In cities we generally distinguish between public and private space. This thesis tackles the distinction between public and private property and searches for the urban commons where property is determined by collective action and thus creates a greater spatial justice. A case study analyzes the Urban Garden Project “Trädgård på spåret” in Stockholm and shows how unconventional arrangements can generate a lively place in the urban fabric. The final discussion interprets the concept of urban commons and contemplates its classification within the planning discipline. / I städer skiljer vi generellt mellan offentligt och privat utrymme. Denna avhandlingförsöker att nyansera den enkla distinktionen mellan offentlig och privat mark ochgår på jakt efter de urbana allmänningar (urban commons) vilkas ägande bestämsav kollektivism och som skapar spatiell rättvisa (spatial justice). En fallstudieanalyserar Urban Garden-projektet «Trädgård på Spåret» i Stockholm och visarhur okonventionella arrangemang har gett upphov till en livlig plats, som går långtutöver trädgårdens traditionella gränser. I den avslutande diskussionen tolkar vibegreppet urbana allmänningar och betraktar dess placering i planeringsämnet. / In Städten unterscheiden wir generell zwischen öffentlichem und privatem Raum.Diese Thesis versucht die simple Unterscheidung zwischen öffentlichem undprivatem Grundeigentum aufzubrechen und begibt sich auf die Suche nach der‚urbanen Allmende’ (urban commons) in der Eigentum durch Kollektivismus bestimmtwird und somit räumliche Gerechtigkeit (spatial justice) schafft. Eine Fallstudieanalysiert das urbane Gartenprojekt „Trädgård på spåret“ in Stockholm und zeigtauf wie durch unkonventionelle Regelungen ein lebhafter Ort entstanden ist, dersich in die Stadt verwurzelt hat und weit über die Grenzen des Gärtners hinausgeht.In der abschließenden Diskussion wird der Begriff der urbanen Allmendeinterpretiert und dessen Einordnung in die Planungsdisziplin betrachtet. / Urban Form and Social Behavior

Transhumant pastoralist are highly dependent on their landscape. Their economic, cultural and political systems are directly shaped by and shaping space. The nomadic nature of transhumant pastoralists have therefore created unique pastoral socio-spatial relations. Due to their close interaction with local landscapes, land use change can heavily impact their socio- spatial relations and their spatial justice. This study therefore studied the impacts of the case of the Great Green Wall, a large-scale land use change project focusing on afforestation and land management, on transhumance pastoralists from a spatial justice lens. The study focused on de jure spatial justice through policy documents and perceived spatial justice through interviews with stakeholders, specifically in terms of recognition, procedural rights, and distributional effects. This study found that (1) the project did not recognise the socio-spatial relations of pastoralists and instead, pastoralists were perceived as having a negative influence on the landscape, (2) de jure procedural justice was lacking, and stakeholders perceived the role of pastoralists in the governance and implementation of the project as limited, and (3) policy documents revealed a lacking focus on the distributive effects on pastoral socio-spatial relations, and the perceived spatial justice in terms of mobility and access to spatial resources was low. Overall, the levels of both de jure and perceived spatial justice were interpreted as low, meaning that the Great Green Wall has negative impacts on pastoral socio-spatial relations and pastoralists’ ability to influence these.

The district of Barranco is the smallest in the city of Lima, Peru, and is marked by the inequality in the socio-economic level of its inhabitants and a differentiated capacity in their access to public spaces. The present study seeks to explore, through an analysis of the public space and its characteristics, the causes, conditions and structural dynamics of inequality that produce and reproduce segregation and marginalization in the district of Barranco. For this research, interviews, participant observation, cartographic analysis and literature review have been employed. Theoretically, the concepts of public space, gentrification and spatial justice are used in order to examine the power relationships that are manifested and reproduced in the constant recreation of public space. The preliminary results show that the relationship of segregation in the district is based on the indifference and the active role of the municipal governments in promoting the stratification of the district through a zoning delimitation that spatially excludes the less favored, and differentiated policies over the public space in function of that zoning. These processes accentuate the social and historical division of the inhabitants of the district, which makes it even more difficult the appropriation of public space by the less favored sector.

This study of Hornsbergs strand, Stockholm, aimed to explore the dynamics of social conflicts in public spaces following three research questions: (1) what are the driving factors in the spatial conflicts between inhabitants and visitors of Hornsbergs strand, (2) how do spatial conflicts in Hornsbergs strand reflect broader societal issues of polarization and segregation in Stockholm, and (3) what can be done on behalf of urban planners to avoid and manage similar conflicts in the future? Departing from literature related to spatial conflicts, tourism conflicts, and exclusionary practices in public spaces, I conducted observational studies, indepth interviews, and a document analysis of planning material. The study shows that differences between users and uses of public spaces in Hornsbergs strand are central in constructing spatial territories and was where most spatial conflicts originated. Further, results suggest that the development of Hornsbergs strand was made through an exclusive planning process, and that spatial conflicts reflect broader issues of polarization and segregation in Stockholm. / Denna studie av Hornsbergs strand, Stockholm, syftade till att undersöka sociala konflikter i offentliga rum med hjälp av tre forskningsfrågor: (1) vilka är de drivande faktorerna i de rumsliga konflikterna mellan invånare och besökare av Hornsbergs strand, (2) hur avspeglar de rumsliga konflikterna vid Hornsbergs strand bredare samhällsproblem i form av polarisering och segregation i Stockholm, och (3) vad kan stadsplanerare i Stockholm göra för att undvika och hantera liknande konflikter i framtiden? Med utgångspunkt i forskning kring rumsliga konflikter, konflikter inom turism samt exkluderande praktiker i offentliga utrymmen genomfördes observationsstudier, intervjuer och en dokumentanalys av relevant planeringsmaterial. Studien visar att skillnader mellan användare och olika användningar av de offentliga utrymmena vid Hornsbergs strand var centrala i skapandet av rumsliga territoriumoch, till följd, rumsliga konflikter. Vidare tyder resultaten på att planeringsprocessen förHornsbergs strand var exkluderande och att de rumsliga konflikterna karaktäriserar polarisering och segregation i Stockholm.

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Following the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant rise in demandamong urban residents wanting to visit or move to rural areas. In the Nordic countries,second homes are usually a way to meet this demand. This new movement of peoplebecame increasingly clear on rural islands with high accessibility. Thethesis’ overarching aim is to comprehend how the COVID-19 outbreak impacted thegentrification of rural islands. The study specifically looks at the rise in second homesas a means of examining the gentrification caused by tourism on Öland. This thesismakes use of rural spatial justice, a variant on spatial justice that seeks to explain howsociety and space interact in rural areas. Through a mixed methods approach, aquantitative spatial analysis on price development of second homes, income anddensity of second homes, is supplemented with 8 qualitative interviews. The resultsconfirm the impact of COVID-19 on tourism-driven gentrification in rural islandcommunities. Furthermore, it is evident that rural settlements within rural areas arecomposed of unusually large clusters of areas with high price development, highincome, and a high number of second homes. Second homes have social effects inaddition to an impact on housing prices and the supply of available housing.Inevitably, the second home-driven tourism-induced gentrification is in some way oranother transforming Öland's neighborhoods.

Building codes are socio-technical regulations that govern the manner in which the built world is designed, constructed, and maintained. Instituted in order to protect the health, safety, and welfare of humans in the built world, codes also serve as an index of always changing societal values. If codes do not co-evolve with social values, however, they often perpetuate standards that no longer reflect the priorities of mainstream society. As crises arise and as cultural practices change, regulatory institutions are charged with creating new or amend old codes to reflect these societal shifts. Emergent social values are often dismissed by the general public, misrepresented by their political representatives, or abstracted by the louder voices of the market and the state. In a few critical moments in modern history, however, society successfully adopted and institutionalized previously underrepresented values into urban form. Social movements provide a primary venue for such paradigmatic change. They do this through the production of new knowledge that aims to alter the cognitive praxis of its citizenry and to generate the momentum required to codify grassroots ideals into the built world. Exploring how this confluence of socio-technical innovation functions within the built world, this dissertation addresses the primary research question: What is the relationship between urban social movements, the values they espouse, the building codes they construct, and the liberative function of the spaces produced? In this dissertation, I investigate three established and one emerging social movement to discern the characteristics of democratic code formation that lead to civic urban form. These four case studies are analyzed in terms of their origins, the claims made, strategies employed, and outcomes achieved. Patterns are then extrapolated from this analysis to identify qualities of collective action that contribute to the codification of civic urban form. The research discussed herein was conducted in two phases to develop a historical base from which to evaluate contemporary efforts to codify civic urban form. The first phase of this exploratory investigation tells the story of three intrinsically valuable, but also comparable case studies of social change in the United States: the community development strategy pursued by the civil rights movement, the architectural accessibility platform advocated by the disability rights movement, and efforts to institutionalize new building practices through voluntary building assessment systems by the environmental movement. The second phase extrapolates patterns from the established cases to inform the investigation of proto-movements currently coalescing around issues of spatial justice. Both phases are then reflected upon in order to propose a theory of civic urban form that recognizes the dialectic between social movements, emergent social values, building codes, and the physical spaces they inform. The thesis statement underlying this dissertation is that urban social movements in the U.S. require a myriad of different activist organizations— radical and mainstream, professional and grassroots— to simultaneously employ diverse strategies through an integrated frame of collective action in order to institutionalize new types of civic urban form. Based on the theoretical framework developed to conceptualize the production of civic urban form, I go on to argue in the concluding chapters that urban social movements currently seeking various means to codify the tenets of sustainable development in the United States might benefit from couching their collective actions within an integrated action frame of spatial justice. / text

A just society, as understood in this thesis, has to deal with several challenges. The society needs to address injustuces which arise from unequal participation on economic system, from cultural (discoursive) practices and from imperfections of democratic participation. Moreover, it has to deal with spatial dimensions of social processes and with variety of geographical contexts. This thesis draws on critical social science traditions. Beside scientific constribution, the aim of the thisis is to point out some hidden or omitted social problems and injustices. In Czechia, transformation processes after 1989 led among other results to increasing income differentiation and discrimination of some population groups. In the housing sector, these processes resulted in creation of segregated socially excluded localities. Devolution of housing policies to local/municipal level created an opportunity for solving these problems with respect to local circumstances. These activities could be supported by the program of new rental housing construction for population with limited income which was provided by the State Fund of Housing Development. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, this thesis answers the question on (i) where was new public housing constructed, (ii) what were the motives of...

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la justice et l’injustice spatiales à Maputo, analysées au prisme du traitement public et de l’expérience citadine des inégalités d’accès aux services urbains (eau potable, déchets ménagers). L’absence d’expression des sentiments d’injustice des citadins dans des registres de l’action collective a amené l’auteur à diriger ses travaux sur la production de l’action publique associée au référentiel du développement, ainsi que le rapport des citadins au politique. Le politique fut approché sous l’angle des structures de pouvoir municipales et des pratiques de contrôle politique qui y prévalaient. Une attention particulière fut consacrée aux dispositifs publics dont pouvaient s’emparer les acteurs non politiques, dont les citadins, permettant l’expression et le débat publics. Cette approche du politique mit en lumière la permanence de pratiques de pouvoir autoritaires, construites sous le régime de l’Etat-Parti. / This thesis is about justice and spatial justice in Maputo, with an analysis on policies making and the people’s own experiences of the inequality to access public services (improved drinkable water, waste management). The people’s lack of expression concerning their feelings of injustice in collective mobilization, led the author to aim her work toward the making of policies regarding development and also the relationship between people and politic. The political angle of this work was study within the frame of local power and the political control exercised there. There’s a focus on how people can solve public matters. This focus shows authoritarians practices inherited from a former single party system.

The environmental justice movement emerged after the civil rights movement and began as an attack on environmental racism, when communities of color and low-income experience disproportionately high levels of exposure to air pollution, water pollution, and toxic facilities. The environmental justice movement is not unitary in practice, nor should it be—environmental racism and injustice are manifested in different ways and scales. However, those exposed to environmental racism are unified under an identity in solidarity, known as the people of color identity in environmental justice. As the environmental justice movement has grown and taken shape to better address injustices of a racialized landscape, it has connected more closely with movements for spatial justice and immigrant rights to combat a detrimentally narrow focus of activism. This thesis explores the rise of community-based activism in the Los Angeles’ labor social justice organizing after the civil unrest in 1992. By employing a spatial framework to environmental activism in urban settings, Los Angeles is a particularly provoking case study for analyzing the regional environmental justice movement as well as the multi-scalar social justice organizing movement. Contextualizing Los Angeles’ community-based activism in a historic context in the first section and then analyzing components of social justice organizing across movements, this project attempts to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the development of identity in justice-seeking activism.