Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre des travaux sur l'acquisition des langues étrangères. L'objectif principal est de déterminer les structurations linguistiques transitoires employées par les apprenants francophones pour exprimer l'espace en mandarin langue étrangère. La procédure utilisée est l'analyse d'un corpus de productions orales issues d'une étude expérimentale de vingt mois menée auprès d'apprenants adultes francophones du mandarin de niveau débutant, intermédiaire et avancé. Pour atteindre l'objectif fixé, nous nous penchons d'abord sur l'acquisition des verbes directionnels en mandarin, puis sur les calculs des coordonnées spatiales qui impliquent l'« habitual thought » du mandarin concernant les verbes lái (venir) et qù (aller). L'analyse des expressions spatiales par les apprenants nous permettra ensuite de détailler le processus d'acquisition des ensembles spécifiques de la relation forme/fonction du mandarin et, plus précisément, la façon dont les options linguistiques façonnent la production des apprenants à chaque niveau de l'apprentissage. L'étude de l'acquisition des verbes de repérage ainsi que du calcul des coordonnées spatiales, quant à elles, nous dévoileront le processus cognitif de la conceptualisation du domaine spatial. / This thesis intervenes in the field of foreign language acquisition. The main objective is to determine the transient language structuring used by French-speaking learners to express space in Mandarin. The procedure used is the analysis of an oral corpus from an experimental study during twenty months with French-speaking adult learners of three different Mandarin levels: beginner, intermediate and advanced. To achieve our goal, we focus primarily on the acquisition of directional verbs in Mandarin, then on the calculation of spatial coordinates that involve the "habitual thought" about Mandarin verbs lái (come) and qù (go). The analysis of spatial expressions by French learners will detail the process of acquiring specific sets of the form/function relationship in Mandarin; to be more precise, we will show how the language options shape the learners production at each level of learning. The acquisition of the verbs lái (come) and qù (go) and of the calculation of spatial coordinates, in turn, will reveal the cognitive process of space conceptualization by the French learners.

O presente trabalho trata da análise da estrutura e da espacialidade na obra de Mies van der Rohe. O objetivo é identificar sistemas e estratégias estruturais diversas ao longo do seu trabalho e entender sua relação com a evolução da concepção espacial de suas obras. Adotou-se como referência para esta análise dois períodos da carreira de Mies: o Período Europeu, de 1906 a 1938, e o Período Americano de 1938 a 1968, nos quais foram identificadas respectivamente quatro fases estruturais, conforme os sistemas estruturais e espaciais utilizados. A investigação centrou-se em quatro obras de referência do arquiteto: o Pavilhão de Barcelona (1928-29), o Crown Hall (1950), o Edifício Seagram (1954) e a Neuegalerie (1968). Compreendendo que o elemento poético da obra do arquiteto, aquele a partir do qual se articulam estrutura e espacialidade, é a tectônica, buscou-se analisar as convergências entre concepção espacial e estrutural e a tectônica destas obras. O resultado mostra que Mies van der Rohe, através de sessenta anos de ensaios e pesquisas estruturais e espaciais, consegue nas décadas de 1950-60 chegar à essência da sua obra: a estrutura como meio ordenador espacial do edifício. / This dissertation analyzes the structure and spatial characteristics on Mies van der Rohe´s work. The goal is to identify many structural strategies and systems throughout Rohe's work in order to understand their relationship with his spatial conception evolution. Two periods of Rohe's career were adopted as reference for this analysis: the European period, from 1906 to 1938, and the American period, from 1938 to 1968. In these periods, four structural stages were identified according to the structural and spatial systems used. The investigation focused on four of his key works: Barcelona Pavilion (1928), Crown Hall (1950), Seagram Building (1954) and Neuegalerie (1968).Understanding that the poetic element within the architect´s work - that from which structural and spatial concepts articulate - is its tectonic element, it was developed here the analysis of the convergence between the space and structural conceptions and the tectonics of the cited works. The dissertation finds that Mies van der Rohe - after 60 years of attempts, and structural spatial researches - achieved, during the 50s and 60s , the essence of his work: the structure as the spatial organizer of the building.

This thesis examines the use of form and spatial language in confessional fiction by men to elucidate how they conceptualise and negotiate material, corporeal, and psychological boundaries amidst the shifting social and political landscape of the United States since the Second World War. In light of increasingly urgent calls to address gender and racial discrimination in the United States, this study offers timely insight into an identity that, while culturally dominant, often escapes examination: white, heterosexual masculinity. Focusing on the representation of forms and spatial imagery, the chapters explore how five formally experimental novelists-Vladimir Nabokov, Joseph McElroy, Harry Mathews, William H. Gass, and Peter Dimock- employ the confessional genre to illustrate the way men perceive themselves as spatially and temporally circumscribed, and to look at the way they reinforce or transgress the boundaries of masculine identity. The post-war period in the United States witnessed a proliferation of confessional writing that coincided with the popularisation of Freudian psychoanalysis, the cold war rhetoric of suspicion, and the rise of second-wave feminism. As a result, the concept of the self increasingly becomes a repository for fantasies of potential discovery and hidden danger that rely, significantly, on metaphors of surface and depth. It is within, and often against, this cultural preoccupation with the self that these writers address, both directly and indirectly, the status of white masculinity. Drawing on innovative theories of forms and spatiality, this study examines the diverse language and imagery men use to describe their sense of selfhood as well as the bonds they form with others. The works considered in this study demonstrate a common preoccupation with the boundaries that separate interior from exterior and private from public. In response to pressures both intimate and impersonal, the narrators of the texts discussed in this thesis turn to confessional practices of written self-examination to locate themselves within networks of fluctuating relations and obligations. The question that this thesis seeks to resolve is whether the forms and spatial language the narrators employ enable or obstruct their efforts to negotiate the competing demands of ethical responsibilities to others and the desire to preserve a stable sense of self.

Research on livelihoods has been conducted across various fields but there has been less focus upon detection and analyzing of the interconnected relationships between space and livelihoods. This study investigates these relationships from a place-specific point of view utilizing the Tibetan exile community in India as a case study. The qualitative method of semi-structured, in-depth interviews has been employed in order to gather primary data. Theoretically, this thesis draws it framework mainly from the human geography perspective on space and place combined with the conceptual Sustainable Livelihood framework.  This thesis argues that it is possible to distinguish four examples of reciprocal relationships between space and livelihoods in the places studied. These are spatial congregation into an ethnic enclave, the altering of place specific time-space relations which in turn alters livelihood possibilities over time, migration and spatial dispersion of livelihoods. These results are case specific and not generalizable. / Forskning kring försörjningsmöjligheter har utförts inom en rad vetenskapliga fält men få har fokuserat på att finna och analysera ömsesidiga relationer mellan space och försörjningsstrategier. Denna studie undersöker dessa relationer med en plats-specifik utgångspunkt och använder det tibetanska exilsamhället i Indien som fallstudie. Den kvalitativa metoden semi-strukturerade djupintervjuer har använts för att samla in primärdata. Uppsatsen drar sitt teoretiska ramverk från det samhällsgeografiska perspektiven på space och place i kombination med det konceptuella ramverket Sustainable Livelihood framework.  Uppsatsen menar att det är möjligt att särskilja fyra exempel på de ömsesidiga relationerna mellan space och försörjningsstrategier. Dessa är rumslig ansamling i en etniska enklav,  förändringar i platsspecifika tid-rum relationer vilket påverkar försörjningsmöjligheter över tid, migration och rumslig spridning av försörjning. Dessa resultat anses vara fallspecifika och därför inte möjliga att generalisera.

Le développement des sociétés à travers le monde est influencé par des dynamiques de pouvoir social. D’une perspective de genre, les relations patriarcales ont contribué à la réorganisation du développement par un accès inégal aux ressources, à l’espace et à la mobilité. La société mexicaine, caractérisée par un fort patriarcat et une pauvreté endémique, a vu émerger de multiples outils de développement pour pallier aux inégalités de genre. Plus récemment, les programmes de microfinance sont devenus un instrument de choix pour lutter contre la marginalisation des femmes et les inégalités de genre. La littérature scientifique présente des lacunes au sujet de la nature des relations de genre dans les ménages qui bénéficient de la microfinance. Plusieurs études portent sur les impacts de la microfinance sur la vie des femmes, mais peu offrent une vision holistique considérant la microfinance comme un outil de développement capable de changer la nature spatiale des inégalités de genre. Cette recherche est basée sur une comparaison qualitative de deux études de cas de groupes de microfinance de San Miguel Tenextatiloyan et d’Émilio Carranza, deux communautés de la Sierra Norte de Puebla (Mexique). Son objectif principal est d’évaluer le degré selon lequel les programmes de microfinance ont changé la place des femmes dans la société. Pour répondre à cette question, un portrait de l’organisation spatiale du genre sera tracé, puis, les impacts des programmes de microfinance sur la place des femmes dans les espaces domestiques, de travail et communautaires seront évalués. L’étude mène à la conclusion que les programmes de microfinance du CESDER n’ont pas beaucoup changé la place des femmes dans la société. La recherche dévoile plutôt que, dans un contexte de pauvreté, la microfinance stabilise les ménages et offre des lieux d’échange et de réseautage, mais elle n’offre pas aux femmes une véritable chance d’acquérir plus de contrôle sur leur vie. Deuxièmement, les résultats démontrent que les tâches associées à la reproduction sociale – largement assumée par les femmes - engendrent une barrière structurante à l’empowerment des femmes, un obstacle que la microfinance ne parvient pas entièrement à surmonter. Mots-clés : Géographie du genre, relations de pouvoir, développement, microfinance, spatialité, néolibéralisme, Mexique. / The development of societies around the world is influenced by dynamics of social power. From a perspective of gender, patriarchal relationships often shape development by influencing differential access to resources, including space and mobility. Mexico, historically characterized by both patriarchy and endemic poverty, has been home to a wide range of development strategies addressing gendered inequality. Most recently, microfinance programs have become an instrument of choice for confronting female marginalization and gender inequality. The scientific literature reveals important gaps in the study of gendered relationships in households which benefit from microfinance. Several studies address the impact of microfinance on the lives of women, but few offer a holistic vision that views microfinance as a tool of development promising to shift the spatial nature of gendered inequality. This research is based on qualitative comparative case studies of microfinance groups in San Miguel Tenextatiloyan and Émilio Carranza, two communities of the Sierra Norte de Puebla (Mexico). Its primary objective is to evaluate the degree to which microfinance programs have changed the place of the women in society. To answer this issue, a portrait of the spatial organization of gender is presented, and then the impacts of microfinance programs on the place of women in domestic, work and community spaces is assessed. The results of the study indicate that microfinance programs have not changed substantially the place of women in society. Rather the research finds that, in a context of poverty, microfinance stabilizes households, but does not lead to a clear amelioration of the material circumstances of women’s lives. Secondly, the findings demonstrate that the tasks associated with social reproduction – largely assumed by women – provide a structural barrier to female empowerment that microfinance alone cannot fully confront. Keywords: Gender geography, power relations, development, microfinance, spatiality, neoliberalism, Mexico. / El desarrollo de las sociedades a través del mundo es influido por dinámicas de poder social. De una perspectiva de género, las relaciones patriarcales contribuyeron a la reorganización del desarrollo por un acceso desigual a los recursos, al espacio y a la movilidad. La sociedad mexicana, caracterizada por un patriarcado fuerte y una pobreza endémica, vio emerger instrumentos múltiples de desarrollo para mitigar a las desigualdades de género. Más recientemente, los programas de microfinanzas se convirtieron en un instrumento de elección para luchar contra la marginación de las mujeres y las desigualdades de género. La literatura científica presenta lagunas respecto a la naturaleza de las relaciones de género en los hogares que gozan de las microfinanzas. Varios estudios se refieren en los impactos de estos programas en la vida de las mujeres, pero poco ofrecen una visión holística que considere las microfinanzas como un instrumento de desarrollo capaz de cambiar la naturaleza espacial de las desigualdades de género. Esta investigación está basada en una comparación cualitativa de dos estudios de caso de grupos de microfinanzas de San Miguel Tenextatiloyan y de Emilio Carranza, dos comunidades de la Sierra Norte de Puebla (México). Su objetivo principal es evaluar el grado según el cual los programas de microfinanzas cambiaron el lugar de las mujeres en la sociedad. Para responder a esta cuestión, un retrato de la organización espacial del género será trazado; posteriormente se analizarán y evaluarán los impactos de los programas de microfinanzas respecto al papel de las mujeres en los espacios domésticos, de trabajo y comunitario. El estudio lleva a la conclusión que los programas de microfinanzas del CESDER no cambiaron mucho la plaza de las mujeres en la sociedad. La investigación descubre más bien que, en un contexto de pobreza, las microfinanzas estabilizan los hogares y ofrecen un lugar de discusión, pero no les ofrecen a las mujeres una verdadera posibilidad de adquirir más control sobre su vida. En segundo lugar, los resultados demuestran que las tareas asociadas con la reproducción social -ampliamente asumida por las mujeres- engendran una barrera estructurante en el empoderamiento de las mujeres, un obstáculo que las microfinanzas no llegan totalmente a eliminar. Palabras clave: geografía del género, relaciones de poder, desarrollo, microfinanzas, espacialidad, neoliberalismo, México.

Loin d’être homogène, l’habitat est à la fois le reflet de l’assignation des femmes à un rôle de sexe et, dans le même temps, un instrument politique du changement social, de la transgression des normes sociales fixées sur le genre. De quelles manières des actions collectives féministes qui se réclament de l’émancipation peuvent-elles, par le biais de pratiques habitantes, affirmer un autre possible, construire d’autres modes d’être et d’agir en vue d’une vie plus libre ? La mise en œuvre de notre questionnement a conduit à choisir comme objet d’étude le « squat » associé à une critique féministe de l’ordre social. Du squat féministe, un regard se pose sur l’ordre social, un discours est porté sur les raisons de cet engagement dans les marges de la société. Des attitudes, des manières de faire et d’agir s’y construisent afin d’élaborer des réponses à la question des rapports sociaux, des rapports de genre. Nous avons comparé deux modèles de squat féministe : les squats politiques français soumis à une grande instabilité du fait de leur statut « sans droit ni titre » et les squats « légalisés » allemands qui, au regard du contexte historique et politique, s’inscrivent dans un temps plus long. La thèse permet d’élaborer une sociologie du genre renouvelée à partir d’une remise en question de l’ordre social par un engagement féministe autour de pratiques habitantes et de rendre compte de la façon dont des actrices sociales répondent aux problèmes féministes en fabriquant un « autre » modèle. / Far from being homogeneous, the habitat is both a reflection of the relegation of women to the role of sex and, at the same time, a political instrument of social change, of the transgression of social norms of gender. In what ways can feminist collective actions, which claim to be representative of emancipation, affirm another possible, develop other modes of being and acting for a freer life, through inhabitants’ practices? The implementation of our questioning has led us to choose as the object of study the "squat" associated with a feminist critique of the social order.. From the feminist squat, one’s gaze rests on the social order, a speech is focused on the reasons for this engagement in the margins of society. Attitudes, ways of doing and acting, develop to answer the question of social relationships, of gender relationships. We compared two models of feminist squat: in France, political squats which are instable because of their status "without right or title" and in Germany, "legalized" squats which, in terms of historical and political context, are in a longer timeframe.The thesis allows the development of a sociology of gender, from a feminist questioning of the social order around inhabitants’ practices. It also helps to account for how the social actors respond to feminist problems by making an "other" model.

O presente trabalho trata da análise da estrutura e da espacialidade na obra de Mies van der Rohe. O objetivo é identificar sistemas e estratégias estruturais diversas ao longo do seu trabalho e entender sua relação com a evolução da concepção espacial de suas obras. Adotou-se como referência para esta análise dois períodos da carreira de Mies: o Período Europeu, de 1906 a 1938, e o Período Americano de 1938 a 1968, nos quais foram identificadas respectivamente quatro fases estruturais, conforme os sistemas estruturais e espaciais utilizados. A investigação centrou-se em quatro obras de referência do arquiteto: o Pavilhão de Barcelona (1928-29), o Crown Hall (1950), o Edifício Seagram (1954) e a Neuegalerie (1968). Compreendendo que o elemento poético da obra do arquiteto, aquele a partir do qual se articulam estrutura e espacialidade, é a tectônica, buscou-se analisar as convergências entre concepção espacial e estrutural e a tectônica destas obras. O resultado mostra que Mies van der Rohe, através de sessenta anos de ensaios e pesquisas estruturais e espaciais, consegue nas décadas de 1950-60 chegar à essência da sua obra: a estrutura como meio ordenador espacial do edifício. / This dissertation analyzes the structure and spatial characteristics on Mies van der Rohe´s work. The goal is to identify many structural strategies and systems throughout Rohe's work in order to understand their relationship with his spatial conception evolution. Two periods of Rohe's career were adopted as reference for this analysis: the European period, from 1906 to 1938, and the American period, from 1938 to 1968. In these periods, four structural stages were identified according to the structural and spatial systems used. The investigation focused on four of his key works: Barcelona Pavilion (1928), Crown Hall (1950), Seagram Building (1954) and Neuegalerie (1968).Understanding that the poetic element within the architect´s work - that from which structural and spatial concepts articulate - is its tectonic element, it was developed here the analysis of the convergence between the space and structural conceptions and the tectonics of the cited works. The dissertation finds that Mies van der Rohe - after 60 years of attempts, and structural spatial researches - achieved, during the 50s and 60s , the essence of his work: the structure as the spatial organizer of the building.

O presente trabalho trata da análise da estrutura e da espacialidade na obra de Mies van der Rohe. O objetivo é identificar sistemas e estratégias estruturais diversas ao longo do seu trabalho e entender sua relação com a evolução da concepção espacial de suas obras. Adotou-se como referência para esta análise dois períodos da carreira de Mies: o Período Europeu, de 1906 a 1938, e o Período Americano de 1938 a 1968, nos quais foram identificadas respectivamente quatro fases estruturais, conforme os sistemas estruturais e espaciais utilizados. A investigação centrou-se em quatro obras de referência do arquiteto: o Pavilhão de Barcelona (1928-29), o Crown Hall (1950), o Edifício Seagram (1954) e a Neuegalerie (1968). Compreendendo que o elemento poético da obra do arquiteto, aquele a partir do qual se articulam estrutura e espacialidade, é a tectônica, buscou-se analisar as convergências entre concepção espacial e estrutural e a tectônica destas obras. O resultado mostra que Mies van der Rohe, através de sessenta anos de ensaios e pesquisas estruturais e espaciais, consegue nas décadas de 1950-60 chegar à essência da sua obra: a estrutura como meio ordenador espacial do edifício. / This dissertation analyzes the structure and spatial characteristics on Mies van der Rohe´s work. The goal is to identify many structural strategies and systems throughout Rohe's work in order to understand their relationship with his spatial conception evolution. Two periods of Rohe's career were adopted as reference for this analysis: the European period, from 1906 to 1938, and the American period, from 1938 to 1968. In these periods, four structural stages were identified according to the structural and spatial systems used. The investigation focused on four of his key works: Barcelona Pavilion (1928), Crown Hall (1950), Seagram Building (1954) and Neuegalerie (1968).Understanding that the poetic element within the architect´s work - that from which structural and spatial concepts articulate - is its tectonic element, it was developed here the analysis of the convergence between the space and structural conceptions and the tectonics of the cited works. The dissertation finds that Mies van der Rohe - after 60 years of attempts, and structural spatial researches - achieved, during the 50s and 60s , the essence of his work: the structure as the spatial organizer of the building.

Submitted by GEORGE OLOF DE FREITAS ALVESKOG null (george_alveskog@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-25T15:20:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 George Alveskog - Escritura do Espaço na Música Eletroacústica (2016).pdf: 6954137 bytes, checksum: 293ed4252bfbd225092d103f4ed94cf7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-29T18:36:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alveskog_gof_me_ia.pdf: 6954137 bytes, checksum: 293ed4252bfbd225092d103f4ed94cf7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T18:36:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alveskog_gof_me_ia.pdf: 6954137 bytes, checksum: 293ed4252bfbd225092d103f4ed94cf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa tem como principal objetivo elucidar como a estruturação espacial dos sons tem sido utilizada como uma importante estratégia de composição em obras eletroacústicas acusmáticas. Para isso, serão analisadas obras e escritos de alguns dos compositores que mais contribuíram para o assunto, apresentando tanto problemáticas gerais decorrentes da inserção do espacialidade na escritura musical, como técnicas de elaboração da espacialidade encontradas durante as análises das obras. / The main purpose of this research is to shed light on how the spatial structuring of sounds has been utilized as an important compositional strategy on electroacoustic acousmatic pieces. For this purpose, compositions and writings from some of the main composers which have contributed to the subject will be analyzed, presenting both the general problematics occasioned by the insertion of spatiality in the musical thinking and elaborative process and the spatial elaborative techniques found during the analyses of the compositions.

Cette recherche, en lien avec mes activités de pianiste, compositrice et chef d’orchestre, porte sur l’élaboration de l’œuvre de jazz symphonique. Le jazz symphonique a représenté un hybride musical et un terrain de recherche autour de l’espace sonore de l'orchestre. Il a été à bien des égards un précurseur dans l’exploration des possibilités pour créer une musique dans laquelle les approches et les préoccupations jazz et savantes entraient dans une dialectique productive. Le geste d’écriture qu'il a privilégié intègre alors la palette instrumentale comme un révélateur fondamental des structures musicales. Le compositeur élabore un processus musical qui permet au matériau de s’exprimer, de déployer ses potentialités expressives et perceptives par l’appréhension de l’espace orchestral. Identifier et comprendre les stratégies d’écoute que le compositeur destine à l’auditeur et la manière dont il potentialise la signification des éléments constitutifs de l’œuvre représentent un des principaux enjeux de la recherche. / This research relates to my pursuits as a pianist, composer and conductor, and concerns the development of the art of symphonic jazz. Symphonic jazz has represented a musical hybrid and a field of research around the soundscape of the orchestra. In many ways, it has been a forerunner in exploring the possibilities for creating music in which jazz and scholarly approaches and inquiries had entered into a productive dialectic. Hence the favoured approach to writing now integrates a variety of instruments as a fundamental revealer of musical structures. The composer creates a musical process that allows the material to express itself and spread its expressive and perceptive potential through comprehension of the orchestral space. Identifying and understanding the composer’s listening strategies for the listener, as well as the way he increases the meaning of the elements constituting the work is one of the main subjects of research.