"Spatial Planning and Social Justice: the paradox of regional decentralization and its impact on the region of Aysén (Chilean Patagonia)" ABSTRACT The following research focuses on the problem of the spatial planning model implemented in Chile -through top-down strategies- during the last forty years, where decentralization has become an almost unreachable task. The concentration of decision-making processes in the central government, and the increasing social and economic inequalities between the fourteen regions and the metropolis of Santiago, have led to a wave of social movements from north to south of the country. The specific case of the social movement of Aysén represented a wake-up call for society, where citizens achieved to organize themselves and demand the integration of their own opinions in decision-making processes in what concerns the territory they inhabit. This movement claimed for the vindication of Aysén as a historically forgotten region by the central government. In other words, the latter calls for spatial justice and recognition of its particularities as a peripheral region. Key words: spatial planning, regionalisation, decentralisation, spatial justice, social movement, Chilean Patagonia.

This research has an applied quantitative nature, with the universe analysis of the state of Sergipe, using municipal and territorial scales, considering the first decade of this century and aims to analyze the levels and composition of the multidimensional social exclusion research, as well as any changes resulting from state´s intervention through public policy. For this, a wide literature survey of theories and methods applied to measure and explain the social exclusion was necessary. From the Lemos´s method, the Social Exclusion indicator consists of five indicators of deprivation, it was analyzed over the years of 2000 and 2010, allowing the understanding of the composition of exclusion, and analyzing , such as, hardships have higher contribution to the exclusion, pointing also, in which social aspect to this most needy population and what deprivation has reduced or increased in the ten years. Clusters of spatial bivariate analysis were developed with data from deprivation, with data from social service programs, making it possible to see the spatial relationship between public policy and society. Based on the concepts of Soy and Harvey, this study looked at the occurrence of a possible Space Justice taking as its premise that municipalities more reduced deprivation between 2000 and 2010,they were those with the greatest deprivation in 2000, and the ones with social improvement evident in all municipalities, and public policies that have been used as a strategy to reduce poverty and social exclusion with positive results, but there are still insufficient policies to provide full Spatial Justice and reducing inequalities. / Este estudo consiste numa pesquisa aplicada, de natureza quantitativa, tendo como universo de análise o Estado de Sergipe, nas escalas municipal e territorial, considerando a primeira década do século XXI e tem como objetivo analisar os níveis e a composição multidimensional da exclusão social, assim como, as mudanças resultantes da intervenção do Estado através de políticas públicas. Para tanto, se fez necessário uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica de teorias e métodos aplicados em mensurar e explicar a exclusão social. A partir do método de Lemos, o indicador de Exclusão Social formado por cinco indicadores de privações foi analisado, para os anos 2000 e 2010, permitindo o entendimento da composição da exclusão, ou seja, analisar quais privações têm maior contribuição para a exclusão, indicando ainda, em qual aspecto social a população esta mais carente e qual privação reduziu ou aumentou no intervalo de dez anos. Clusters de análise espacial bivariados foram elaborados com dados de privações, juntamente com dados de atendimento dos programas sociais, o que possibilitou ver a relação espacial entre uma política pública e a sociedade. Com base nos conceitos de Soja e Harvey, este estudo buscou verificar a ocorrência de uma possível Justiça Espacial tomando como premissa que os municípios que mais reduziram as privações, entre 2000 e 2010, foram aqueles que apresentavam as maiores privações, em 2000. Os ganhos sociais foram evidentes em todos os municípios, sendo que as políticas públicas têm sido utilizadas como estratégia para redução da pobreza e exclusão social com resultados positivos, mas, ainda são insuficientes para proporcionar a plena Justiça Espacial e redução das desigualdades.

En effektiv klimatomställning kräver aktiv inkludering av rättvisa i forskningen och att specificera hur samhällsgrupper särskilt påverkade av klimatomställningen definierar rättvisa. Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva vad människor bosatta på landsbygden upplever är en rättvis klimatomställning samt att förstå vad som krävs för att åstadkomma en rättvis klimatomställning. Fokusgrupper har genomförts och analyserats utifrån olika dimensioner av rättvisa som utgör begreppet rättvis omställning; rättvis fördelning, proceduriell rättvisa, rätt till erkännande, rumslig rättvisa och rättvis bild av landsbygden. Resultatet visar att landsbygdsbor inte upplever rättvisa utifrån någon av dimensionerna och att åtgärder behöver vidtas för att de ska göra det. Vad som krävs är för att åstadkomma rättvisa i klimatomställningen är att beakta och ta hänsyn till landsbygdens skilda förhållanden, att värdera landsbygdens välmående och att prioritera utveckling av landsbygden. Resultaten bidrar också till att utveckla begreppet rättvis omställning. / An effective low-carbon transition requires an active inclusion of justice in research to specify how societal groups especially impacted by the low-carbon transition defines justice. The aim of this essay is to describe what people living in rural areas experience as a just transition and to understand what is required to achieve a just transition. Focus groups have been conducted and analysed through different dimensions of justice that make up a just transition; distributional justice, procedural justice, recognitional justice, spatial justice and a just image of the periphery. The results show that people living in rural areas does not experience justice through any of the dimensions and that action is needed for them to do so. What is required to achieve a just transition is to consider and take into account the different conditions specific to rural areas, to value the wellbeing of rural areas and to prioritize development in rural areas. The results also contribute to develop the concept just transition. / Inkluderande klimatomställning – dialoger om att leva hållbart bortom staden

Boendeojämlikheter har ökat i Sverige sedan 90-talet. Detta faktum ställer krav på svenska kommuner att hantera den negativa utvecklingen och arbeta med en hållbar bostadsförsörjning. Kommunala policydokument i form av bostadsförsörjningsplaner och riktlinjer för markanvisning är verktyg för kommuner att ställa sociala krav vid byggande och planering av bostäder. Det saknas uppgifter om i vilken utsträckning kommuner ställer sociala krav vid markanvisning i syfte att främja en hållbar bostadsförsörjning och skapa social rättvisa.  Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera i vilken utsträckning kommuner inom Region Stockholm ställer krav på social hållbarhet i kommunernas riktlinjer för markanvisning och bostadsförsörjningsprogram samt granska samband mellan hur höga och låga medianinkomster påverkar sociala krav i policydokument. Empirin består av 26 kommuners riktlinjer för markanvisning och bostadsförsörjningsprogram som bearbetas genom innehållsanalys med utgångspunkt i Fainsteins teori om rumslig och social rättvisa. Genom att studera Region Stockholms kommuner har studien uppmärksammat att sociala krav i många fall är bristfälligt hos kommuner / Increased housing inequalities in Sweden have been on the rise since the 1990s. This fact places demands on Swedish municipalities to address the negative development and work towards sustainable housing provision. Municipal policy documents in the form of housing supply plans and guidelines for land allocation serve as tools for municipalities to impose social demands in the construction and planning of housing. There is a lack of information regarding the extent to which municipalities impose social demands during land allocation with the aim of promoting sustainable housing provision and creating social justice. The purpose of this thesis is to examine and analyze the extent to which municipalities within the Stockholm Region impose demands for social sustainability in their guidelines for land allocation and housing supply programs, as well as to investigate the correlation between how high and low median income influence social demands in policy documents. The empirical data consists of guidelines for land allocation and housing supply programs from 26 municipalities, which are analyzed through content analysis based on Fainstein's theory of spatial and social justice. By studying the municipalities in the Stockholm Region, the study has brought attention to the inadequate presence of social demands in many cases.

At a time when regulation impacting colleges and universities has steadily increased, institutional leaders have explored ways to maximize their educational effectiveness, impact, and public contribution to their surrounding communities. Public colleges and universities often use public-private partnerships to develop institutionally owned or managed spaces on and surrounding their campuses. As a result, institutional stakeholders are infused with existing community neighborhoods, cultures and structures, which often results in permanent change imposed on these neighbors and neighborhoods. Using a comparative case study approach, this exploratory research explored the relationship between campus stakeholders utilizing campus and private recreational spaces and their sense of belonging to the campus environment in the neighborhood areas in a newly developed area. The study involved the use of interviews and facilitated conversations determine: (a) how campus stakeholders' sense of belonging is impacted using newly developed recreational space in their neighborhood and (b) how new public recreational space demographically and socially influences the surrounding community. The case in this study is a newly developed community park dedicated to the community it resides in. It also is a recreational space in a downtown, urban city. The space is partially managed and funded by a private developer, two major institutions of higher education, and the local government.

No description available.

L’accueil de la coupe du Monde 2014 et des JO 2016 à Rio de Janeiro représente la consécration d’une stratégie de construction de ville attractive qui se base sur l’organisation de méga-événements, un contexte économique favorable et une entente conjoncturelle entre les différents niveaux de gouvernement brésiliens. Cette politique néolibérale de fabrique et de gouvernance de l’espace urbain – impliquant une nouvelle reconfiguration des coalitions d’acteurs historiquement présents dans le circuit de l’accumulation urbain – se fonde sur la rénovation de la ville de Rio dans le but de l’insérer dans la compétition internationale des villes, mais aussi pour échapper, sur le plan national, à sa trajectoire de décadence sur fond de crise économique et politique (qui débuta dans les années 1970-1980). Dans les discours officiels, les transformations urbaines à l’œuvre répondent aux besoins de la « ville olympique » tout en provoquant des impacts positifs pour les habitants de la ville (et par conséquent pour ceux de la région métropolitaine). Dans ce contexte, les investissements en infrastructures de mobilité sont les plus importants, en termes de montants investis et d’impacts sur l’espace urbain, amenant les pouvoirs publics à parler d’une « révolution des transports » capable de résoudre la crise de la mobilité qui aggrave les processus de ségrégation et d’exclusion urbaine. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer, à travers une analyse multi-scalaire, c’est-à-dire les échelles métropolitaine, municipale et intra-municipales), les impacts différenciés des projets de transport sur la justice socio-spatiale à Rio de Janeiro. Outre une mise en perspective des différents projets et composantes de la « révolution des transports » et de leurs effets sur les dynamiques urbaines, il s’agit d’appliquer différents critères de justice à l’analyse géographique pour proposer une évaluation complexe des impacts des projets de transport, qu’ils portent sur la satisfaction de la demande en termes de capacité et de qualité, ou sur des externalités dépassant ceux de la mobilité (expropriations d’habitants, spéculation immobilière, etc.). La méthodologie qualitative (observation de terrain et entretiens semi-directifs) combinée à cette grille de lecture multicritère de la justice permet de d’appréhender les effets à différentes échelles, de repérer les divers groupes d’acteurs en conflit dans ce contexte de ville attractive et d’identifier quels sont les gagnants et les perdants de cette stratégie urbaine. Finalement, les impacts de la « révolution des transports » provoquent des changements qui n’impliquent pas de rupture réelle, ni avec le modèle routier de mobilité ni avec les logiques de ségrégation de la ville néolibérale. Tout changer pour que rien ne change ? / Rio de Janeiro’s hosting of the World Cup 2014 and the Olympics Games 2016, is the consecration of the "attractive city" strategy, which is based on the triplet organization of mega-events, dynamic economic context and circumstantial alignment between the three levels of Government. This neoliberal policy and governance related to the construction of the urban space implies a reconfiguration of coalitions of historical actors present in the circuit of urban accumulation. Rio’s urban renewal aims to link this city to the global circuit of cities competition, but also to evade from its path of economic and political decay, which began in the 1980s. In official statements, the ongoing urban transformations meet the requirements of the "Olympic city" and generate positive impacts for local and metropolitan inhabitants. In this context, investments in mobility infrastructure are the most meaningful, both in financial and impacts on urban space terms. This leads the government rhetoric of a "transport revolution", able to solve the urban mobility city crisis, clearly attached to processes of urban segregation and exclusion. The object of this thesis is to evaluate, through a multiscale analysis, which includes metropolitan, municipal and intra-urban dimensions, the various impacts of transportation projects on social and spatial justice in Rio de Janeiro. Then, based on justice theories applied to Geography, a multicriteria analytic model of justice is constructed, to assess the impact of transportation projects on terms of demand satisfaction and the effects on other processes such as expropriations and land speculation. The qualitative methodology (semi-structured interviews and field observation), along with the multicriteria framework of justice, allowed the identification of the various groups of conflicting actors in the constitution of the "attractive city" and, among them, those who "win" and those who "lose". The results indicate that the impact of the "transport revolution" in Rio de Janeiro, for the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games, causes shifts that tear down neither the Brazilian road mobility model, nor the neoliberal’s city segregation rationale. Change everything in order to nothing change?

Le tourisme durable, et les principes qui lui sont généralement associés, devient une préoccupation majeure non seulement au niveau mondial et national mais aussi local comme le montre le cas de Nha Trang, une destination balnéaire centenaire au Vietnam. Considéré comme un des centres touristiques majeurs du pays, Nha Trang connaît aujourd'hui des problèmes de durabilité touristique, en particulier d'un point de vue socioculturel : exode des îliens, manque de personnel compétent dans le tourisme, implication insuffisante des acteurs privés dans les politiques de développement touristique à Nha Trang, surexploitation de la baie de Nha Trang et diminution du nombre de touristes internationaux. Face à ces constatations, la question capitale pour nous est celle-ci : Peut-on considérer le développement touristique actuel à Nha Trang comme durable sous l'angle d'indicateurs socioculturels ? Autrement dit, est-ce qu'il permet de satisfaire les touristes, de préserver les ressources touristiques locales, de faire bénéficier du tourisme l'ensemble de la population locale et de faire participer tous les acteurs au processus de décision. L'objectif de ce travail est double. Il s'agit tout d'abord d'analyser le tourisme à Nha Trang sous l'angle d'indicateurs socioculturels. À l'issue de ce bilan, des propositions sont soumises afin de concilier deux dynamiques à priori contradictoires : le développement touristique d'une part, et la préservation du patrimoine culturel local, d'autre part. Afin de mener à bien ce travail, 901 questionnaires ont été menés auprès de résidents et de touristes à Nha Trang ainsi que 15 entrevues semi-dirigées auprès des autorités locales. Les résultats de ces enquêtes ont été complétés par une recherche ayant permis de contacter 137 entreprises touristiques à Nha Trang. Fort de ce travail, les résultats obtenus montrent d'abord que certains principes associés au tourisme durable d'un point de vue socioculturel ne sont pas suffisamment respectés à Nha Trang. Parmi eux, la préservation des ressources touristiques et culturelles est particulièrement préoccupante pour l'avenir. La stabilité des offres d'emplois et la répartition équitable des bénéfices issus de l'activité touristique constituent également un motif d'inquiétude, au même titre que le degré de participation des acteurs privés aux politiques touristiques. Enfin, malgré une relative satisfaction de touristes concernant le personnel travaillant dans le tourisme et la qualité de services offerte, le secteur touristique nécessite davantage de formations. Afin de rendre le tourisme de Nha Trang plus durable d'un point de vue socioculturel, notre proposition prioritaire réside en la mise en œuvre d'un plan d'aménagement touristique de Nha Trang, en équilibrant entre la terre et la mer, qui permettrait de diversifier les pratiques touristiques, de mettre en tourisme les ressources touristiques en arrière-pays, de faire participer davantage les résidents aux projets touristiques. Cette mise en œuvre est accompagnée par une gouvernance réellement opérationnelle entre résidents, acteurs privés et acteurs publics impliqués dans la sphère touristique. Cette solution viserait à accroître la participation des acteurs privés et à promulguer des politiques touristiques conciliant réellement développement touristique et préservation des ressources. / Sustainable tourism, and the principles with which it is generally associated, has become a major concern not only at global and national but also at local levels as in the case of Nha Trang, an age-old sea-swimming destination in Vietnam. Regarded as one of the leading tourist centers of the country, Nha Trang is now facing with problems of tourism sustainability, particularly from a socio-cultural viewpoint: the exodus of islanders, the shortage of competent personnel in tourism, insufficient involvement of private sectors in the policies for tourism development in Nha Trang, overexploitation of Nha Trang Bay and the decrease in the amount of international tourists. With this awareness, the main question for us would be: Can we consider the actual tourism development in Nha Trang as sustainable from a viewpoint of socio-cultural indicators? In other words, is it possible to satisfy tourists, preserve local tourist resources, help the local community benefit from tourism and get all the factors to participate in the decision-making process? This research presents a double objective. First of all, it is important to analyze tourism in from a point of view based on socio-cultural indicators. At the conclusion of this research, proposals are forwarded so as to compromise two apparently contradictory dynamics: tourism development on the one hand and the preservation of local cultural heritage on the other. With an aim at performing this task well, 901 questionnaires have been handed out to the residents and tourists in Nha Trang, as well as 15 interviews that have been carried out with local authorities. The results of these surveys have been obtained through a research allowed to contact 137 tourist enterprises in Nha Trang. Thanks to this, the results obtained show in the first place that some principles associated to sustainable tourism from a socio-cultural viewpoint are not sufficiently observed in Nha Trang. Among these, the preservation of tourist and cultural resources particularly present lots of concern for the future. All the same, recruitment stability and equitable distribution of benefits arising from tourist operations constitute a basis for worries, similarly to the degree of participation of private sectors in tourism policies. In sum, despite tourists' relative satisfaction concerning the staff now working in tourism and the quality of services offered, the tourism sector demands further training. In order to make Nha Trang's tourism more sustainable from a socio-cultural viewpoint, our prerequisite proposal is to put into operation a plan of renovating Nha Trang’s tourism, by bringing about a well-balanced relationship between the land and the sea, which will hopefully pave the way for diversifying tourist practices, making advantage of inland tourist resources in tourism, assisting the residents to participate further in tourism projects. This performance is accompanied with an operational governance among residents, private factors and public figures involved in the tourism sphere. This solution would aim at increasing the participation of the private sector and promulgating tourism policies, virtually compromising tourism development and preservation of resources.

Thèse en cotutelle (Programme de Sciences Humaines Appliquées de l'Université de Montréal et Département de Communication de l'Université Rennes 2 - France) / Cette recherche se propose de problématiser et d’interroger empiriquement la justice spatiolinguistique en sociolinguistique urbaine. Cette dernière notion, inspirée de celle de justice spatiale en géographie et en études urbaines, permet effectivement au chercheur de devoir interroger, au-delà des « inégalités », « discriminations », de l’« exploitation » ou de la « ségrégation » observées « sur le terrain », le travail de théorisation politique sous-jacent à partir duquel il les identifie comme telles. La justice spatiolinguistique constitue également une façon d’aborder la pluralité des conceptions de la justice des partenaires de la recherche autant que la façon dont s’instituent discursivement les injustices spatiolinguistiques et dont peut aussi s’instituer, par les pratiques langagières, des réalités spatiolinguistiques plus justes. Empiriquement, la justice spatiolinguistique est interrogée ici dans le contexte de l’action et de l’organisation communautaires dans l’arrondissement Verdun de Montréal au Québec. Dans une perspective à dominante marxienne, en problématisant centralement la question des institutions, des sujets et de l’idéologie, il s’agit alors d’étudier la façon dont l’espace urbain du capitalisme avancé et la gouvernementalité néolibérale contemporaine affectent le travail des acteurs de l’organisation communautaire. Dans la perspective croisée de la sociolinguistique urbaine prioritaire, de la linguistique sociale et des sociolinguistique critique et politique, ces phénomènes de justice et d’injustices spatiolinguistiques sont observées à travers l’étude des mises en mots des transformations spatiales, à travers les territorialisations sociales et sociolinguistiques des interlocuteurs de la recherche, notamment via la méthode de l’Analyse du Discours à Entrée Lexicale (ADEL) ainsi qu’à travers l’étude catégorielle de leurs « actes de discours » contre-interpellants, « scénographies », « discours rapportés » et autres pratiques langagières critiques. / This research problematizes and questions empirically the theoretical concept of spatiolinguistic justice, developed in French urban sociolinguistics. This term spatiolinguistic justice, inspired from spatial justice as used in critical geography and urban studies, requires that the researcher inquires his own political theorization behind his use of terms such as “inequality” “discrimination” “exploitation” and “segregation”, terms that are often considered as observed “realities” rather than as discursively constructed. Spatiolinguistic justice also allows the researcher to examine the diversity of approaches to justice as expressed by participants in ethnographic research, and the way justice and injustice are discursively institutionalized through language practices. In this thesis, spatiolinguistic justice is investigated through community action and organization in Verdun (a borough of Montreal) in Quebec. Adopting a (mainly) Marxian perspective to problematize institutions, ideology/ideologies and subjects, the purpose of this study is to examine the way capitalist urban space and neoliberal governmentality affect community organizing actors and their discourse. Weaving together theorization in urban sociolinguistics, social linguistics, critical sociolinguistics and political sociolinguistics, this study approaches spatiolinguistic justice and injustice through the analysis of discourse on spatial transformation and through social and sociolinguistics territorialization. This is done through a lexical entry method to discourse analysis but also through the study of the participants’ counter-interpelling “discourse acts”, “discursive scenography”, “reported speech” and other approaches to critical analysis of language practices.

The urbanization of the world is a worldwide challenge that requires solutions at several levels of society. Cities are places for good opportunities for a high-quality life but with an increasing population growth in need more and different needs to be maintained. This study presents a case where the purpose of the study is to investigate the degree to which environmental justice is included in the planning of green areas in Swedish municipalities.  The study is based on the collection of documents as well as qualitative content analysis. A document for a Swedish municipality has been selected to be analyzed. Based on the purpose and issue of the study, the data material has been analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. Environmental justice and spatial justice form the theoretical framework of the study.  The results show that the investigated case has great potential to contribute to the development of a more equitable city as an environmental perspective is included in several parts of the planning of green areas. However, the material examined tends to be somewhat unclear in how the solutions will concretely solve the challenges of an increasingly dense and multicultural city, suggesting a lower consideration of the environmental justice perspectivein municipal planning of green spaces. / Urbaniseringen av världen är en världsomfattande utmaning som kräver lösningar på flera nivåer i samhället. Städer utgör platser för goda möjligheter till ett liv med hög kvalitet men med en ökande befolkningstillväxt i behöver fler och olika behov upprätthållas. I denna studie presenteras ett fall där syftet med studien är att undersöka i vilken grad miljörättvisainkluderas i planering av grönområden i svenska kommuner. Studien baseras på insamling av dokument samt kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Ett dokument för en svensk kommun har valts ut för analys. Utifrån studiens syfte och frågeställning har datamaterialet analyserats med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Miljörättvisa och rumslig rättvisa utgör det teoretiska ramverket i studien. Resultatet visar att det undersökta fallet har stor potential att vara bidragande till utvecklingen av en mer rättvis stad då ett miljöperspektiv inkluderas i flera delar av planeringen av grönområden. Dock tenderar det undersökta materialet att vara något otydligt i hur lösningarna rent konkret ska lösa utmaningarna i en allt tätare och mångkulturell stad, vilkettyder på en lägre hänsyn till miljörättviseperspektivet i kommunal planering av grönområden.