This dissertation reviews the history and discourse of the debate regarding the use of unnamed sources in journalism. A quantitative and qualitative content analysis explores how the use of anonymous sources has changed over the years. The ethics justifying their use are examined through the lens of utilitarianism. The author offers guidelines for their future use.

The mining, agricultural and energy sectors, along with the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) are critical role players in managing South Africa’s water resources. Water resources are under increasing pressure due to continuous population growth and economic development. It is critical to adopt a management policy that can lead to sustainable water supply. The National Water Act, 1998, (Act 36 of 1998), Section 56(1) instructs the Minister of Water Affairs to establish a Pricing Strategy for charges for any water use described in Section 21 of the Act. In light of this the Department implemented the Waste Discharge Charge System (WDCS). The WDCS is based on the polluter-pays principle and is focussed on load reduction on order to achieve or maintain resource quality objectives. One of the legal requirements in the mining industry is to have a water use license under Section 21 of the National Water Act of 1998 (South Africa, 1998b) which will lead to the application of the WDCS to the mining industry. This mini-dissertation assesses how the WDCS can be practically implemented from a gold mining perspective. The WDCS require the identification of point and diffuse sources from various pollution sources. A case study was used to determine what information and instruments will be required at a gold mine to implement the WDCS. The determining of the point and diffuse discharges require multidisciplinary studies with the integration of different spheres of the environment. To assist with this a GoldSim model was developed. The main function of the model was to determine the seepage rates per day from pollution sources using the available information. The seepage rates and the water qualities were used to determine the waste loads discharged to the environment. Using the instruments above, a methodology was provided to determine the point and diffuse sources of pollution and calculate the load that will be discharged to the environment which will form the basis of the WDCS. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The mining, agricultural and energy sectors, along with the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) are critical role players in managing South Africa’s water resources. Water resources are under increasing pressure due to continuous population growth and economic development. It is critical to adopt a management policy that can lead to sustainable water supply. The National Water Act, 1998, (Act 36 of 1998), Section 56(1) instructs the Minister of Water Affairs to establish a Pricing Strategy for charges for any water use described in Section 21 of the Act. In light of this the Department implemented the Waste Discharge Charge System (WDCS). The WDCS is based on the polluter-pays principle and is focussed on load reduction on order to achieve or maintain resource quality objectives. One of the legal requirements in the mining industry is to have a water use license under Section 21 of the National Water Act of 1998 (South Africa, 1998b) which will lead to the application of the WDCS to the mining industry. This mini-dissertation assesses how the WDCS can be practically implemented from a gold mining perspective. The WDCS require the identification of point and diffuse sources from various pollution sources. A case study was used to determine what information and instruments will be required at a gold mine to implement the WDCS. The determining of the point and diffuse discharges require multidisciplinary studies with the integration of different spheres of the environment. To assist with this a GoldSim model was developed. The main function of the model was to determine the seepage rates per day from pollution sources using the available information. The seepage rates and the water qualities were used to determine the waste loads discharged to the environment. Using the instruments above, a methodology was provided to determine the point and diffuse sources of pollution and calculate the load that will be discharged to the environment which will form the basis of the WDCS. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri State University, 2008. / "May 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-136). Also available online.

En géophysique, les réseaux denses améliorent la caractérisation spatiale et fréquentielle des différents types d’ondes dans le milieu. Bien entendu, l’acquisition en surface est sujette aux ondes de surface qui sont très fortes. Les ondes de surface ont un fort impact sur les données géophysiques acquises au niveau du sol. Elles peuvent être considérées comme du bruit et être sujettes à la suppression puisqu’elles cachent l’information de sous-surface. Cependant, elles peuvent être utiles pour l’imagerie de proche surface si elles sont convenablement récupérées.Dans tous les cas, leur caractérisation est cruciale en géophysique d’exploration active et passive. Dans la surveillance microsismique passive, le bruit de surface ambiant est composé d’ondes de surface. L’objectif principal de la surveillance passive est de minimiser l’impact des ondes de surface sur les données microsismiques. Le fort bruit de surface diminue la sensibilité etl’efficacité des méthodes de détection et de localisation. De plus, les méthodes actuelles de localisation et de détection nécessitent généralement la connaissance d’informations telles qu’un un modèle de vitesse ou un modèle d’événement. Dans la sismique active, de fortes ondes de surface sont générés par des sources actives. Les stratégies actuelles de traitement sont généralement basées sur une sélection manuelle des ondes de surface afin de choisir lesquelles garder. Il s’agit là d’une tâche complexe, coûteuse et sujette à interprétation. Cependant, cette tâche est nécessaire pour l’imagerie de proche-surface et de sous-surface. Les ondes de surface peuvent être particulièrement difficiles à récupérer dans des acquisitions clairsemées.Nous proposons d’appliquer les techniques d’interférométrie et de formation de voies (telles que le Matched Field Processing) dans le contexte des réseaux denses. Une densité de traces importante ouvre de nouvelles possibilités dans les traitements géophysiques, qu’ils soient actifs ou passifs. Nous montrons que le bruit ambiant peut être utilisé dans le traitement microsismique pour extraire des informations importantes sur les propriétés du milieu. De plus, nous développons une approche de débruitage qui permet de supprimer les sources de bruit à la surface et détecter les événements microsismiques. Nous proposons également une méthode automatique de détection et de localisation qui se base sur une quantité minimale d’information préalable qui permet de récupérer la distribution des hétérogénéités du réservoir, dans le voisinage du puits. En ce qui concerne la sismique active, nous proposons une approche interférométrique et automatique de caractérisation des ondes de surface. Nous récupérons les noyaux de sensibilité de phase des ondes de surface entre deux points quelconques de l’acquisition. Ces noyaux de sensibilité sont par conséquent utilisés pour obtenir les courbes de dispersion multimodales. Ces courbes de dispersion permettent la séparation des différents modes des ondes de surface, et fournissent l’information de proche surface suite à une simple inversion.Le réseau dense permet l’amélioration des méthodes présentées ci-dessus: elle permet des applications alternatives et innovantes dans le traitement du signal géophysique. / In geophysics, spatially dense arrays enhance the spatial and frequential characterization of the various waves propagating in the medium. Of course, surface array is subject to strong surface waves. Surface waves highly impact the processing of geophysical data acquired at ground level. They can be considered as noise and subject to suppression as they mask sub-surface information.However, they can be useful for near-surface imaging if they are well retrieved. In any case, their characterization is crucial in active and passive exploration geophysics. In passive microseismic monitoring, ambient surface noise consists of surface waves. The main goal of passive monitoring is to minimize the impact of surface waves on the actual microseismic data. The strong ambient surface noise lowers the sensitivity and the efficiency ofdetection and location methods. Moreover, current location and detection methods usually require strong a priori information (e.g., a velocity model or a template).Active sources generate strong surface waves. In active seismic, current processing strategies often consist in manually picking surface wave arrivals in order to use or remove them. This is often a complex, time consuming, and an ambiguous task. However, it is needed for near- and sub-surface imaging. Surface waves can be particularly difficult to retrieve in sparse arrays. We propose to apply the techniques of interferometry and beamforming (Matched Field Processing in particular) in the context of dense arrays. High trace density opens new possibilities in geophysical processing in both passive and active surveys. We show that the ambient noise can be explored in the case of microseismic monitoring to extract important information about the medium properties. Moreover, we develop a denoising approach to remove the noise sources at the surface and detect the microseismic event. Furthermore, we propose an automatic detection and location method with a minimum a priori information to retrieve the distribution of heterogeneities in the reservoir, in the well vicinity.In active survey, we propose an interferometric, automatic approach to characterize the surface waves. We retrieve phase-sensitivity kernels of surface waves between any two points of the acquisition. These kernels are consequently used to obtain multi-mode dispersion curves. These dispersion curves make it possible to separate different modes of surface waves and provide near-surface information if inverted.The above presented methodologies benefit from spatially dense arrays.Dense arrays of sources or receivers enable alternative, innovative applications in geophysical processing.

Les preuves d'une composante de matière invisible dans l'Univers sont présents à de nombreuses échelles. Cette composante, appelée matière noire (MN), à interaction faible, stable sur des temps cosmologiques, non-relativiste et non-baryonique représente environ 28% du budget d' énergie de l'Univers. L' une des principales stratégies pour identifier la MN est la détection indirecte des produits de son annihilation.Les rayons gamma sont très prometteurs. Le télescope spatiale Fermi-LAT (FL) a mesuré un flux diffus isotrope de gamma, nommé IGRB, qui est généralement associé à l'émission de sources non résolues, mais peut aussi contenir une contribution due à la MN. Les sources gamma les plus nombreuses sont les noyaux actifs de galaxies (NAG) divisés en blazars et NAG non-alignés (NAGna) selon l'orientation de leur jet. Nous avons calculé le flux gamma des NAGna à l'aide de la corrélation entre luminosité radio et gamma pour un échantillon de sources détectées dans les deux bandes. Nous avons ainsi démontré que les très nombreux NAGna peuvent contribuer de 10% à 100% du IGRB mesuré par FL.Nous avons étudié les blazars et, pour la première fois, nous avons utilisé les données de FL et des télescopes TeV au sol en synergie pour dériver leur fonction de luminosité et leur distribution spectrale d'énergie. Nous avons démontré que cette population représente environ 10% du IGRB à 100MeV, jusqu'à sa totalité à des énergies plus élevées, expliquant en détail le ramollissement de l'émission IGRB aux énergies supérieures à 100GeV.Les pulsars sont les sources galactiques le plus nombreuses de gamma et radio. Nous avons calculé que leur contribution maximale au IGRB est de 1% et qu' elles contribuent à hauteur de 8% à l' excès au centre galactique. Compte tenu des résultats précédents, nous avons déduit que l'émission des NAG et des galaxies à sursaut de formation d'étoiles peut expliquer très bien et au même temps l'anisotropie et l'intensité du IGRB. Nous avons calculé les limites supérieures à la section efficace d' annihilation de MN, si on rajoute ce mécanisme d'émission aux contributions astrophysiques. Ces limites sont très strictes, autour de la valeur thermique canonique, pour une large gamme de masses de MN. Nous avons également identifié des régions dans l' espace des paramètres masse MN-section efficace d' annihilation peut améliorer l'ajustement aux données.Les flux de positons (e+) et électrons (e-) pourraient eux aussi cacher un signal de MN. La fraction de e+ (FP) devrait diminuer avec l' énergie si le mécanisme principal de production de e+ était secondaire, à savoir dû à l'interaction des rayons cosmiques avec le milieu interstellaire. Cependant AMS-02 mesure une augmentation de la FP aux énergies supérieures à 10 GeV. Nous avons calculé l'émission de e+ et de e- de rémanent de Supernovae, de nébuleuse de vent de pulsars (NVP) et de production secondaire, montrant que les flux leptoniques peuvent être entièrement expliquée par ces émissions astrophysiques et que la hausse de la FP est compatible avec une émission de paires par les NVP.Enfin, nous avons construit une section efficace phénoménologique pour la production secondaire d'antiprotons, en utilisant les données existantes. Nous avons dérivé que l'incertitude sur la production d'antiprotons totale est d' au moins 20%. Ainsi, à moins que les incertitudes soient réduites grâce à de nouvelles mesures, il sera difficile de dévoiler une contribution de MN au flux d' antiprotons au-delà de la production secondaire avec les prochaines données de AMS-02, à moins que le composant de MN soit dominante dans une certaine gamme d'énergie.Les prochaines années seront très excitantes pour la chasse à la MN: de nouvelles mesures gamma et de particules chargées vont atteindre une précision incroyable; un grand effort devrait être fait dans la modélisation de l' émission de ces flux par des sources astrophysiques afin de démêler un signal de MN des inévitables bruits de fonds / Evidences of an invisible matter component in the Universe are present at many scales. This component, called dark matter (DM), is weakly interacting, stable on cosmological scales, non-relativistic, not made of baryonic particles and costitutes about the 28% of the Universe. One of the main strategies to identify DM is the indirect detection of particles produced via DM annihilation. gamma rays are one of the most promising channels. The Fermi-LAT has measured an isotropic gamma-ray backgound (IGRB) which is associated to the emission from unresolved sources, but could also contain an exotic component from DM. The most numerous gamma-ray sources are the Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) divided in blazars and misaligned AGN (MAGN) according to the orientation of their jet. We have derived the gamma-ray emission from MAGN using the correlation between the radio and gamma-ray luminosities of a sample of detected sources. The unresolved MAGN are very numerous and we have demonstrated that they can account from 10% up to 100% of the IGRB measured by the Fermi-LAT.We have also studied the blazars and, for the first time, we used the Fermi-LAT data and the IACTs measure- ments in synergy to have a better understanding of their spectral energy distribution (SED). Considering these sets of catalogs, we have derived their SED and gamma-ray luminosity function demonstrating that this population accounts for about 10% of the IGRB at 100 MeV up to its totality at higher energies, fully explaining the softening of the IGRB emission at energy larger than 100 GeV.The most numerous Galactic gamma-ray and radio emitting population is the pulsar class. We have calculated that the maximal contribution of pulsars to the IGRB is 1% and that they contribute up to 8% to the putative gamma-ray excess found in the Galactic center.Using the previous results we have derived that the emission from AGN and Star Forming Galax- ies can provide very good fits to the anisotropy and intensity of the Fermi-LAT IGRB. We have also calculated upper limits to the annihilation cross section of DM adding this exotic emission mechanism to the astrophysical source populations. These limits are quite stringent, around the canonical thermal relic value for a wide range of DM masses. We have also identified regions in the DM mass and annihilation cross section parameter space which can significantly improve the fit to data.Positrons and electrons spectra could also hide a DM signal. The positron fraction (PF) is expected to have a decreasing shape if the main mechanism of positron production is ”secondary”, namely due to the interaction of cosmic rays with the interstellar medium. However AMS-02 measured an increased PF at energy larger than 10 GeV. We have calculated the electron and positron emission from Supernovae Remnants, Pulsar Wind Nebulae and secondary production showing that the electron, positron, PF and the inclusive spectra can be fully explained by these astrophysical emissions and that the rising of the PF is consistent with the Pulsar Wind Nebulae emission of positrons.Finally we have built a phenomenological cross section for the secondary production of antiprotons. We have used the most up-to-date data sets and derived that the uncertainty on the total antiproton production is at least 20%. Thus, unless cross section uncertainties will be reduced thanks to new measurements, it will be difficult to unveil a DM contribution to antiprotons above the secondary production with the upcoming AMS-02 antiproton data, unless the DM component is really dominant in some energy range.The next years will be exciting for the hunting of DM. New measurements on gamma-rays and charged parti- cles are going to reach incredible precision and a strong effort should be done in the modeling of the gamma-ray and charged particles emission from galactic and extragalactic sources in order to disentangle a signal of DM above this unavoidable astrophysical background

L’augmentation globale de la démographie couplée à une amélioration du niveau de vie conduit à l’augmentation de la pression anthropique pesant sur les ressources en eau. Cette pression passe entre autre par une consommation et donc un rejet de multiples molécules organiques, parmi lesquelles les pesticides représentent des contaminants emblématiques. Longtemps utilisés en agriculture afin d’en augmenter la productivité, ces substances sont aujourd’hui utilisées également de façon importante dans notre quotidien (traitements vétérinaires, protection des matériaux de construction, peintures, papier, textiles, etc.). Cela conduit à identifier les rejets urbains comme des vecteurs de pesticides au travers des effluents de station de traitement des eaux usées ou des effluents d’exutoires pluviaux, qui viennent s’ajouter aux apports induits par l’agriculture. Cette multiplicité de sources couplée à une toxicité intrinsèque avérée en font des molécules à fort enjeu environnemental dont il est essentiel de hiérarchiser les apports afin de pouvoir mettre en place des mesures de réduction.Dans ce cadre, un continuum péri-urbain situé sur la Métropole de Bordeaux (France) a permis de mettre en évidence des profils de contamination différents entre les eaux naturelles, les effluents urbains et les exutoires pluviaux, tant sur l’aspect qualitatif que sur l’aspect quantitatif. Si les eaux de surface sont principalement quantitativement marquées par des phytopharmaceutiques (métolachlore, glyphosate), les molécules identifiées comme potentiellement impactantes (en termes d’effets potentiels) proviennent d’avantage d’effluents urbains (fipronil, imidaclopride). En effet, les stations de traitement des eaux usées sont identifiées comme d’importants vecteurs en biocides et antiparasitaires à usages vétérinaires en raison de leur faible capacité de traitement vis-à-vis de ces contaminants. Toutefois, ces effluents ne sont que le reflet des utilisations en amont du réseau. L’investigation de ce dernier a conduit à identifier les usages domestiques comme responsables de l’introduction de certaines molécules préoccupantes tels les antiparasitaires à usages vétérinaires (fipronil et imidaclopride). En parallèle, bien que non majoritaires en ce qui concerne les apports en pesticides, les exutoires pluviaux ne sont toutefois pas négligeables et apportent en quantités conséquentes des biocides de protection (comme la carbendazime, le diuron, le propiconazole ou la terbutryne) de par le lessivage de surfaces traitées en zones urbaines. Le cas du glyphosate semble complexe puisque aucune des voie d’apport n’est clairement identifiée comme majoritaire. L’apport est très global, probablement du fait de sa multiplicité d’usages, tant en agriculture que par certains professionnels ou par les particuliers.L’échantillonnage passif par les POCIS (Polar Organic Chemicals Integrative Sampler) a été appliqué avec succès afin de calculer des flux plus précis dans les eaux de surfaces, permettant ainsi une identification plus fine des sources majoritaires. Cet outil montre toutefois ses limites en ce qui concerne le suivi d’échantillons complexes telles que les eaux brutes, en présentant des cinétiques d’accumulation trop courtes pour permettre un suivi quantitatif du réseau d’assainissement sur de longues périodes. Ces observations ont été confirmées à l’occasion de calibrations in-situ en rivière et en entrée de station de traitement des eaux usées et qui ont donné lieu au développement de nouveaux outils. Les mini-POCIS et les POCIS-T, plus légers et plus petits ont été calibrés à la fois en laboratoire et en station de traitement des eaux usées. Ils se sont révélés plus adaptés que la forme classique pour suivre la contamination des eaux usées car ils permettent d’augmenter la durée du suivi. Ils représentent une alternative intéressante pour le suivi du réseau d’assainissement. / Global demographic increase coupled with standard of living increase drive water resources’ anthropic pressure. This phenomenon is linked with consumption habits and with chemicals dispersion in environment. Pesticides are part of the most concerning contaminants. They were firstly used to enhance agricultural productivity but nowadays these chemicals are used for our daily life needs (in building materials, veterinary treatments, papers, textile products, paints, etc.) and so urban effluents such as storm sewer or wastewater treatment plant effluents are identified as important vectors of pesticides which are added to agricultural inputs. The diversity of sources coupled to an intrinsic toxicity highlight pesticides as environmental concerning compounds and their sources have to be clearly identified and classified to consider source reduction actions.The study of an urban continuum in Bordeaux Metropolis (France) highlighted qualitative and quantitative differences in contamination profiles between river water, storm sewers and wastewater treatment plant effluents. River waters are contaminated with phytopharmaceuticals (metolachlor, glyphosate) but molecules of high ecotoxicological concern (fipronil, imidacloprid) are mostly brought by wastewater treatment plants. These structures are indeed not built for micropollutant treatment and biocides provided by wastewaters are discharged in surface water. Urban effluents reflect uses of wastewater network by private consumers and industries. Advanced investigations in the wastewater network allowed identifying them as providers of veterinary molecules such as fipronil and imidacloprid. In parallel, monitoring of rain effluents allowed to identify storm sewers as less important sources of pesticides that wastewaters but they have to be considered for some molecules. Indeed, they can locally increase contamination in natural water around the discharge site especially concerning biocides (carbendazime, diuron, propiconazole, terbutryne) because of runoff waters over treated surfaces. Case of glyphosate is much more complex because this molecule was found in every compartment and seemed to be introduced massively both by agriculture and urban effluents in link with its use by farmers but also private consumers and some professionals.Passive sampling of water resources with POCIS (Polar Organic Chemicals Integrative Sampler) was successfully applied, allowing to quantify pesticides at trace levels and to calculate precise fluxes leading to the confirmation of previous results. However, the usefulness of this tool is limited in the case of wastewater monitoring. Uptake kinetics are too rapid to allow a quantitative characterisation of raw wastewaters over long period of deployment. These observations were confirmed with the comparison of in-situ calibration performed both in river and in effluent of a wastewater treatment plant and leaded to the development of new version of POCIS. Mini-POCIS and POCIS-T (lighter and smaller than original ones) were calibrated both in laboratory and in real conditions. They are more adapted than classical devices to wastewater sampling allowing covering a much longer period of monitoring.

xii, 91 p. :ill. (some col.), maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The ability to provide an adequate supply ofrenewable energy necessary to offset the emissions of"zero emission" vehicles is of importance for Oregon's planners and policy makers. An increase in electricity generation caused by the electricity required for zero-emissions hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will result in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions ifrenewable energy is not installed to meet hydrogen fuel cell needs. What are the renewable energy implications for Oregon planners to consider for meeting future fuel cell zero emission vehicle (ZEV) needs? Work done in Iceland can serve as an example for Oregon's need for renewable energy to meet ZEV needs. Icelandic data about hydrogen generation and the renewable energy requirements necessary for ZEVs at the Gtj6thaIs hydrogen fueling station set a benchmark for Oregon planners to consider when figuring the impact of ZEVs. / Committee in Charge: Dr. Robert F. Young, Chair; Dr. Greg Bothun; Mr. Roger Ebbage

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study aimed to improve semipurified diets through the evaluation of different protein and glycidic sources as well as their combinations, taking into account performance and metabolism parameters. Three feeding were conducted which lasted 40 days trials in a water re-used system. In the first experiment different combinations of protein sources were evaluated: casein + fish meal, albumin + casein, fish meal + albumin, fish meal + casein + albumin and gelatin + casein. The fish which were submitted to the treatment casein + fish meal had higher weight, specific growth rate (SGR), daily weight (DWG), weight gain ratio (RWG), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), retention coefficient protein, protein deposition and body fat, and better feed conversion rate (FCR). The animals subjected to casein + fish meal showed lower hepatosomatic index than fish treated with gelatin + casein, and less abdominal fat index than those fed with fish meal + albumin. In the second experiment, different carbohydrate sources were tested: corn starch, fructose, maltodextrin and sucrose. The animals which were submitted to the maltodextrin treatment showed the highest activity of acid protease and chymotrypsin activity greater than those fed with fructose, and even higher trypsin activity than those treated with corn starch. The concentration of triglyceride in plasma was higher in animals submitted to the maltodextrin treatment than in those undergoing corn starch and sucrose. The fish in the corn starch treatment also exhibited the highest body protein deposition, higher retention coefficient protein than animals treated with sucrose and frutose, and lower composition and body fat deposition than animals fed with maltodextrin. In the third experiment examined, different combinations of protein sources and glycidic were tested: casein + corn starch, casein + fructose, fish meal + corn starch, fish meal + fructose and gelatin + casein + maltodextrin. The fish which were submitted to the treatment fish meal + corn starch showed higher weight than SGR, DWG and RWG. FCR better was also detected and there was larger FE and PER in the animals fed with fish meal + corn starch and fish meal + fructose. The highest deposition of protein and fat and the highest retention coefficient protein were found in fish treated with fish meal + corn starch. The concentration of circulating glucose was higher in fish submitted to fish meal + corn starch, and plasma levels of total protein and free amino acids were higher in the fed with fish meal + corn starch compared to fish fed fish meal + fructose and casein + fructose. The conclusion is that combinations of casein + fish meal + maltodextrin or fish meal + casein + corn starch or fish meal + corn starch can be used in studies on the nutritional requirements for jundiá juveniles, as they provide adequate metabolic dynamic efficiency and zootechnical for animals. / O trabalho teve como objetivo aperfeiçoar dietas semipurificadas através da avaliação de diferentes fontes proteicas e glicídicas, bem como, suas combinações, levando em consideração parâmetros de desempenho e metabolismo. Foram conduzidos para isto três experimentos com duração de 40 dias em sistema fechado de recirculação de água. No primeiro experimento foram avaliadas diferentes combinações entre fontes proteicas: caseína + farinha de peixe, albumina + caseína, farinha de peixe + albumina, farinha de peixe + caseína + albumina e gelatina + caseína. Os peixes do tratamento caseína + farinha de peixe apresentaram maior peso, taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), ganho de peso diário (GPD), ganho de peso relativo (GPR), eficiência alimentar (EA), taxa de eficiência proteica (TEP), coeficiente de retenção proteica, deposição de proteína e gordura corporal, e melhor conversão alimentar aparente (CAA). Os animais submetidos à caseína + farinha de peixe exibiram menor índice hepatossomático que os peixes tratados com gelatina + caseína, e menor índice de gordura celomática que os peixes do tratamento farinha de peixe + albumina. No segundo experimento foram testadas diferentes fontes de carboidrato: amido de milho, frutose, maltodextrina e sacarose. Os animais do tratamento maltodextrina apresentaram a maior atividade de protease ácida, maior atividade de quimotripsina que aqueles alimentados com frutose, e ainda maior atividade de tripsina que os tratados com amido de milho. A concentração de triglicerídeo no plasma foi superior nos animais do tratamento maltodextrina do que nos submetidos a amido de milho e sacarose. Os peixes do tratamento amido de milho exibiram a maior deposição de proteína corporal, maior coeficiente de retenção proteica que os animais tratados com sacarose e frutose, e menor composição e deposição de gordura corporal que os animais alimentados com maltodextrina. No terceiro experimento foram examinadas diferentes combinações entre fontes proteicas e glicídicas: caseína + amido de milho, caseína + frutose, farinha de peixe + amido de milho, farinha de peixe + frutose e gelatina + caseína + maltodextrina. Os peixes submetidos à farinha de peixe + amido de milho exibiram maior peso, TCE, GPD e GPR. Também foi detectada melhor CAA e maior EA e TEP nos animais dos tratamentos farinha de peixe + amido de milho e farinha de peixe + frutose. As maiores deposições de proteína e gordura corporal e o maior coeficiente de retenção proteica foram constatadas nos peixes tratados com farinha de peixe + amido de milho. A concentração de glicose circulante foi maior nos peixes submetidos à farinha de peixe + amido de milho, e os níveis plasmáticos de proteínas totais e aminoácidos livres foram superiores nos animais alimentados com farinha de peixe + amido de milho em relação aos peixes dos tratamentos farinha de peixe + frutose e caseína + frutose. Conclui-se que as combinações de caseína + farinha de peixe + maltodextrina ou caseína + farinha de peixe + amido de milho ou ainda farinha de peixe + amido de milho proporcionam aos animais adequada dinâmica metabólica e eficiência zootécnica.

L'opposabilité est fondée sur le consentement des Etats. Il est le critère essentiel de la notion d'opposabilité définie comme le produit de la mise en œuvre subjective du critère volontariste. Par ailleurs, les sources conventionnelle, coutumière et unilatérale du droit international sont opposables aux Etats en vertu de leur acceptation. Toutefois, sa place varie au sein des diverses sources, ce qui engendre une adaptation de l'opposabilité. L'apparition de concepts tels que communauté internationale, personnalité objective, législation internationale ou succession automatique n'a pas remis en cause le fondement volontariste de l'opposabilité. Il semble néanmoins que ce critère soit concurrencé par des éléments objectifs dans le cas de traités établissant des régimes territoriaux. Il faudrait ainsi imaginer une émergence – très limitée – de l'objectivation de l'opposabilité. L'objectivation, sans être véritablement consacrée, serait peut-être in statu nascendi. / Opposability is based on States' consent. Consent is the essential criterion of opposability which is defined as the result of the subjective implementation of the voluntarist criterion. Moreover, the conventional, customary and unilateral sources of international law are opposable to States by virtue of their acceptance. However, its role changes among the different sources, causing an adaptation of opposability. The appearance of concepts such as international community, objective personality, international legislation or automatic succession hasn't jeopardized the voluntarist basis of opposability. Nevertheless, it seems that consent is challenged by objective foundations in the case where treaties establishing territorial regimes. Thus we should imagine a very limited emergence of opposability's objectivization. That objectivization, without being actually established, would be perhaps in statu nascendi.