Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO FINAL.pdf: 844004 bytes, checksum: 8d3fa4b2650339ece711921dd082e593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The composite work knows as I Enoch compound of five books reached much importance for Second Temple s Judaism(s) as well as for the Christianism(s) of first four centuries. For this intention in this research was test the contribution of Myth of Watchers (I Enoch 6-11) for the imaginary of demoniac in the synoptics, especially while impure spirit. To reach this object firstly we show the impact of Myth of Watchers in both Enochic and Judaic tradition, for ahead analyze its contribution for the imaginary of demoniac. After this, we present the presence of themes and ideas of this myth in some texts of New Testament. Proved this presence of the myth in Christian s communities, we analyze the characteristics and symbolic expressions that to paint the demoniac picture in the synoptics, asking for the relations that with daemons of the Judaic traditions. With the collection of images about demoniac of these traditions in the Second Temple period and its nearby relation with the Myth of Watchers, we conclude with the hypothesis that demoniac while calling of impure spirit bear marks and echoes of development of the Myth of Watchers in the Enoch traditions and in apocalyptic. Possibly we can to state that the images and ideas raised for reads of this myth was present in imaginary of the Christian s communities where the synoptics raised especially in the idea of daemons. Thus the influence of the Myth of Watchers doesn t resume itself at the literary utilitarism but is in environment of imaginary appropriate in manner very much dynamic and hidden. / A obra compósita conhecida como I Enoque, formada por cinco livros, logrou muita importância para os Judaísmos do segundo templo, como também para os Cristianismos dos primeiros quatro séculos. Por isso, a intenção dessa pesquisa foi testar a contribuição do Mito dos Vigilantes (I Enoque 6-11) para o imaginário do demoníaco nos sinóticos, em especial enquanto espírito imundo. Para esse intento, primeiramente apresentamos as influencias do Mito dos Vigilantes na tradição enoquita e judaica em geral, para depois analisarmos suas contribuições para o imaginário do demoníaco. Depois, mostramos a presença de temas e idéias desse mito em alguns textos neotestamentários. Comprovada a presença do mito nas comunidades cristãs, analisamos as características e expressões simbólicas que pintam o quadro demonológico nos sinóticos, perguntando pela possível relação com os demônios das tradições judaicas. Com o acúmulo de imagens dos seres malignos dessas tradições no período do segundo templo, e a sua próxima relação com o Mito dos Vigilantes, concluímos ser possível a hipótese de que o demoníaco ao ser chamado de espírito impuro trás indícios e ecos do desenvolvimento, nas tradições de Enoque e na apocalíptica, do Mito dos Vigilantes. Possivelmente, podemos afirmar que as imagens e idéias geradas pelas releituras desse mito permeavam o imaginário das comunidades cristãs que geraram os sinóticos, em especial na concepção dos demônios. Assim, a influência do Mito dos Vigilantes não se resume a utilização literária, mas está no âmbito do imaginário, apropriado de maneira muito mais sutil e dinâmica.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-27T15:26:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sonia Paula Alexandrino de Oliveira.pdf: 561366 bytes, checksum: c192a2b79e10a3f472b46ce8e1815d29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T15:26:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sonia Paula Alexandrino de Oliveira.pdf: 561366 bytes, checksum: c192a2b79e10a3f472b46ce8e1815d29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Among the various toxic substances found in alcoholic beverages, especially in spirits, ethyl carbamate (EC), a recognized carcinogen of organic nature, has drawn great attention to food inspecting authorities and researchers. Taking into account various scientific studies showing that cachaça, the most consumed spirit in Brazil, has high levels of EC, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) established an EC limit (150 μg.L-1) for the beverage in 2005 (which is coming into effect in June 2012), but other consumed spirits in Brazil, such as rums and whiskies, are not subjected to EC control by MAPA. Given the lack of information on the chemical profiles of rums and whiskies produced in Brazil, the objective of this study was to quantify congeners (volatile acids, aldehydes, esters, furfural, higher alcohols), EC and other contaminants (methanol, acrolein, sec-butanol, copper, lead and arsenic) in these beverages. Fifteen brands of rum and nine brands of whisky were sampled. All brands were low-priced (below US$20 per bottle) and recorded (licit). With the exception of two brands of rum, all brands complied with MAPA regulation for total congeners. With respect of EC, levels above 50 μg.L-1 (limit of quantification) were observed in one brand of whisky (86 μg.L-1) and three brands of rum (115, 340 e 278 μg.L-1). Therefore, the majority (83%) of sampled brands complied with the international EC limit for spirits (150 μg.L-1). It was also observed that the two brands of rum which exceeded the EC limit (126% and 85%) also presented relatively high levels of methanol. In general terms, the results indicate that distillation processes used in rum and whisky production in Brazil, notably column distillation and rectification, are suitable for controlling EC and other contaminants. Although rum and cachaça originate from the same raw material (sugar cane), EC levels in rum is comparatively lower. This observation is probably related to the distillation process (column distillation and rectification) or the physicochemical treatment by which the sugar cane juice is subjected (conversion into molasses) in rum production. / Dentre as várias substâncias tóxicas encontradas em bebidas alcoólicas, especialmente nas destiladas, o carbamato de etila (CE), um reconhecido carcinógeno de natureza orgânica, tem despertado grande atenção dos órgãos de fiscalização e pesquisadores. Em 2005, após constatação que a cachaça, a bebida alcoólica destilada mais consumida no Brasil, possuía elevado nível deste contaminante, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) estabeleceu uma tolerância de 150 μg de CE por litro de cachaça (a entrar em vigor em junho de 2012), porém outras bebidas destiladas de consumo popular, tais como runs e uísques produzidos no Brasil, ficaram livres deste controle. Assim, diante do desconhecimento do nível de CE, aliada a carência de informações sobre os perfis químicos de runs e uísques produzidos no Brasil, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo quantificar congêneres (acidez volátil, aldeídos, ésteres, furfural e alcoóis superiores), CE e outros contaminantes (metanol, acroleína, sec-butanol, cobre, chumbo e arsênio) nestas bebidas. Foram amostradas 15 marcas de rum e 9 marcas de uísque, todas do segmento de consumo popular (definidas com base no preço – até R$35,00 por unidade). Com exceção de duas marcas de rum, todas as demais estavam adequadas quanto aos limites estabelecidos pelo MAPA para o somatório de congêneres. Também foi observada adequação dos níveis de metanol, cobre, chumbo, arsênio e sec-butanol à legislação vigente. Quanto ao CE, foram verificados níveis acima de 50 μg.L-1 (limite de quantificação do método) em quatro marcas amostradas, uma de uísque (86 μg.L-1) e três de rum (115, 340 e 278 μg.L-1), portanto, a maioria (83%) apresentou adequação quanto ao nível internacionalmente tolerado para o contaminante em destilados (150 μg.L-1). No caso particular do CE em rum, observou-se que as duas marcas que ultrapassaram (126% e 85%) a citada tolerância também apresentaram níveis relativamente elevados de metanol. De um modo geral, os resultados indicam que os processos de destilação empregados na produção de runs e uísques no Brasil, notadamente a destilo-retificação, são adequados para controlar o nível de congêneres, CE e outros contaminantes. Este trabalho também mostrou que apesar do rum e da cachaça se originarem da mesma matéria-prima (cana-de-açúcar), o nível do CE no rum é comparativamente menor. Tal fato está provavelmente relacionado ao processo de destilação ou ao tratamento físico-químico pelo qual o caldo de cana é submetido (conversão em melaço) na produção do rum.

This dissertation presents the bases on which Chaïm Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca settled their Traité de l'argumentation: la nouvelle rhétorique [The new rhetoric: a treatise on argumentation], in the restructuring context of creating concepts and rhetoric of universal audience and the spirit of community , leading to the construction of an idealized community of communication where all subjects are perceived with the same capacity for understanding and communication. Speaker and audience in this community recognize the rationality of their discussions and arguments based on agreements based on the system of beliefs, accepting the arguments of plausible, of likelihood, of probable, assuming the free argumentative rather than coercive argument. In this case, speaker and audience engage in a context of mutual construction training in the auditorium of what is universal and the community of spirits that Perelman s theory act as a legitimate institution of the actions of speech that occur between speaker and audience. / Este trabalho apresenta as bases em que Chaïm Perelman e Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca fundamentam o Traité de l'argumentation: la nouvelle rhétorique (Tratado da Argumentação: a nova retórica), no contexto de reestruturação da retórica criando conceitos como auditório universal e comunidade dos espíritos , levando à construção de uma comunidade idealizada de comunicação onde todos os sujeitos são percebidos com as mesmas capacidades de entendimento e de comunicação. Nessa comunidade orador e integrantes do auditório admitem a racionalidade das discussões e fundamentam sua argumentação sobre acordos baseados no sistema de crenças, admitindo a argumentação do plausível, da verossimilhança, do provável e da liberdade argumentativa em detrimento da argumentação coerciva. Nesse sentido, orador e membros do auditório se envolvem em um contexto de mútua construção na formação do que é o auditório universal e da própria comunidade dos espíritos que na teoria de Perelman passa a agir como a instituição legitimadora das ações de fala que se dão entre orador e auditório.

Orientador: Helena Teixeira Godoy / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T14:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prado_MarceloAlexandre_D.pdf: 10679979 bytes, checksum: 271e49a76278f93376a9b985c59b1111 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: O uso de corantes artificiais pelas indústrias de alimentos em todo o mundo é bastante difundido, isto porque os corantes permitem suplementar ou repor a coloração perdida durante o processamento e ou estocagem, e assim garantir a aceitabilidade do produto frente ao consumidor, sendo utilizados ainda como um importante instrumento para garantir a uniformidade dos produtos em linhas de produção de larga escala. Do ponto de vista da saúde pública, existem diferentes opiniões quanto à inocuidade dos diversos corantes artificiais utilizados em alimentos. Muitos estudos mostram que esses aditivos podem causar uma série de males à saúde da população quando consumidos de forma incorreta, seja por abusos da indústria ou exagero no consumo. O fato é que, técnicas analíticas para a determinação desses corantes devem ser desenvolvidas, e principalmente validadas, para garantir a segurança alimentar dos produtos que ingerimos. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos e validados dois métodos para a determinação de corantes artificiais em bebidas alcoólicas, utilizando duas diferentes técnicas, a cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência (CLAE) e a eletroforese capilar (EC). Os métodos foram desenvolvidos para a separação simultânea dos onze corantes artificiais permitidos para uso em alimentos no Brasil. No método por CLAE, para a separação dos corantes, utilizou-se coluna de fase reversa e eluição por gradiente, com fase móvel composta por água/metanol. Na EC a separação ocorreu utilizando um capilar de sílica, com 73 cm de comprimento efetivo, preenchido com uma solução tampão composta por fosfato (10mmol/L) e dodecil sulfato de sódio (l0mmol/L), a pH 11, com aplicação de voltagem de 25 kV. Nos dois métodos, a detecção dos corantes foi feita na região do visível e a quantificação através de curvas de calibração externa. Os limites de detecção obtidos ficaram na faixa de 0,1 a 0,4 µ tg/mL e 0,4 a 2,5 µ tg/mL, enquanto os limites de quantificação foram de 0,2 a 1,3 µ tg/mL e 1,3 a 7,1 µ tg/mL para a CLAE e EC, respectivamente. As taxas de recuperação, em dois níveis de concentração, para todos os corantes foram de 95,2 a 103,2% para a CLAE, e de 92,6 a 104,0% para a EC. Os valores de repetibilidade calculado para padrões e amostras demonstraram a boa precisão para os dois métodos desenvolvidos. As metodologias propostas e validadas foram aplicadas em 45 amostras de bebidas alcoólicas de diferentes fabricantes brasileiros, sendo: 6 aguardentes aromatizadas, 9 coolers, 7 aperitivos, 3 coquetéis, 8 licores e 12 vinhos tinto. Não houve diferença significativa entre os dados obtidos pelos dois métodos. Em todas as amostras analisadas, os teores de corantes artificiais encontrados estavam em conformidade com a legislação brasileira / Abstract: The use of synthetic dyes for the food industries in the whole world is sufficiently spread out, it is because the colors allow to supplemental or to replace the lost coloration during the processing and or storage, and thus to guarantee the acceptability of the product front to the consumer, being used still as an important instrument to guarantee the uniformity of the products in the production. Of the point of view of the public health, there are different opinions about the safety of the different synthetic dyes used in foods. Much of the studies show that these additives can be dangerous for the health of the population when consumed inadequately, either for abuses of the industry or exaggerate in the consumption. The fact is that, analytical methods for the determination of these colors must be developed, and mainly validated, to guarantee the alimentary security of the products that we ingest. In the present work they had been developed and validated two methods for synthetic dyes determination in alcoholic beverages, using two different techniques, the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary eletrophoresis (CE). The methods had been developed for the simultaneous separation of the eleven synthetic dyes allowed for use in foods in Brazil. In the method for HPLC, for the separation of the synthetic dyes, a reverse phase column was used with gradient elution system composed by water/methanol. In the EC method the separation occurred using a silica capillary with 73 cm of effective length, filled with buffer phosphate solution (l0mmol/L) with sulpfate dodecyl sodium (SDS) (10mmol/L), at pH 11, with application 25kV of voltage. The detection and quantification were done made in same manner for the two methods, using absorption in the visible region and external standardization, respectively. The detection limits were 0.1 to 0.4 µ g/rnL and 0.4 to 2.5 µ g/rnL, while quantification limits were 0.2 to 1.3 µ g/rnL and 1.3 to 7.1 µ g/rnL for HPLC and CE, respectively. Recovery percentage at two levels of concentration for all the synthetic dyes were of the order of 95.2 to 103.2% for HPLC, and of92.6 to 104.0% for CE. The values of repeatability calculated for standards and samples demonstrated the precision of the two methods. The proposed and validated methods were used to analyses 45 alcoholic beverage samples of different Brazilian manufacturers, being: 6 perfumed spirits, 9 coolers, 7 bitters, 3 cocktails, 8 liquors and 12 red wines. The data obtained were the two methods did not present significant difference. It was observed that the limits permitted by Brazilian Legislation for the use of these synthetic dyes were respected in the analyzed samples / Doutorado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

The Dynamics of The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola Diploma thesis Gabriela Junasová Praha 2011 Abstract This Diploma thesis "The Dynamics of The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola" is trying to unveil on one side the dynamics that is behind the text of The Spiritual Exercises, on the other side the dynamics of the process of the spiritual exercises itself. It is trying to demonstrate that a text written in the 16th century is adaptable and flexible in its usage thanks to its layout: in form of annotations, rules and division of the exercises in four parts. This thesis took into account this adaptability of the text when an important part of the spiritual exercises: annotations and rules by which to perceive and understand to some extent the various movement produce in the soul, put together into one chapter even though they are not in the text itself. Also this thesis is trying to show the importance of the spiritual direction in interpretation and adaptability of the spiritual exercises on an individual. Furthermore this thesis is trying to show one of possible ways interpretation of the four weeks.

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This paper explores Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart (1958) within the context of postcolonial theory, focusing on the clash between traditional Igbo culture and the forces of European imperialism. Achebe's work serves as a response to Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness (1899) and challenges the stereotypical portrayal of Africans. This thesis delves into the impact of missionaries and Christianity on Igbo society, analyzing the mechanisms through which they established influence and sparked conflicts with traditional beliefs. Employing a postcolonial framework, the study scrutinizes power dynamics, colonial strategies, and the consequences of cultural clashes. The study’s findings critically assess European colonialism by highlighting how missionaries utilized Christianity for colonization, revealing conflicts between African and European cultures and prompting reflection on the repercussions of cultural interactions in pre- and postcolonial Africa. The research reveals the multifaceted impact of missionaries and Christianity on Igbo society, employing tactics such as education-driven conversion, economic dependence, cultural stigmatization, exploitation of social divisions, and legal/political influence. These strategies were designed to subvert traditional beliefs, reshape cultural values, and establish Christianity as a dominant force, resulting in significant cultural conflicts within the Igbo community.

In this dissertation, I examine the Sonoran Desert trilogy by Kathleen Alcalá through the lens of post-oppositional theory as developed by AnaLouise Keating. Moving beyond the use of post-oppositional theory to analyze non-fiction works, I apply this theory instead to the fiction of Kathleen Alcalá—whose work appears in such anthologies as The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature. Alcalá, though well published, is underrepresented in contemporary literary criticism, as can be seen by the only eight entries under her name in the MLA International Bibliography. Therefore, I have chosen her most significant fiction work, her trilogy about the Sonoran Desert, as the perfect text upon which to map post-oppositional theory. Through analysis of her three novels, I show that her work is an ideal example of post-oppositionality in action and that her characters act as post-oppositional revolutionaries and prophets within the pages of the text. The first chapter outlines the parameters of the project. In Chapter 2, I argue that post-oppositionality can be seen in Alcalá through gender bending, looking at the characters of Membrillo and Manzana, Corey, and Rosalinda. In Chapter 3, I argue that the characters of Estela, La Señorita, and Magdalena are enacting post-oppositionality through their transcendence of traditional women's roles in sexuality. In Chapter 4, I argue that the female characters of the novels act as revolutionaries through their political and social agency—reaching out to other characters through such work as educating and writing. In Chapters 5 and 6, I feature my interviews with Alcalá and Keating, who were generous enough to speak with me over Zoom during lockdown. Finally, in the conclusion chapter, Chapter 7, I examine how post-oppositionality in the novels prepares the reader for post-oppositional action in reality. Throughout all of these chapters, I rely on other theories and historiographies such as gender theory (Judith Butler, Foucault, West and Zimmerman, etc.), the history of women's sexuality, and the roles of women in nineteenth century Mexico (looking especially at the works of Nancy LaGreca and Anna Macías).

Although mostly associated with the harmful consequences of alcohol abuse over the public health, the industry of distilled spirits represents a very important and substantial part of the economy. Nowadays, the spirits industry does not only consist of alcoholic beverages; but it is part of many cultures, creates a certain image, and provides additional incomes for the economy in the form of taxes and excises, as well as job creation. The main aim for writing this paper on this topic was to analyze the Macedonian spirits market and to suggest a marketing strategy through making parallel comparisons between specifics in different spirits markets in the world and the spirits industry in Macedonia. Working in the spirits market industry requires careful execution of the company's strategies and policies, while respecting all the legislation procedures. That is why when entering the spirits market; a good and essential analysis is necessary.