The link between interparental conflict and adolescents’ maladjustment has been well established among European Americans; however, relatively few studies examine these relationships in Chinese societies. This study used longitudinal data from the Taiwan Youth Project (TYP), an on-going longitudinal panel research project focused on adolescent development, in order to examine the relationship between interparental conflict and depressive symptoms and externalizing problem behaviors of adolescents. In addition, this study examined parental warmth as a mediating variable for the relationship between interparental conflict and adolescents’ maladjustment. The results showed that interparental conflict predicted depressive symptoms among adolescents two years later. Mediation analysis indicated that parental warmth partially mediated the relationship between interparental conflict and depressive symptoms. However, findings indicated that there was no direct effect between interparental conflict and adolescent externalizing behaviors two years later; rather, the association was indirect through the mediating variable of overall parental warmth. Thus, overall parental warmth fully mediated the relationship between interparental conflict and subsequent externalizing behaviors. These results yield valuable information for clinical intervention and further research.

Assessment of the foreign direct investment (FDI) spillovers in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has become a lively area of research in the past decades; nonetheless, the existing primary literature seems to be inconclusive. The present thesis revises the literature through a meta-analytical approach using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). Considering that the previous liter- ature reviews are of either inferior quality or incomparable focus, our research is based on a collection of 1081 estimates from 14 primary studies published between 2007 and 2017 comprising data from 1995 to 2012. A variety of 85 characteristics of the observations is coded whilst we employ at least 30 of these within each BMA estimation. Through separate testing of individual spillover measures (horizontal, forward, and backward), an extensive evidence of publication bias is collected for horizontal spillovers in PRC-exaggerating the mean magnitude of the reported estimates. Finally, the thesis identifies that the spillover effect from FDI inflows originating from the area of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan is systematically different from the others. JEL Classification O1, O3, O4 Keywords FDI, spillover effect, China, PRC, meta- analysis, publication bias, BMA Author's e-mail hermandominik@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail...

In this thesis, we develop a SKU level market basket model and apply the model to investigate cross-category reference price effects. This research extends previous work on the category-level multivariate logit model (Russell and Petersen 2000). Our model is a generalization of the multivariate logit model which allows for both complementarity and substitution effects at the brand level. The modeling effort in this thesis allows us to use conditional probability distributions of individual items to construct the final joint-distribution of all possible basket selections. The resulting model is very flexible and accommodates a large variety of market structure patterns. The model structure implies that the changes in brand-level marketing variables directly affect category incidence (by altering category attractiveness) and indirectly determine market basket composition. Because the model can be written in a closed form manner, we can easily study the pattern of brand price competition by computing a matrix of cross-price elasticities. We use scanner panel data for the yogurt category to demonstrate the structural flexibility of the model. The results from this application reveal asymmetric competition consistent with price-tier competition literature. We use this model to investigate how consumers' responses to reference prices within a category spillover into their choices across multiple categories. The notion is that a consumer's subjective judgment of the fairness of the price levels in one category influences the choice decisions of related items in other categories. We begin with building within-category SKU-level model based on previous findings from single category reference price models (i.e., internal versus external reference prices, asymmetric response due to loss aversion, and heterogeneity in response across consumers). We then develop four alternative model specifications for cross-category spillover effects and test competing theories about those effects. Using scanner panel data for detergent and softener categories, we discover valuable implications for reference price effects. First, SKU-level reference price effects exist and improve forecasting ability. Second, those reference price effects influence category attractiveness, but do no spillover across categories. Finally, category-level reference dependent evaluation may exist but not be important in forecasting.

本論文主要係以三個主題所組成。 除第1章為緒論外，第2章係討論「政府效率支出與經濟成長」之關係。本章係以內生成長模型為主，並基於政府部門係一生產單位之假設，重新檢驗政府活動對經濟成長的影響。同時，亦提出政府支出是否具有效率之觀念，探討政府部門內部若發生無效率活動時對經濟體系可能產生的衝擊。 第3章為考慮外溢效果存在並以定額稅融通之補貼政策。本章主要討論： 若廠商之防污努力的投入具有外溢效果，則政府在訂定最適補貼率時，有無將外溢效果納入考量對補貼率訂定之影響。其次，本章亦討論當政府訂定補貼率時，外溢效果存在的考量與否，對廠商之最適產量及污染排放量之影響與傳統文獻不同。 第4章為考慮外溢效果下，污染稅和污染投入補貼併行的最適環境政策。 本章假設政府係採課徵污染稅來融通對廠商防治污染投入之補貼財源，分析比較不同環境政策的產出效果、污染排放效果，並藉此分析當一國政府面對廠商的防污技術具有外溢效果時，應如何修正其環境政策，以獲得較高的褔利水準。同時，在本章中亦將建構一個兩階段的賽局進行分析。

贈品促銷在各行各業的採用愈來愈普遍，但有關贈品促銷的影響效果卻被許多學者所忽略，原因可能是因為大部分學者將贈品價格愈高，促銷效果愈好的正向影響效果視為理所當然，但是否真實如此?本研究認為若探討贈品促銷的效果，其中所探討的贈品促銷是指買A送B，其中A與B為不同產品類別。而針對贈品價值的吸引力方面，應著眼於贈品價格相當於主產品價格的百分比來進行探討，在本文中簡稱為贈品促銷深度(例如，贈品促銷廣告中：「購買一雙$2000的Nike球鞋，即贈送價值$200的Casio手錶一只」，則此贈品促銷深度為$200/$1000=10%)。本文將贈品促銷深度分為十組(10%、20%...100%)，並加入主產品與贈品品牌形象的干擾變數一同探討。正式研究包含三項研究主題，深入分析贈品促銷深度的轉折現象、對產品知覺價值影響效果與外溢效果。理論基礎採用內在參考價格相關理論與定錨調整鋰論，研究方法採用10x2x2的組間因子設計之實驗法進行，針對北部兩所大學在校學生進行問卷發放，有效問卷975份。 研究主題一的目的欲找出贈品促銷深度對贈品價格合理性影響的轉折點，研究結果顯示，當主要產品與贈品沒有出現品牌訊息時，贈品促銷深度的轉折點為50%，但加入品牌訊息之後，轉折點便有所不同，品牌形象高時，贈品促銷深度轉折點為50%，品牌形象低時，轉折點往下修正，變成40%或20%。 根據研究主題一找出的轉折點，研究主題二則進一步探討轉折前的合理贈品促銷深度以及轉折後的誇張贈品促銷深度對產品知覺價值的影響效果，再加入主產品與贈品的品牌形象之情境變數，探討此三者彼此間的互動如何影響消費者對贈品促銷的評價。研究結果發現：(1)合理深度下，深度愈深，整組產品知覺價值愈高，但誇張深度下，深度愈深，整組產品知覺價值愈低。(2)贈品促銷深度愈深，贈品價格知覺愈高;合理深度愈深，贈品價值升值愈少，誇張深度愈深，贈品價值貶值愈多。(3)主產品與贈品品牌形象皆產生干擾效果。 研究主題三則想瞭解消費者心中對贈品免費的印象是否會外溢出去影響到贈品同類產品的其他品牌(同品他牌)、或者外溢出去影響到贈品同品牌的其他產品(同牌他品)，而貶低對同品他牌或同牌他品的評價? 研究結果發現：贈品促銷的確會產生外溢效果，且隨著合理深度加深，外溢效果降低，但隨著誇張深度加深，外溢效果增加。透過本研究，一方面可更豐富贈品促銷效果的相關學術研究結果，另一方面可提供實務界相關建議。 / Gift promotion is taken as a common technique in most industry for a long time. It is believed that the higher the gift price is, the more successful gift promotion works. But, must it be true? In this study, gift promotion was defined as “buy A, get a free gift B”；that is, A and B were different products. Furthermore, promotion depth was taken as a main independent variable and defined as a percentage of gift price by main product price. By experiment design, promotion depth was manipulated as ten groups (10%, 20%,..., 100%), and brand images of main product and gift were chosen to be two moderators in this study. An 10x2x2 between subject design was further held, and totally 975 valid questionnaires was gathered. Three themes were arranged to further investigate effects of gift promotion. Inferences and discussions were based on literature of reference price and anchor-adjustment theory. In the first research theme, it is proposed that there is a turning point in promotion depth—50% of promotion depth, and the turning point was fluctuant in accordance with brand image. If the brand image was high, the turning point was 50%；however, if the brand image was low, the turning point was downward to 40% under low brand image of main product and downward to 20% under low brand image of gift. Based on these findings, promotion depth was divided into two categories—reasonable (depth before turning point) and exaggerated (depth after turning point) promotion depth—in order to do further investigations. The second research theme focused on the effect of reasonable or exaggerated promotion depth and its interaction with brand image of main product and gift. Findings were (a) In the range of reasonable promotion depth, the deeper the promotion depth was, the higher the perceived value of product bundle was (eg. positive relationship). However, in the range of exaggerated promotion depth, negative relationship was exhibited. (b) The deeper the promotion depth was, the higher the price perception of gift was. In the range of reasonable promotion depth, as the depth increased, value-adding level of gift decreased. In the range of exaggerated promotion depth, as the depth increased, value-discounting level of gift increased. (c) The brand image of main product and gift did show significant moderating effect. The third research theme was going to investigate whether the discounting perception toward gift would spill to other products with the same brand of the gift, or spill to the same product with other brand. In this study, we defined the phenomenon as a “spillover effect” of gift promotion. Findings were: (a) No matter in the range of reasonable or exaggerated promotion depth, gift promotion did cause discounting of perceived value toward other products with the same brand of the gift and to the same product with other brand. That is, spillover effect did exist. (b) As the promotion depth increased, the spillover effect would first go downward then upward. In other words, the relationship between promotion depth and spillover effect showed a type of U-shape. Findings of this study will enrich literature of promotion as well as offer practical suggestions to managers implementing strategies of gift promotions.

本研究使用相關係數隨時間變動的雙變量GARCH(1,1)模型(time-varying correlation bivariate GARCH(1,1) model)，討論台灣股票市場中，大公司與小公司之間的報酬、衝擊(shock)、波動(volatility)是否互為影響為主軸。其次，為了了解不同估計方法、相關係數的設定和解釋變數對結果造成的影響，亦設立了3種模型，作為本研究的比較模型。 本研究發現大公司與小公司過去的報酬，存在雙向的報酬外溢效果。換句話說，大公司與小公司過去的報酬分別都對「本身報酬」有影響外，對「對方的報酬」也有影響。進一步發現到：大公司過去受到的衝擊和波動不僅對本身的條件變異數造成影響，也影響到小公司的條件變異數。但相反地，小公司過去受到的衝擊和波動，只對本身的條件變異數有影響，對大公司的條件變異數沒有影響，所以大、小公司間的衝擊外溢效果和波動外溢效果有不對稱的現象。 從不同模型之比較也發現，在討論大公司與小公司的報酬及波動時，應重視兩者彼此相互影響的關係，在估計時使用多變量的方法，以捕捉彼此相依的條件共變異數及條件變異數之動態過程。除此之外，也應考量兩者的相關係數隨時間變動的特性，及過去的波動對描述對方條件變異數的重要性。 關鍵字：多變量、GARCH模型、波動性、外溢效果、不對稱性

政府制訂政策時往往有許多考量，尤其是面對外人直接投資時，政府的政策規範常會因為國內發展情況不同而有所調整，本文嘗試站在政府的角度，以兩種情況討論關稅的訂定與開放外人直接投資的決策。首先，我們以Grossman ＆ Helpman (1994) 之政治獻金模型為架構，考慮兩國廠商各種遊說的情況，藉以訂出最適關稅。我們發現，政府將會選擇兩國廠商一起遊說。其次，我們考慮本國政府可以開放外國廠商進入本國直接投資，同時我們假定外國廠商擁有技術優勢，進入本國直接投資後，對本國廠商會產生一技術外溢效果 (Spillover effect)，使得本國廠商邊際生產成本下降。最後，我們比較上述兩種情況之下之政府效用大小，並發現本國政府越重視國內福利相較於政治獻金時，將會傾向開放外人直接投資。 / Since the domestic government can choose the optimal policy instrument to maximize the social welfare, this paper analyzes how a domestic government sets the policy about foreign direct investment. In the beginning, we use Grossman ＆ Helpman (1994) political contribution model to endogenize tariff policy in a duopoly composed of a domestic firm and a foreign firm, where both firms affect the domestic government’s tariff policy via their contributions. It is found that the domestic government will choose both the domestic firm and the foreign firm apply contributions. Then, we consider a spillover effect when the domestic government decides to let the foreign firm with superior technology undertake foreign direct investment. Finally, we compare the government’s utility in the two situations above and find that the domestic government tends to open FDI when it puts much weight on the social welfare.

在社會資源有限分配下，住宅整建已逐漸成為市容景觀改造方法之一，成為都市更新重要的一環，鑑於以往文獻可知，建物整建會增加該不動產的市場價值。僅有Yau et al.（2006）及Yau et al.（2008）藉由視覺的虛擬變數代表受影響範圍，研究建物整建後對鄰近不動產價格的影響，卻無法證實整建之價格外溢效果確實影響範圍。 本研究採用具空間變數的空間迴歸模型，預期能解決一般迴歸模型中空間自相關與估計偏誤的估計問題，並以台北市都市更新整建維護實施辦法通過的補助案例及營造股份有限公司所提供的整建案例，與房地產交易價格簡訊資料為對象進行實證。實證結果發現，台北市住宅整建後確實會產生價格的外溢效果，影響鄰近不動產，且不以視野可及之處為限，距離整建案例半徑200~500公尺內的交易樣本皆會受到影響，顯見加強策略性的地區整建，將能為都市再生帶來更顯著的影響。 / Housing refurbishment has become more important in congested living environment like Taipei. There are some studies focus on refurbishment will enhance the market value of the property. However, there have been a few empirical studies investigating the value enhanced by the refurbishment of neighborhood buildings. As a result, this study aims to empirically estimate the spillover effect of housing refurbishment in Taipei. We find that spatial hedonic model is more accuracy than traditional one, and that the refurbishment brought a significant increase in price of the buildings which located within 200~500 meter radius from the refurbished buildings. Obviously, to enhance house refurbishment is helpful to urban renewal.

This study investigates the impact of tax incentives on the firms’ innovative activity and economic growth by using sample of 28 OECD countries. The study using panel data analysis and applies fixed effect OLS models. The results of the econometric investigation indicate that tax incentives have significant and positive effect on the R&D expenditure. Regression analysis also shows a positive significant impact of R&D tax incentives in combination with direct funding for business R&D. The paper finds no evidence of significant relationship between tax incentives and economic growth. The research also finds a positive significant impact of direct R&D support, R&D expenditure and tax incentives on registered patents. We suggest to apply public support policy including both types of support since previous studies showed that tax incentives and direct funding are not perfect substitutes.

abstract: Objective: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) is a federally-funded program that provides supplemental food packages, nutrition education, and healthcare referrals to low-income women, infants, and children under 5, who are at the highest nutritional risk. This study explores if household WIC participation is associated with healthier dietary behaviors among age-ineligible children (5-18-years-old) in WIC households. Consumption frequency of fruits, vegetables, 100% juice, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and energy-dense snacks (sweet and salty snacks) among children from WIC and income-qualifying non-WIC households were compared. Methods: Data were obtained from two cross-sectional panels (2009-10 and 2014) of the New Jersey Child Health Study conducted in four low-income New Jersey cities. Questions from previously validated surveys assessed consumption frequency of fruits, vegetables, SSBs, and sweet and salty snacks. Analyses were confined to 570 children between 5-18 yrs; of which 365 (5-11 yrs: 237, 12-18 yrs: 128) resided in WIC participating households and 205 (5-11 yrs: 138, 12-18 yrs: 67) in income-qualifying non-WIC households. Over half of the sample was African American and 43% were Hispanic. Multivariable analyses were conducted to compute incidence rate ratios (IRRs) using negative binomial regression to compare the differences in eating behaviors of children in WIC vs. Non-WIC households Results: Household WIC participation was associated with a slightly higher frequency of vegetable consumption among 12-18-year-old children (IRR= 1.25, p=.05); differences were significant among older males (12-18-years-old) (p=.006), and not in females. Frequency of 100% juice consumption was significantly higher among younger females (5-11-years-old) in WIC households who consumed juice about 44% more frequently (p=.02) compared to similar age girls in non-WIC households. Hispanic children in WIC households reported a lower frequency of SSBs consumption (p=.01); this association was only true among males (p=.02). Conclusions: Household WIC participation is associated with healthier dietary behaviors among age-ineligible children living in the households, suggesting a positive spillover effect of the program. Proposed changes to WIC packages are likely to have dietary implications not only for WIC participants but also for non-participating children residing in WIC households, / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2019