Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om revisionsplikten för små och mikro AB bör finnas kvar eller inte. Inom den Europeiska Unionen (EU) är det endast Sverige och Malta som i nuläget har plikten kvar fullt ut. För att få en uppfattning om vad debatten handlar om har vi i första hand studerat aktuella artiklar. Vi har även använt oss av två olika forskarrapporter inom området och litteratur. Åsikter i debatten har vi även tagit del av genom sju stycken olika intervjuer med anställda hos banker, Skatteverket, revisionsbyråer och ägare i små och mikro AB. Genom vår studie har vi kommit fram till att fördelar med en revisionsplikt är att den fungerar som ett kontrollinstrument för intressenter och bidrar till en kvalitetsstämpel för bolagen. Vi har dock sett att det viktigaste inte är själva plikten, utan revisionen i sig. De främsta intressenterna av revision är kreditgivarna och dessa kommer troligtvis att kunna kräva reviderat material, även om plikten avskaffas. Med andra ord är inte kreditgivarna beroende av en revisionsplikt. Vi anser därför att det är bättre att revision är självvald. Detta tror vi bidrar till en ökad status för revisorn och en högre kvalitetsstämpel för revisionen i sig. / The purpose with this paper is to examine whether the audit duty for small and micro joint stock companies should be in existence or not. Within the European Union (EU) it´s only Sweden and Malta who now a days still has the duty fully in existence. To get an apprehension on what the debate is about have we first of all studied current articles. We have also used two different sciencesreports within the subject and literature. We have also taking part of opionions in the debate through seven different interviews with employees at banks, tax authorities, firms of accountants and owners in small and micro joint stock companies. Through our study we have seen that the advantages with an auditduty is that it works as a controlinstrument for partners and contribute to an qualitystamp for the companies. We have although seen that the most important isn´t the duty, but instead the audit it self. The leading partners of audit is the creditgivers and they will probably be able to demand audited material anyway, even if the duty abolish. With other words, the creditgivers, is not depended on a auditduty. Our opinion is therefore that it´s better if audit is self-chosen. We think that it contributes to an increased status for the auditor and a higher qualitystamp for the audit it self.

published_or_final_version / Law / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1990.

Orientador: Fernando Sarti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T23:44:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JesusJunior_LeonardoBispo_D.pdf: 2689214 bytes, checksum: 8ff2e015c730c9cb454ff4a9b768ecd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A Petrobras é, indiscutivelmente, o grupo empresarial de maior relevância no Brasil em termos de investimentos diretos e indiretos. Porém, nos últimos anos, a delicada situação econômico-financeira da companhia, evidenciada na forte perda de valor no mercado acionário e na reduzida lucratividade, vem se acentuando e determinando o rebaixamento e a previsão de deterioração de suas métricas de crédito pelas agências de rating. Estas agências têm apontado como fatores determinantes para a referida situação o agressivo programa de investimentos da empresa e sua exposição à interferência política local, evidenciada no represamento dos preços dos produtos refinados e na exigência de cumprimento de metas de conteúdo local. As metas de conteúdo local nos critérios para seleção dos leilões de áreas de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás natural foram incorporadas devido à preocupação da ANP com o destino da indústria e dos fornecedores locais, após o fim do monopólio da Petrobras. Esses critérios se fizeram presentes desde o processo de licitação dos primeiros blocos exploratórios, na Rodada 1, em 1999, porém, é apenas na Rodada 4, em 2003, que a ANP fixa um nível mínimo de conteúdo local a ser observado pelo concessionário, na Fase de Exploração e na Etapa de Desenvolvimento. Considerando esse pano de fundo, o objetivo geral da tese é analisar por que a intervenção governamental, especificamente a política de conteúdo local implementada para o desenvolvimento da Indústria Para-Petrolífera brasileira, está na contramão da perspectiva de maximização de valor para os acionistas da Petrobras, mas não do escopo de atuação de uma empresa com a sua natureza jurídica. A principal conclusão é que a ineficiência gerada pelo direcionamento das aquisições da Petrobras, com a política de conteúdo local, é inconsistente com a dinâmica de acumulação das grandes corporações, num contexto de forte globalização financeira e produtiva em que impera a lógica curto prazista da maximização do valor para o acionista. Mas, não é inconsistente com o escopo de atuação de uma empresa com a natureza jurídica da Petrobras, cuja criação se justifica, apenas, pela necessidade de atender aos imperativos de segurança nacional ou a relevante interesse coletivo / Abstract: Petrobras is arguably the most relevant business group in Brazil in terms of direct and indirect investments. However, in recent years, the delicate financial position of the company, evidenced in the strong loss of value in the stock market and reduced profitability has been increasing and determining relegation and the prediction of deterioration of credit metrics for the rating agencies. These agencies have identified as crucial to the situation the aggressive investment program of the company and its exposure to local political interference, evidenced in damming the price of refined products and the requirement of targeted local content. The goals of local content on the criteria for selection of auctions areas of exploration and production of oil and gas is incorporated due to concern of the ANP about the fate of industry and local suppliers, with the end of Petrobras' monopoly. These criteria were present from the bidding process of the first exploratory blocks in Round 1, 1999, however, is only in Round 4, in 2003, the ANP sets a minimum level of local content to be noticed by the dealer in Exploration Phase and Development Phase. Considering this background, the overall aim of the thesis is to analyze why the government intervention, specifically the local content policy implemented for the development of national suppliers of goods and services to the oil and gas industry, is counter to the perspective of maximization shareholder value Petrobras, but not of the scope of operations of a company with its legal nature. The main conclusion is that the inefficiency generated by directing of the acquisitions of Petrobras, with local content policy is inconsistent with the dynamics of accumulation of large corporations in a context of strong productive and financial globalization, in which prevailing the short-term logic of maximization of shareholder value. But, is not inconsistent with the scope of activity of a company with the legal nature of Petrobras, whose creation is only justified by the need to meet the imperatives of national security or the relevant collective interest / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

Zhang Yinghong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-36). / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Yu Xin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-38). / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

The aim of my thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current legal status of general meetings of the stock companies and procedures for their assembling from the perspective of legal theory and practice, focusing on the current decision-making process of courts within the Czech Republic. The method used for gathering all the information needed was the studying of the available sources, namely: published books and magazines, and published judgments of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic considering the given issue. The paper aims, in addition to a general description and unification of uncontested facts, to discuss issues and options for solutions conformimg with the laws of the Czech Republic. Simultaneously, the paper seeks to draw attention to the conclusions of the courts and the vocational community. The focus of the thesis is the definition of authorized meeting organizers and their responsibilities associated the role; followed by a systematic analysis of the covening of the General Assembly to define particular problems which might be encountered by the convener and shareholders may throughout the practice. The conclusion is devoted to European law and its impact on the law of the Czech Republic in the field of law of general meetings of joint stock companies.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This assignment sets out to address the concept of equity duration, where equity duration is viewed as a measure of the interest rate sensitivity of common stock's market value. The traditional use of standard dividend discount models, results in extremely long duration estimates for equities - in the order of 10 years for income stocks to 25 years and more for growth companies whose cash flows are not expected to materialize until some future period. Leibowitz (1986) identified an alternative approach for assessing equity duration empirically. These empirical estimates of actual stock price sensitivity to underlying changes in interest rates imply that equities behave as if they are much shorter duration instruments. Various attempts have been made to reconcile the difference between theoretical predictions of equity duration and empirical findings. The differences in duration of assets in place and growth opportunities are given as a possible reason for the above mentioned differences. It is argued that investment opportunities are similar to options a company has. These option-like characteristics of growth opportunities may alter the basic relationship between equity valuation and interest rate changes. The option framework suggests that the duration of growth companies may be shorter (not longer) than those of assets in place. The results from option theory can however not be applied directly to growth options, since some of the assumptions may not be valid in the case of growth options. The presence of these growth options makes it virtually impossible to calculate equity duration theoretically. This study empirically tests the relationship between growth opportunities and equity duration by focussing the attention on the interest rate sensitivity of South African growth companies. The following hypotheses regarding equity duration and growth companies are postulated: • There is a significant difference in interest rate sensitivity between growth companies and low-growth companies. • There is a significant difference between duration of growth companies measured using nominal interest rates and duration of growth companies using real interest rates. All non-mining companies on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange SA, for the period 1980 to 2000, were analysed. These companies were sorted into different portfolios that reflected their growth opportunities. Market capitalisation, book-to-market and price-earnings ratios were used as proxies to rank companies according to growth opportunities. The results from univariate regressions suggest positive duration for common equities. The negative relationship between equity returns and changes in nominal interest rates are independent of size, book-to-market or price-earnings ratios of the sampled companies. Including the market factor as an independent variable results in markedly different equity duration. The duration is correlated with size, as both coefficients and t-statistics increase when moving from small companies to larger companies. In addition, the small companies have negative not positive duration, as was the case for simple univariate regressions. There is also some evidence that high growth portfolios, as measured by low book-to-market and high price-earnings ratios, are less sensitive to interest rate changes than low growth portfolios. Employing all three Fama and French's factors, there is no longer a cross-sectional dependence on company size, with the mean duration being close to zero and statistically insignificant in virtually all cases. Also, when dividing changes in the nominal interest rate into changes in real rates and changes in inflation, it does not significantly affect the estimates of equity duration. The author found no evidence to support the stated hypotheses, when employing the Fama and French's three factor model. This may mean that the relationships are subsumed in the Fama and French risk factors. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werkstuk bestudeer die konsep van die duur van gewone aandele (equity duration), waar die duur van 'n gewone aandeel gedefinieer word as 'n maatstaf van die rentekoerssensitiwiteit van die markwaarde van die aandeel. Die tradisionele gebruik van standaard dividend verdiskonterings modelle, lei tot uiters lang duur beramings vir gewone aandele - in die orde van 10 jaar vir inkomste aandele tot 25 jaar en meer vir groei ondernemings wie se kontantvloei nie verwag word om te materialiseer voor 'n sekere toekomstige datum nie. Leibowitz (1986) identifiseer 'n alternatiewe empiriese benadering vir die beraming van gewone aandeel duur. Hierdie empiriese bepaling van die sensitiwiteit van die werklike aandeelprys tot onderliggende veranderings in rentekoerse, impliseer dat gewone aandele reageer asof hulle baie korter duur instrumente is. Verskeie pogings is aangewend om die verskille tussen teoretiese voorspellings van gewone aandeel-duur en empiriese bevindings te rekonsilieer. Die verskille tussen duur van bates in plek en groei-geleenthede word aangevoer as 'n moontlike rede vir bogenoemde verskille. Dit word geargumenteer dat investeringsgeleenthede soortgelyk is aan die opsies wat 'n onderneming het. Hierdie opsie-soortgelyke eienskappe van groei-geleenthede kan die basiese verhouding tussen gewone aandeel waardasie en rentekoers verandering wysig. Die opsie raamwerk dui daarop dat die duur van groei-ondernemings korter kan wees (en nie langer nie) as die van bates in plek. Die resultate van opsie teorie kan egter nie direk toegepas word op groei-opsies nie, aangesien sekere van die aannames nie geldig mag wees in die geval van groei-opsies nie. Die teenwoordigheid van hierdie groei-opsies het tot gevolg dat dit feitlik onmoontlik is om gewone aandeel-duur teoreties te bereken. Die studie toets empiries die verhouding tussen groei-geleenthede en gewone aandeel-duur deur te fokus op die rentekoers sensitiwiteit van Suid Afrikaanse groei-ondernemings. Die volgende hipoteses met betrekking tot die gewone aandele duur en groei-ondernemings word gestel: • Daar is 'n betekenisvolle verskil in rentekoers sensitiwiteit tussen groei-ondernemings en lae groei-ondernemings. • Daar is 'n betekenisvolle verskil tussen duur van groei-ondernemings gemeet deur gebruik te maak van nominale rentekoerse en duur van groei-ondernemings deur gebruik te maak van reële rentekoerse. Alle nie-myn ondernemings op die Johannesburg Sekuriteite Beurs SA, vir die periode 1980 tot 2000, is ontleed. Hierdie ondernemings is gesorteer in verskillende portefeuljes wat hulle groei geleenthede reflekteer. Markkapitalisasie, boek-tot-markwaarde en prysverdienste verhoudings is gebruik as maatstawwe om ondernemings te rangskik volgens groeigeleenthede. Die resultate van enkel veranderlike regressies dui positiewe duur aan vir gewone aandele. Die negatiewe verhouding tussen aandeelopbrengs en verandering in nominale rentekoerse is onafhanklik van grootte, boek-tot-markwaarde of prysverdienste verhoudings vir die getoetste ondernemings. Indien die markfaktor ingesluit word, as 'n onafhanklike veranderlike, lei dit tot opvallend verskillende gewone aandeel-duur. Die duur is gekorreleer met grootte, met beide koëffisiënte en t-statistieke wat styg wanneer beweeg word van klein ondernemings tot groter ondernemings. Addisioneel, die klein ondernemings het negatiewe, nie positiewe duur, anders as in die geval van eenvoudige enkel veranderlike regressies. Daar is ook bewyse dat hoë groei portefeuljes, soos gemeet deur lae boek-tot-markwaarde en hoë prysverdienste verhoudings, minder sensitief is vir rentekoers veranderings as lae groei portefeuljes. Met die aanwending van al drie Fama en French se faktore is daar nie meer kruis-selektiewe afhanklikheid (cross-selectional dependence) op ondernemingsgrootte aanwesig nie, met die gemiddelde duur wat naby nul is en statisties onbedeidend in feitlik all gevalle is. Wanneer die verandering in die nominale rentekoers verdeel word in veranderings in reële koerse en veranderings in inflasie, beïnvloed dit ook nie betekenisvol die bepaalde gewone aandeel duur nie. Die outeur het met die gebruik van die Fama & French drie faktor model geen bewyse gevind wat die vermelde hipoteses staaf nie. Dit mag beteken dat die rente-risiko verwantskappe in die Fama en French risiko faktore vervat is.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-11T11:51:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana de Godoy Penteado Gattaz.pdf: 2109377 bytes, checksum: 47205c9a14485eb937cb0fb231368280 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-11T11:51:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana de Godoy Penteado Gattaz.pdf: 2109377 bytes, checksum: 47205c9a14485eb937cb0fb231368280 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-08 / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse all legal theories regarding shareholders’ agreement binding members of a board of directors, in order to identify which theory seems to be more appropriate from the legal point of view and from the perspective of the development of the market’s dynamic, as well as to verify the necessity to establish limits to such binding. By examining the concepts of corporate interest, shareholders’ agreement, the duties of administrators and controlling shareholder, from the analysis of legal doctrine and in particular from empirical studies and court precedents, there was an effort to ascertain, where corporate governance is concerned, which of the theories is more compatible with the duty to observe the corporate interest, assigned to the administrators and the controlling shareholder by law. After verifying all aspects required to the full understanding of all questions raised in this study, it emerged that the theory that should be adopted is the one favourable to a limited binding of directors to the shareholders’ agreement / A presente dissertação tem por objeto analisar as correntes doutrinárias que tratam da vinculação de membros do conselho de administração ao acordo de acionistas, a fim de identificar qual delas parece ser a mais adequada, tanto do ponto de vista legal, quanto do ponto de vista da evolução da dinâmica do próprio mercado, e de verificar a necessidade de limites para essa vinculação. Mediante o exame dos conceitos de interesse social e acordo de acionistas, bem como dos deveres dos administradores e do acionista controlador, buscou-se averiguar, a partir da doutrina e, principalmente, de estudos empíricos e de precedentes judiciais e administrativos, no âmbito da governança corporativa, qual das correntes doutrinárias sobre o tema é mais compatível com o que se deve entender pelo dever de observar o interesse social, atribuído por lei ao acionista controlador e aos administradores. Após verificados todos os elementos imprescindíveis à plena compreensão das questões levantadas neste estudo, concluiu-se pela adoção da teoria favorável a uma vinculação limitada do conselheiro ao acordo de acionistas