Multi-club ownership [MCO] is a concept within the football industry which entails that an owner holds significant stakes in multiple teams. This ownership strategy is not new, however, what are the driving forces of this type of ownership structure and what are the outcomes? The purpose of this study was to explore potential drivers of MCO, to irradiate the concept and determine whether traditional business administration theories can be applied to explain its existence. The main theoretical framework is based upon the shareholder theory and resource-based view of the firm with supplementary reasoning collected from other relevant theories. The study encompasses five seasons and consisted of the teams competing in the top two divisions in the English Football League system. The quantitative study covered six hypotheses and deployed both Two sample t-tests and regression models which sought to measure international player trading activity, sporting performance and financial performance. The results of the study show that multi-club portfolio members [MCPMs] tend to trade a larger share of players internationally compared to Non-MCPMs. However, the other models yielded no significant results in regard to MCPMs, although, value creation through the strategy cannot be disregarded as it may be present through other channels. The wider footballing industry has been studied extensively in previous literature. However, this study is focused on MCO, a topic that lacks a previous body of research. By filling this research gap the authors hope to illuminate the concept and increase transparency for both decision makers (owners of clubs) and supporters of clubs. In addition, a survey which is not empirically tested was conducted in order to help guide the proceedings of the research.

The objective of this study is to examine security measures in cities hosting sports mega events. Using International political sociology as a theoretical background, I argue that city spaces undergo what I refer to as dual securitization. I identify four principal characteristics of security measures which have become globally standardized and which I consider illiberal: exceptionalism, surveillance, militarization and urban restrictions. In the case studies, I explore how these measures were justified and employed during the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup in Beijing, South Africa, London and Rio de Janeiro. Despite some differences which are due to local realities, I argue that the approaches of the principal stakeholders in the four cities are very much alike. Regardless of the type of political regime or the degree of socio-economic development, exceptionality of mega events serves as an impetus for wide-scale and profound surveillance and militarization of contemporary cities. In the process, securing public spaces and urbanites comes at the expense of individual liberties.

Использования систем поддержки принятия решений (далее – СППР) в спортивном менеджменте не является столь распространённым на данный момент. В работе описаны теоретические и практические аспекты использования математических моделей в спорте, рассмотрение спортивных событий сквозь призму системного анализа, разработка системы поддержки принятия решений в виде web-ресурса для спортивного предприятия с целью автоматизации процесса. Целью данной работы является разработка и создание системы поддержки принятия решений для Межрегионального координационного центра Федерации хоккея России «Урал – Западная Сибирь» в виде web-ресурса. Её целью является автоматизация процесса назначения судей на матчи Чемпионатов России по хоккею среди детских юношеских спортивных школ по хоккею в регионе «Урал – Западная Сибирь». Кроме того в работе рассмотрены теоретические модели, а именно использования системного анализа как СППР для распределения игроков среди футбольных клубов, а так же задача о составлении оптимального календаря турнира по хоккею. / Use of decision making support systems (further – DMSS) in sporting management is not so widespread at the moment. In this work theoretical and practical aspects of use of mathematical models in sport, reviewing of sporting events through a prism of systems analysis, development of system of support of decision-making in the form of a web resource for sporting enterprise for the purpose of process automation are described. The purpose of this operation is development and creation of decision making support system for Interregional coordination center of Russian Ice Hockey Federation "Urals – Western Siberia" in the form of a web resource. Its purpose is automation of process of assignment of judges on hockey matches of Championships of Russia among children's junior sporting schools on hockey in region "Urals – Western Siberia". Besides in work theoretical models, namely uses of systems analysis as DMSS for distribution of players among football clubs, and also task about compilation of the optimum calendar of a hockey tournament are considered.

Диссертация посвящена исследованию роли международных спортивных событий в брендировании территории. Автор анализирует различные подходы к продвижению территории в связи с проведением международных спортивных событий, оценивает зарубежный и российский опыт построения коммуникационных стратегий крупных спортивных соревнований для развития брендов городов. Автор разрабатывает собственную программу использования динамических СМИ для формировании бренда Екатеринбурга в связи с Чемпионатом мира по футболу 2018. / The dissertation is devoted to the study of the role of international sporting events in the branding of the territory. The author analyzes various approaches to the promotion of the territory in connection with international sports events, assesses the foreign and Russian experience of building communication strategies for major sports competitions for the development of city brands. The author is developing his own program for using dynamic media to form the brand of Ekaterinburg in connection with the World Cup 2018.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka och analysera konceptet Fotbollsutvecklare i förening utifrån ledares perspektiv inom ett antal föreningar. Genom att studera ledares perspektiv och erfarenheter av rollen undersöks individens påverkan på organisationens olika delar och dess bidrag till den goda idrottsliga utvecklingsmiljön. Studiens empiriska underlag består av sex kvalitativa intervjuer från tre olika föreningar där resultatet har analyserats utifrån teoretiska perspektiv som anspelar på och förklarar utvecklingsmiljöns påverkbara faktorer samt hur coachen verkar i ett sammanhang och hur det påverkar dennes metoder. Därtill har resonemang förts kring viktiga komponenter hos en god idrottslig miljö och en god ledarutvecklare. Studiens resultat visar att fotbollsutvecklarens arbete har en positiv påverkan på organisationens röda tråd, dess ledare, utövarens familj och spelaren själv. För att fotbollsutvecklaren ska generera positiva resultat krävs det att dennes personlighet präglas av engagemang, driv, vilja och stort kunnande. / The purpose with this study is to examine and analyze the concept Football developers from the perspective of leaders within several associations. By studying the leader’s perspective and experiences of the role, the individual’s influence on the various parts of the organization and its contribution to the good sporting development environment are examined. The study’s empirical basis consists of six qualitative interviews from three different associations, the results of which have been analyzed based on theoretical perspectives that allude to and explain the influenceable factors of the development environment as well as how the coach works in a context and how it affects his methods. In addition, reasoning has been carried out around important components of a good sporting environment and a good leader developer. The result of the study show that the football developer’s work has a positive impact on the organization’s common thread, its leaders, the practitioner’s family, and the player himself. For the football developer to generate positive results, it is necessary that his personality is characterized by commitment, drive, will and drive, and great knowledge.

Syftet med studien är att kartlägga hur corporate social responsibility, sportsliga prestationer och supportrar påverkar Allsvenska herrfotbollsklubbars relationsmarknadsföring gentemot sponsorer. Fotboll är den största sporten i Sverige och sponsorer är en viktig inkomstkälla för svenska fotbollsklubbar. Detta innebär att fotbollsklubbar i Sverige måste vara effektiva i sin relationsmarknadsföring gentemot sponsorer för att skriva avtal med nya sponsorer samt bevara relationerna med deras befintliga sponsorer. Därav undersöker denna studie svenska fotbollsklubbars arbeta under hela livslängden av ett avtal med en sponsor från första kontakten till att avtalstiden är slut och hur fotbollsklubbens CSR- arbete, sportsliga prestation samt supportrar påverkar detta. En kvalitativ studie med en iterativ ansats har genomförts. Empirin innehåller information från semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex fallklubbar med olika bakgrund och framgångar inom den svenska herrfotbollen där alla har gemensamt att de spelar i högsta serien, Allsvenskan. Relationsmarknadsföring för de olika fallklubbarna varierar beroende på faktorer som sportslig framgång både nuvarande och historisk, geografisk placering, finansiell ställning samt deras supporterbas. De går att se att de fallklubbar med störst sponsorintäkter också har störst sportslig framgång, har störst supporterbas och är placerade i två av Sveriges tre största städer. Gemensamt för alla fallklubbar är att de ser CSR-arbetet som en viktig aspekt i deras relationsmarknadsföring. / The purpose of the study is to chart how corporate social responsibility, sporting performance and supporters affect relationship marketing towards sponsors of men’s football clubs in Allsvenskan. Football is the biggest sport in Sweden and sponsors are an important source of income for Swedish football clubs. This means that football clubs in Sweden must be effective in their relationship marketing towards sponsors to write new contracts with sponsors and to preserve the relations with sponsors that are already established. Therefore does this study examine Swedish football clubs work during the whole life cycle of a contract with a sponsor from the first contact until the contract ends and how the football clubs CSR-work, sporting performance and supporters’ affects this. A qualitative study with an iterative approach has been conducted. The empiric findings contain information gathered from semi-structured interviews with six case clubs with different backgrounds and success in the men’s football in Sweden where all case clubs have in common that they play in the highest league, Allsvenskan. The relationship marketing for the different case clubs varies depending on factors such as both present and historic sporting performance, geographic placement, financial position, and their supporter base. It is possible to see that the case clubs with the biggest income from sponsors also has the greatest sporting performance and has the biggest supporter base and are in two of Sweden’s three biggest cities. All case clubs have in common that they see their CSR-work as an important aspect in their relationship marketing.

This study examines the relationship between financial conditions and on-field success among 36 prominent European football clubs from 2010 to 2017. The research employs panel regression analysis to explore how clubs’ financial indicators such as wage costs, increasing revenues, debt-equity ratios, and return on assets correlate with their sporting performance. The findings suggest a substantial association between these financial factors and the clubs’ achievements. In particular, the results emphasize the importance of wage costs and increasingrevenues in boosting a club’s capacity to invest in high-quality players, thereby improving sporting outcomes. The presence of a top globally ranked player also has a significant impacton a club’s performance. These findings carry important policy implications for club management and governing bodies, particularly in revising wage regulations and promoting vigilant financial management for sustainable growth and competitiveness.

Syftet med studien är att analysera hur en rationell investerare kan förhålla sig till balansgången mellan ekonomiska och sportsliga prestationer. Arbetets process är uppdelat i två huvudsakliga områden finansiell ställning och börsuppgångar. Genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys har data samlats in och kategoriserats utifrån två huvudsakliga områden. Detta för att ge en djupare förståelse för hur balansgången påverkar bolagens aktiekurs på kort och lång sikt. Det teoretiska ramverket som utgör grunden i analysen består av rational choice theory (RCT) och den effektiva marknadsteorin. Den finansiella ställningen redovisas utifrån ett par valda nyckeltal och analyseras utifrån RCT. För att försöka förstå bakomliggande orsaker till börsuppgångar kommer den effektiva marknadsteorin utgöra analysen. De klubbar som medverkar i studien med respektive bolag är Aalborg BK, AGF Arhus, AIK, Bröndby IF, FC Köpenhamn och Silkeborg IF. Resultaten av studien visar att bolagen har svårt att hantera balansgången vilket avspeglar sig på börsen. Det blir en krock mellan klubbarnas motiv som fokuserar på sportsliga prestationer och den rationella investeringars motiv som är avkastning. Studien redogör även för en unik typ av ägare som är mer emotionellt drivna och som inte agerar rationellt. Detta leder till att bolagen är svårvärderade och svåra att förstå, kursrörelser sker slumpmässigt och marknaden är svag-effektiv. / The purpose of the study is to analyze how a rational investor can relate to the balance between financial and sporting performance. The work process is divided into two main areas, financial position and stock market rises. Through a quantitative content analysis, data has been collected and categorized based on two main areas. This is to provide a deeper understanding of how the balance sheet affects the companies' share price in the short and long term. The theoretical framework that forms the basis of the analysis consists of rational choice theory (RCT) and the effective market theory. The financial position is reported on the basis of a couple of selected key figures and analyzed on the basis of RCT. To try to understand the underlying causes of stock market rises, the effective market theory will constitute the analysis. The clubs participating in the study with each company are Aalborg BK, AGF Arhus, AIK, Bröndby IF, FC Köpenhamn and Silkeborg IF. The results of the study show that the companies have difficulty managing the balance sheet, which is reflected in the stock market. There will be a clash between the clubs' motives that focus on sporting performance and the rational investment's motive that is return. The study also describes a unique type of owner who is more emotionally driven and who does not act rationally. This leads to companies being difficult to value and difficult to understand, price movements taking place at random and the market being weak-efficient.

nÃo hà / O uso das redes sociais da internet por torcedores de futebol imprime novas dinÃmicas e cenÃrios para a prÃtica do torcer. Esta dissertaÃÃo à o resultado de uma pesquisa qualitativa e de carÃter etnogrÃfico, empreendida entre meados de 2015 e o inÃcio de 2017, sobre o cotidiano de um grupo de discussÃo online de torcedores da agremiaÃÃo futebolÃstica cearense do Cearà Sporting Club. Esse grupo se localiza na rede sociotÃcnica da internet chamada Facebook, e seu nome à homÃnimo ao clube de futebol ao qual seus participantes sÃo ligados: Cearà Sporting Club (CSC). Mediante um trabalho de campo efetuado em um interstÃcio do ciberespaÃo e alicerÃado, fundamentalmente, no cruzamento de uma observaÃÃo participante contÃnua e entrevistas com interlocutores chaves, este estudo procura compreender por meio de uma descriÃÃo etnogrÃfica, como os torcedores participantes do CSC operacionalizam suas maneiras de torcer ao experienciarem sua condiÃÃo torcedora nessa ambientaÃÃo digital? TributÃria da antropologia social e sociologia do cotidiano, essa investigaÃÃo estabeleceu diÃlogos teÃricos com autores como Deleuze e Guattari, Bruno Latour e Michel de Certeau, os quaisforneceram poderosas ferramentas analÃticas para melhor compreender a dinÃmica do campo empÃrico da pesquisa. As interaÃÃes torcedoras vivenciadas pelos participantes do CSC estÃo inseridas em uma convivialidade clubÃstica digital gestada naquele territÃrio do torcer, espaÃo digital da prÃtica torcedora que à atravessado por estratÃgias organizativas, pensadas particularmente pela moderaÃÃo do grupo, e por tÃticas nÃmades que garantem o dinamismo interativo entre os participantes e os conteÃdos publicados no CSC. Em ambos os casos, tanto essas tÃticas como as estratÃgias sÃo resultado de uma associaÃÃo entre as entidades tÃcnicas (atores nÃo-humanos) da plataforma do Facebook e os torcedores participantes do CSC (atores humanos). Nesse espaÃo online do torcer, o engajamento clubÃstico apresenta-se algo praticado cotidianamente pelos membros ativos do CSC, e um dos meios pelos quais esse engajamento à mais evidenciado à pela busca por informaÃÃes privilegiadas sobre o dia a dia da agremiaÃÃo futebolÃstica pela qual os participantes nutrem sua paixÃo clubÃstica. / The use of social networks on the internet by football fans gives new dynamics and scenarios to the supporting practice. This dissertation results of a qualitative and ethnographic research, fulfilled between mid 2015 to the early 2017, about the daily of an online groupâs fans linked to the association of the soccer team called âCearà Sporting Clubâ. This group is located on the internet sociotechnical network called âFacebookâ and his name is the same as the soccer club that to which its participants are fans, the Cearà Sporting Club (CSC) group. Through a field research made in a interstice of cyberspace and grounded, fundamentally, in the cross of a continuous participate observation and interviews with key interlocutors, this study seek to comprehend by a ethnographic description, how the fans operationalize their ways ofsupporting to experiencing their fan condition in that digital setting? Tributary of a social anthropology and daily life sociology, this investigation established theorists dialogues with authors as Deleuze and Guattari, Bruno Latour and Michel de Certeau, which provided powerful analytic tools to better understand the empirical fieldâs dynamic of research. The interactions experienced by the CSCâs participants are inserted in an digital club conviviality gestated in that supporting territory, online space to the supporting practice that is crossed by organizational strategies thought particularly by the groupâs moderation and by nomadic tactics which guarantee the interactive dynamism between the members and the published contents in CSC. In both cases, these tactics and strategies are results of an association between technical entities (non-humans actors) from the Facebookâs platform and the CSCâs participants(human actors). In this online space of supporting, the club engagement presents itself something practiced daily by active members of CSC, and one of the means that engagement is more evidenced is by the quest of privileged information about the day-by-day of the football association for whom the participants feed their club passion.

M. Tech. Business Administration / Sport tourism events in recent years have become one of the fastest-growing types of tourism attractions globally. For the aim of this study, it is important to understand spending patterns, socio-economic characteristics and activities that relate to the sport tourist to have a greater understanding of the impact of these events on the host community. The sport tourism event spectator is a consumer who, through a process of decision making, obtains certain goods and services from the sport tourism event for personal consumption. Sport tourism event leverage begins by encouraging visitor spending and by retaining visitor expenditure within the host community, which can be achieved by fostering spending during the sport tourism event and by lengthening visitor stays The purpose of this research study was to determine the spending patterns and expectations of sport tourism event spectators. This research study was exploratory to determine spectator spending patterns, demands and possible economic impacts that a sport event being hosted at Loftus Versveld will have on shareholders involved.