便雨量話分析的結果做初步比對。訪談內容發現，大部分的說話者認為他們的確會因為不同的語用目的而使用不同的修復，但交談者的年齡並不會完全影響修復的使用情形。 關鍵字：社會語言學，交談分析，語用學，修復 / Abstract Perfect utterances do not occur all the time during the conversation. An unclear message is usually repaired to maintain the clarity of meaning. Repair forms at Syntactic and Semantic levels are examined in this study. Also, it is proposed that formal distribution of repair forms are conditioned by pragmatic and social factors. On pragmatic aspect, the principles of Clarity and Expressivity are conformed. For social constraint on repair forms, the influence of interlocutors’ age is suggested. Data analyzed in this study are collected from ten dyadic, face-to-face daily conversations, with each lasting more than 30 minutes. Subjects in the ten conversations share the same ethnic background—Taiwanese. In addition, they are from two different age groups, with half of them at the age between 20 to 30 and the other half between 40 to 55. Among the ten conversations: three of them are conducted by both interlocutors being old, three by both interlocutors being young, and four by interlocutors from different age groups. Repair forms found in the data are categorized into two linguistic categories. In Syntactic aspect, repairs are derived from Deletion and Addition strategies, the former consists of Word-Deletion, Ellipsis, and Marker Deletion, and the latter Modal Addition, Addition of Marker for Focus Changing, and Addition of Marker for Attitudinal Adjustment. As for Semantic repairs, they are those resulted from strategies of Replacement and Addition. The former includes Synonyms, Substantializatoin, Hyponymy, and Hypernymy; while the latter is composed of Narrowing. Results of quantitative analysis yield several patterns. First, repair forms at Semantic level score significantly higher than those on Syntactic level. Moreover, within the Semantic realm, Narrowing is the strategy most frequently used. Second, there seems to be a significantly stronger preference for repairs to conform Clarity principle than to comply Expressivity principle. Among pragmatic functions under Clarity principle, Clarification is the pragmatic function that recieves first priority. Interlocutors’ age is only partially influential to a speaker’s choice of repair forms with interlocutors from younger age group being noticed to be putting more emphasis on the importance of hearers’ age than those from older age group. Follow-up interviews suggest that interlocutors manifest repair differently for certain purposes. However, most interviewees point out that the consideration of both interlocutors’ age does not influence the choice of repair forms. Instead, it is hearers’ age, solely, that lay significant effects on the use of repairs for pragmatic functions. Key Words: Sociolinguistics, Conversation Analysis, Pragmatics, Repair

Previous studies in child language socialization have adopted the approach of studying how children become competent members of their social groups through the use of language. This study began as an attempt to study child language socialization within selected Tucson U.S. Mexican households within this prevailing paradigm. During the course of fieldwork, it was found that the complexities of Borderlands structural and hegemonic relationships could not be adequately addressed within a theoretical assumption of homeostatic and monosemic communities. The ambiguities of "Mexican-ness" do not provide a consensually agreed upon or collectively implicit framework for language socialization. Instead, fluid domains are contested and negotiated as language socialization is construed as a constitutive process of "selfhood" for the child. Rather than replicating and reproducing previously transmitted information, certain parents and caregivers were found to actively engage in constructing an ethos for their own childhood experiences. Multivocality within multiple interactive spheres was identified as parents and caregivers often alternated between symbolic resistance and opposition, and accomodation. Additionally, an affective base for language socialization is postulated. An "emotion of minority status" that is structurally constituted and embedded within regional hegemonic relations is presented as a formative backdrop for children in this population. The essential methodology involved lengthy ethnographic observations coupled with audiocassette recordings of naturally occurring speech. Caregivers were supplied with tape recorders and cassettes and were asked to record interaction within the households, specifically at mealtime, bed time and homework sessions. In-depth open-ended interviews were taped with parents, and in some cases, grandparents, regarding their own perceptions of child-rearing, language habits, and value orientations. Extensive household histories, detailing residential, labor and family history, were also collected.

<p>The study investigated the practice of codeswitching within the Cape Flats speech community of Cape Town. Members of this speech community have always been exposed to both English and Afrikaans in formal as well as informal contexts. Due to constant exposure to both languages, as well as historical and political experiences, members of the speech community have come to utilize both languages within a single conversation and even within a single utterance. Codeswitching is an integral part of the community's speech behaviour. The main purpose of this research was to uncover and analyze the motivations behind codeswitching in the bilingual communities of Cape Town, while also providing a strong argument that codeswitching patterns evident in their speech do not always correspond completely with linguistic constraints that are regarded as 'universal'.</p>

Les auteurs francophones vivent et écrivent souvent dans des contextes plurilingues ; ainsi, un des traits marquants des littératures francophones est de placer au cœur de la problématique identitaire une réflexion sur la langue et sur la manière d’articuler les rapports entre la langue et la littérature. La complexité de ces rapports, généralement conflictuels, qu’entretiennent entre elles les langues en contact, donne lieu à la « surconscience linguistique » (Gauvin 1997), caractéristique commune des littératures francophones, qui peut prendre des formes diverses. Quatre romans provenant d’aires francophones fort différentes ont été considérés, ainsi que leur traductions respectives : Les soleils des indépendances de Kourouma, Texaco de Chamoiseau, Les belles-sœurs de Tremblay et Jour de silence à Tanger de Ben Jelloun. Cette étude vise à saisir de quelle façon il est possible de traduire les rapports sociolinguistiques entre les langues. Les difficultés et les stratégies mises en place par les traducteurs italiens ont été analysée grâce à l’élaboration d’un modèle d’analyse qui considère le contexte de la création de l’œuvre ; la représentation de l’œuvre face au public cible ; les signifiés dénotatifs et connotatifs des lexèmes diatopiquement marqués et des néologismes d’auteur ; les techniques de traduction employées. Il s’agit de voir quelle image, éventuellement exotique, a été « fabriquée »pour attirer l’attention des lecteurs italiens ; par quelles techniques les traducteurs ont réussi à véhiculer les signifiés strictement liés à une langue non standard. En somme, la thèse met en relation les études sur la francophonie avec les recherches en traductologie. / Francophone authors often live and write in plurilingual contexts. Reflections about language and the way to articulate the relationship between language and literature are thus very frequent in Francophone literature while treating the identity issue. Complex and controversial relationships among languages in contact give birth to “linguistic overconscoiusness” (surconscience linguistique- Gauvin 1997), which is common in Francophone literature, even if it can have different forms. We take into consideration four novels originitaing from four different Francophone areas: Les Soleils des Indépendance by Kourouma, Texaco by Chamoiseau, Les Belles-soeurs by Tremblay, and Jour de silence à Tanger by Ben Jelloun. This study aims to investigate in which way it is possible to translate different sociolinguistic relations into Italian. Difficulties and strategies used by the Italian translators have been analyzed thanks to a model of analysis taking into account various factors: the context of novel creation; the representation of the francophone novel in the target culture; the connotative and denotative meanings of diatopic words and authorial neologisms; formal techniques of translation. We try to understand which image, possibly exotic, has been built in order to catch the attention of the Italian reader, and by which techniques translators succeed in transposing meanings linked to a non standard language. Finally, this dissertation relates studies in Francophony to research on translation.

This diploma thesis focuses on the sociolinguistic analysis of the language of female characters in a play, musical and film. The theoretical part summarizes sociolinguistic literature and it also scrutinizes the current findings of the influence of gender, social class and identity on language. These concepts are discussed both from linguistic and sociological point of view. The practical part is aimed at the analysis of woman's language in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion and its two adaptations, the musical My Fair Lady and the film Pretty Woman. It deals with the change of the main characters that become representatives of upper social class. The change is discussed diachronically in terms of language, especially pronunciation, lexis, grammar and style, but also in terms of identity and social class.

The subject of the master thesis is language attitudes. The focus is put on how language attitudes can affect the way how the language is changing, how they can be expressed and which factors play important roles in forming of language attitudes. There have been a number of sociological and sociolinguistic case studies in this field in Norway. Based on them, I compare the Norwegian and Czech attitudes to the latest trends in language change such as globalization, regionalization and others. The main questions are: how do factors forming language attitudes to language varieties differ when compared Norwegian and Czech? How are language attitudes affected by differencies in history and culture in these two lands? Hypothetical, the factors connected to contact with English would be quite similar both in Norwegian and Czech. On the other hand the relationship between standard spoken language and dialects would differ more mostly because of these varieties have a different status in Norwegian and Czech context.

The presented study focuses on the processes involved in the formation of words in contemporary English slang. The aim of the study is to determine which patterns of word building are the most frequent, also compared to the general word stock of contemporary English, based on the analysis of a representative sample of contemporary slang expressions. In addition, the study attempts to determine if there are any phenomena that have been given little or no attention so far. The study consists of two parts. The theoretical part describes the phenomena that are relevant to the scope of the research and the study in general. The first section of the theoretical part includes a description of slang, also pointing out the differences in the treatment of slang between the English-speaking and Czech linguistic tradition. The second section contains a description of the source of the data used in the research, namely, the open Internet repository of slang expressions Urban Dictionary, which is one of the most widely used slang dictionaries on the Internet. The third section provides an overview of word- formation processes that are productive in contemporary English and relevant to the source material of slang lexemes. They include affixation, compounding, conversion, shortening, semantic change, borrowing or...