Selenium is an element that can modulate the dopaminergic neurotransmission. Studies show that diphenyl diselenide, an organic compound of selenium, has antioxidant activity improves depressive-like behavior and reduce the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). However, there are few studies concerning about possible alterations of diphenyl diselenide in dopaminergic system. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of acute and sub-chronic treatment of diphenyl diselenide on amphetamine-induced behavioral and biochemical alterations in mice. In the acute treatment, the mice were treated with diphenyl diselenide (5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle (10% Tween 80, s.c.) 30 min before administration of amphetamine (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.). After 25 min, locomotor activity was assessed with an open field and, also, the time of stereotypy and immobility was assessed in a glass cage. Sub-chronic treatment was conducted with seven administrations of diphenyl diselenide (5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.), or its vehicle being one administration per day. On the eighth day, amphetamine (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered and the behavioral tests were conducted after 25 min. In both treatments ex vivo tests were performed: isoform activity MAO-A and MAO-B, and measurement of total protein and non-protein thiol levels, oxidation of diclorofluorescein. Amphetamine increased the number of crossing and rearing in the open field test and diphenyl diselenide prevented only the increase in the number of crossings when acutely administered to mice. Furthermore, amphetamine increased the time of immobility and stereotypy in mice. Diphenyl diselenide did not prevent these effects. By contrary, at 10 mg/kg, sub-chronic administration of diphenyl diselenide increased per se the time of immobility and stereotypy. It was also found a positive correlation between immobility and stereotypy in acute and sub-chronic treatment with diphenyl diselenide. It was also detected a decrease in brain MAO-B activity caused by sub-chronic treatment with diphenyl diselenide either alone or in combination of amphetamine. Any change was detected in oxidative stress parameters. In conclusion, sub-chronic administration of diphenyl diselenide can promote a behavioral sensitization that seems to be, at least in part, dependent of MAO-B inhibition. / O selênio é um elemento químico capaz importante para o funcionamento celular, envolvido também na modulação do sistema dopaminérgico. Estudos mostram que o disseleneto de difenila, um composto orgânico de selênio, possui atividade antioxidante, melhora o comportamento tipo-depressivo relacionado à inibição da atividade da enzima monoamino oxidase (MAO). No entanto, existem poucos estudos acerca dos efeitos do disseleneto de difenila sobre o sistema dopaminérgico. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do tratamento agudo e sub-crônico do disseleneto de difenila sobre as alterações bioquímicas e comportamentais induzidas por anfetamina em camundongos. No tratamento agudo, os camundongos foram tratados com disseleneto de difenila (5 e 10 mg/kg, s.c.) ou veículo (10% de tween 80, s.c.) 30 minutos antes da administração de anfetamina (1,25 mg/kg, i.p.). Após 25 minutos, foram avaliados a atividade locomotora através do teste de campo aberto, além do tempo de estereotipia e imobilidade, avaliado em caixa espelhada. O tratamento subcrônico foi realizado com sete administrações de disseleneto de difenila ou veículo (5 e 10 mg/kg, s.c.) sendo uma administração por dia. No oitavo dia foi administrada a anfetamina (1,25 mg/kg, i.p.) e realizados os testes comportamentais 25 minutos após. Em ambos os tratamentos os testes ex-vivo realizados foram: atividade das isoformas MAO-A e MAO-B, níveis de tióis totais e não-protéico, oxidação da diclorofluoresceína. O tratamento com anfetamina aumentou o número de cruzamentos e de levantadas no teste do campo aberto e o disseleneto de difenila preveniu somente o número de cruzamentos quando administrado agudamente aos camundongos. Além disso, o tratamento com anfetamina aumentou o tempo de imobilidade e estereotipia em camundongos. O disseleneto de difenila não preveniu estes efeitos. Pelo contrário, na dose de 10 mg/kg, a administração subcrônica de disseleneto de difenila aumentou per se o tempo de imobilidade e de estereotipia. Uma correlação positiva entre o tempo de estereotipia e de imobilidade foi também encontrada tanto para o tratamento agudo como subcrônico com disseleneto de difenila. Também foi detectada uma diminuição na atividade cerebral da MAO-B causada pelo tratamento subcrônico com disseleneto de difenila tanto per se quanto em combinação com a anfetamina. Não foram encontradas alterações em parâmetros de estresse oxidativo. Em conclusão, o tratamento subcrônico com disseleneto de difenila pode promover uma sensibilização comportamental que parece ser, pelo menos em parte, dependente da inibição da MAO-B.

The thesis deals with gender analysis of New exercise book of the German grammar by Doris Dusilova et. al. The first chapter introduces basic sociological terminology. In the second chapter, gender stereotypic verbal expressions are discussed. The theoretical part of the thesis is concluded with the discussion on gender problematic in educational environment and with the compilation of basic rules for gender-aware teaching. The thesis provides a detailed analysis of diverse life situations focusing on the feminin/masculine standpoint. Among others, professional life, household care, free-time activities and appearance loci are investigated. Practical part of the thesis features a questionnaire adopted in a survey of several elementary schools and secondary schools. The survey was designed in order to validate whether the understanding of common social situations reflects gender-stereotypic beliefs. Finally, the summary of conclusions is provided, derived from the survey and situation analysis.

This thesis deals with gender stereotypes in media. It is divided into two parts, one of which {--} a theoretical part {--} presents several theorethical concepts of gender in advertisement and media by some experts like Erving Goffman, Judith Williamson or Libora Oates-Indruchová. This part deals also with problems of media education and opportunities for realization of practical exercises as far as gender is concerned. The second part of this thesis is created for a practical purposes. It consists of seven practical activities focused on gender stereotypes in media which can be used at primary school as a schoolwork. A practical exercises aims to extand a students` knowledge of gender stereotypes which are presentated in media and at the same time find out how these stereotypes are percieved. At the end of the second part is described a feed-back which will be gained at the primary school Bezdrevská in České Budějovice.

O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer a atual Imagem do Brasil na Itália caracterizada como um receptáculo de conteúdos expressivos da comunicação e influenciada por fatores históricos, culturais, sociais, econômicos e outros, visando obter um reflexo da Imagem formada de um país e de seu povo por meio de estereótipos criados na mente dos leitores, como uma idéia consagrada, um cenário criado à distância, principalmente derivado da leitura de textos impressos pela mídia italiana. Partiu-se da dupla hipótese: de que sob a ótica da mídia italiana a Imagem do Brasil é negativa e pouco valorizada não despertando curiosidade a ponto de atrair grande número de turistas italianos; ou a Imagem é positiva, mas não está sendo suficientemente bem divulgada pelos meios de comunicação. Para análise foram coletados e averiguados metodologicamente uma série de discursos textuais divulgados pela mídia impressa, em particular obtidos por meio de catálogos publicados pelas Operadoras de Turismo Italianas pertencentes à ASTOI Associazione Tour Operator Italiani (Associação das Operadoras de Turismo Italianas), os catálogos publicados por outras Operadoras de Turismo Italianas não pertencentes à ASTOI, as reportagens publicadas em revistas italianas especializadas em turismo e outros artigos da mídia impressa italiana, exceto os publicados em jornais, delimitando-se para a investigação o período entre segundo semestre de 2004 e o primeiro semestre de 2006. Após esses dados terem sido colhidos e analisados cientificamente, podem-se concluir como principais resultados de que a Imagem do Brasil que está sendo divulgada na Itália é extremamente positiva, sendo o Brasil considerado um país com um exuberante patrimônio natural, divulgado pelas belíssimas praias; com um rico e diversificado patrimônio cultural, divulgado pela gastronomia, pela arquitetura e pelas festas populares; com um fascinante patrimônio artístico divulgado pela música e pela dança; com um patrimônio antropológico divulgado por um povo alegre e festivo, os quais constituem um país paradisíaco, não contaminado e animado atraindo basicamente pessoas interessadas em divertimento e aventura. / This study has an objective to know the Brazils actual image in Italy understood as an expressive content receiver of the communication and influenced by some history, cultural, social, economic and others factors, sighting to obtain the Images reflection of some country and its people by means of the stereotypy created in the readers mint, as a consecrated idea, a scene created far away, mainly derived from reading some texts printed by the Italian media. Starting from the double hypothesis: or, from the point of view of the Italian media, the Brazils Image is negative and not very well valorized to attract a great number of Italian tourist; or the Brazils Image is positive but not very well published by the communication means. To make this analysis a row of textual speeches edited by the press media were collected and checked methodologically, specially some obtained by the catalogues published by the Italian Tour Operator members of the ASTOI Associazione Tour Operator Italiani (Italian Tour Operator Association), the catalogues published by others Italian Tour Operator not members of the ASTOI, some reports published at some Italian specialized tourism magazine, and some others articles of the Italian press media, except some published at the newspapers, it was delimitated for the investigation the period from the beginning of the second semester of 2004 to the end of the first semester of 2006. After this data had been collected and analyzed scientifically, it follows that, as a main result, the Brazils Image that has been published in Italy is extremely positive, the Brazil has been considered as a country owner of an exuberant natural inheritance, divulgated by very beautiful beaches; owner of a diversified cultural inheritance, divulgated by the gastronomy, by the architecture and by the popular festival; owner of a fascinate artistic inheritance, divulgated by the music and by the dance, owner of an anthropological inheritance, divulgated by the happy and festive people, which consist a paradisiacal country, uncontaminated and animate attracting basically people who is interested in entertainment and adventure.

No description available.

This thesis is focused on the woman's role in present-day society. Theoretical part is about woman's role from legal point of view, historical context and current perspective within education, work and family. Empirical part is represented by the research which goal is to find out the attitude to woman's role in family and in work area and discovery of functional gender sterotypes in society mainly froma men and women's point of view and also according to the education and age groups.

This thesis deals with male and female identity in contemporary society, with narrower focus on its presentation in television commercials. The aim of the work is the realization of content analysis, aiming at depicting the characters of men and women in television commercials. Theoretical part of the thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter describes the general theoretical basis of this thesis. The second and third chapter deals with the specifics of male and female identity. The fourth chapter describes the research method of content analysis and presents the objectives and research hypotheses. The analytical part of the work examines the representation of men and women in television commercials at two levels - at the level of main characters, and at the level of commercials. The final part of the analytical part interprets the research results of analysis.

This study investigates the effectiveness of response preclusion on stereotypic behavior (climbing and licking) and on play for a child with autism. Data were collected on stereotypic responses, play behavior, and the types of play materials the participant contacted. Implementation of response preclusion was followed by both a decrease in stereotypic behavior as well as an increase in play behavior. Play behavior did not return to baseline levels of responding during reversals to baseline, and stereotypic behavior decreased across reversals. These results suggest the current antecedent manipulation not only reduces stereotypic behavior, but also can establish an environment that is more conducive to learning new, desired behavior.

The diploma thesis examines the construction of masculinity and femininity of young transsexual individuals who have not undergone surgical gender reassignment. The work is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part builds on the theory of gender stereotype and the research of Gagné and Tewksbury, according to which transsexual individuals try to suppress their feminine or masculine selves as expected, while maintaining relationships. Furthermore, the work is based on Mandal's and Jakubowski's study, which confirms the theory that transsexual women live more in a gender stereotype than transsexual men who live in accordance with their original and new gender roles. In the practical part, a qualitative survey is carried out using the method of grounded theory, and six transsexual respondents were interviewed using semi- structured interviews: three transsexual men and three transsexual women. The sample is selected from transgender individuals who have not undergone operative gender reassignment and have decided to share their story on social networks. The aim of the research part is to find out how transsexual people without operative gender reassignment construct their masculinity and femininity. The main finding was that transsexual individuals who chose not to undergo sex...

The aim of the diploma thesis „Analysis of Female Specific Leadership Style in Organizations Dealing with Information Technology Development“ is based on an analysis of working styles of man and woman lead with regard to defining the specifics of women's leadership in comparison to men. The theoretical part provides basic terms related to this topic, especially the gender, and the related stereotypes. Adequate attention is paid to the current situation in management from the women’s perspective. Empirical part documents the course of quantitative research performed in the company, when the style of leadership has been studied in accordance with the stated hypotheses. At the end the summary of the findings is discussed in the context of their potential contribution to the company's experience in the field of management and cultivation of human resources.