Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-23T15:33:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina Camara Lira.pdf: 227800 bytes, checksum: 109678bb1721fbe958b921fe590e423e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T15:33:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina Camara Lira.pdf: 227800 bytes, checksum: 109678bb1721fbe958b921fe590e423e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-22 / The objective of the work was to evaluate the diurne behavior of Girolanda heifers submitted to the Pennisetum sp pastures, under different heights of residue after pastejo. The experiment was carried through in the Institute Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), in Itambé-PE, the period of August of 2007 the July of 2008. 18 heifers of Girolanda race had been used, with age of approximately the 20-24 months and average alive weight of 370kg. The experimental design was randomized block, with three repetitions, in arrangement of parcels perhaps subdivided, being the main parcel formed by the heights of residue after-pastejo (Lower, Middle and High). Subplot had been formed by the genotypes of Pennisetum sp. (IRI 381, Venezuela and Hexaplóide). The pasture was submitted the capacity rotacionada with cycle of pastejo of 35 days (rainy time) and 70 days (dry time), being 3 days of grazing. grazing had interaction between Periods of evaluation x Genotypes only for the total variable, where genotype IRI 381 if detached when comparative with Venezuela and the Hexaploide in the heights of 80 and 120cm, with exception of the period of November of the height of 120cm. The biggest time for this activity was for height of 120cm (80,55min) in as the day of the period of March of 2007. Activities of leisure and other activities had been superior in the periods of March and May of 2008. The time of the behavioral activities diurnas suffered great influences of the climatic variations in the periods of evaluation, as well as the structure of the grass. / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento diurno de novilhas da raça Girolando em pastagens Pennisetum sp. sob diferentes alturas de resíduo pós pastejo. O experimento foi realizado no Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), em Itambé-PE, nos períodos de Agosto, Outubro e Novembro de 2007, Março, Maio e Julho de 2008. Foram utilizados 18 animais, com idade de aproximadamente 20 a 24 meses e peso vivo médio de 376,343,4kg. O delineamento foi blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas e medidas repetidas no tempo, sendo a parcela principal as alturas de resíduo pós-pastejo (Baixa, Média e Alta); as subparcelas foram formadas pelos genótipos de Pennisetum sp. (IRI 381, Venezuela e Hexaplóide) e os dias de pastejo como a sub subparcelas. A pastagem foi submetida à lotação intermitente com ciclo de pastejo de 35 dias (época chuvosa) e 70 dias (época seca), sendo 3 dias de pastejo. Houve interação entre Períodos de avaliação x Genótipos apenas para o tempo de pastejo.O tempo de pastejo apresentou uma queda no período de março e maio de 2008 devido aos altos índices de ITU (84) e ITGU (88), o que aumentou o tempo de ócio e outras atividades. O maior tempo de ruminação foi para as novilhas no resíduo alto (80,55min) no segundo dia do período de março de 2007. O tempo das atividades comportamentais diurnas sofreu grande influência das variações climáticas nos períodos de avaliação, bem como da estrutura do pasto.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-27T12:57:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Hiran Marcelo Siqueira da Silva.pdf: 681757 bytes, checksum: 615f7dc1968ee600a6eb6b2a3d54b5da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T12:57:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hiran Marcelo Siqueira da Silva.pdf: 681757 bytes, checksum: 615f7dc1968ee600a6eb6b2a3d54b5da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The physical properties of the soil can be affected by stocking rate. When stocking rates are applied correctly can provide favorable environment for root growth. Nitrogen fertilization can also stimulate growth and root activity. Thus, the replacement nitrogen ecosystem grazing results in higher biomass production and more efficient absorption of the nutrients in the soil. Manipulation in stocking and fertilization interfere in the processes of decomposition of plant tissue affecting nutrient cycling in pasture ecosystems. The study was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco in Itambé for two years (2009-2010). The experimental treatments consisted of three stocking rates (2.0, 3.9 and 5.8 AU ha-1, 1 AU = 450 kg BW) and three nitrogen levels (0, 150 and 300 kg ha-1 N year-1) grazing elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.). Treatments were replicated three times and used a randomized block design in a split plot arrangement. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization and stocking rate on physical and chemical attributes of the soil, the root distribution in depth and decomposition of roots grazing elephant grass. For part of soil and destruction of root was determined soil bulk density, particle density, porosity, aggregate stability, infiltration rate of the soil water, the light fraction of soil organic matter, soil fertility in depth, root length density and root biomass. For the decomposition analysis, we used the simple exponential model for percentage of disappearance of biomass remaining N (%). The two stage model ("plateau linear") was used to describe ON, NIDA, N and LIG: N throughout the incubation period. The increased stocking rate resulted in higher densities of soil ranging from 1.42 to 1.58 g cm-3. The light fraction of soil organic matter decreased with increasing stocking rate. The aggregation index increased with depth with values of 42.07, 47.75 and 51.04% for the soil layers 0-2.5, 2.5-7.5 and 7.5-15 cm, respectively . Soil fertility also varied at 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm. The root length had an effect between depths. In the 0-20 cm layer was longest of all types of roots (thin, thick and full). The decomposition of biomass in the second period (10-11) was higher in the first period (9-10). After 512 days of incubation, the biomass remaining in the first period was 40% whereas in the second period was 30%. The C: N ratio dropped to two periods over the 512 days of incubation, however, as they were passing incubation times, the C: N ratio for the second period fell faster (k = 0.00168 g g-1 day-1) compared to the first period (k = 0.00113 g g-1 day-1). The lignin content increased during the incubation time. At time zero, the lignin content in the first period was higher (~ 17%) found for the second period (~ 10%). The stabilization of lignin in the first period was only achieved after 240 days of decomposition with final value of 22%, whereas in the second period, stabilization was reached after 118 days of incubation with final value of approximately 20%. At the end of two years experimental treatments, stocking rate and nitrogen fertilization did not affect Pt, VIB and EA nor influenced the fertility of the soil, the root distribution and root residue decomposition during the trial period. Moreover, the stocking rate modified the soil density and light fraction organic matter. Nitrogen rates interfered with mineralization of N from the root stock. / As propriedades físicas do solo podem ser afetadas pela taxa de lotação animal. Quando as taxas de lotação animal são aplicadas de forma correta podem proporcionar ambiente favorável ao crescimento do sistema radicular. A adubação nitrogenada também pode estimular o crescimento e a atividade radicular. Sendo assim, a reposição nitrogenada em ecossistema de pastagem resulta em maior biomassa produzida e absorção mais eficiente dos nutrientes no solo. A manipulação na lotação e a adubação interferem nos processos de decomposição do tecido vegetal, afetando a ciclagem dos nutrientes nos ecossistemas de pastagem. O estudo foi realizado na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco em Itambé por dois anos (2009-2010). Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de três taxas de lotação animal (2, 3,9 e 5,8 UA ha-1; 1 UA = 450 kg PV) e três níveis de adubação nitrogenada (0, 150 e 300 kg N ha-1ano-1) em pastagens de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.). Os tratamentos foram repetidos três vezes, sendo utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas. Sendo assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada e da taxa de lotação nos atributos físicoquímicos do solo, na distribuição de raízes em profundidade e na decomposição das raízes em pastagens de capim-elefante. Para a parte de solo e distribuição de raiz em profundidade foram determinados: a densidade do solo, densidade das partículas, porosidade total, estabilidade de agregados, infiltração básica de água no solo, a fração leve da matéria orgânica do solo, fertilidade do solo em profundidade, a densidade de comprimento de raiz e a biomassa radicular. Para a análise de decomposição, foi utilizado o modelo exponencial simples para porcentagem de desaparecimento de biomassa, N remanescente (%). O modelo de dois estágios (“plateau linear”) foi utilizado para descrever LIG, NIDA, N e LIG:N ao longo do período de incubação. O aumento da taxa de lotação resultou em maiores densidades do solo que variou de 1,42 a 1,58 g cm-3. A fração leve da matéria orgânica do solo reduziu com o aumento da lotação animal. O índice de agregação aumentou com a profundidade, com valores de 42,07, 47,75 e 51,04% para as camadas de solo 0-2,5, 2,5-7,5 e 7,5-15 cm, respectivamente. A fertilidade do solo também variou nas camadas de 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm. O comprimento de raiz apresentou efeito entre as profundidades. Na camada de 0-20 cm houve maior comprimento de todos os tipos de raízes (fina, grossa e total). A decomposição da biomassa no segundo período experimental (10-11) foi maior ao primeiro período (9-10). Após 512 dias de incubação, a biomassa remanescente no primeiro período foi de 40%, enquanto que no segundo período foi de 30%. A relação C:N caiu para os dois períodos experimentais no decorrer dos 512 dias de incubação, no entanto, à medida que foram passando os tempos de incubação, a relação C:N para o segundo período caiu mais rapidamente (k=0,00168 g g-1 dia-1), se comparado ao primeiro período (k=0,00113 g g-1 dia-1). O teor de lignina aumentou durante o tempo incubação. No tempo zero, o teor de lignina no primeiro período foi superior (~17%) ao encontrado para segundo período (~10%). A estabilização da lignina, no primeiro período, só foi alcançada aos 240 dias de decomposição com valor final de 22%, enquanto que no segundo período a estabilização foi alcançada aos 118 dias de incubação com valor final aproximado de 20%. Ao final de dois anos experimentais os tratamentos, taxa de lotação e adubação nitrogenada não alteraram a Pt, VIB e o EA, nem tão pouco influenciaram os parâmetros de fertilidade do solo, a distribuição do sistema radicular e na decomposição do resíduo radicular no período experimental. Por outro lado, a taxa de lotação modificou a densidade do solo e a fração leve da matéria orgânica. As doses de nitrogênio interferiram na mineralização do estoque de N da raiz.

Inovação em produção animal tem sido cada vez mais exigido pelos consumidores. No ambito de produção de postura, a maior demanda é por ovos provenientes de sistemas alternativos às gaiolas tradicionais, majoritariamente pelas tendencias observadas na Europa, e dessa forma, pesquisas ressaltando a realidade brasileira estão sendo realizadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parametros produtivos e de bem-estar em dois contextos de sistemas produtivos, sob variadas densidades de alojamento. Para isso 250 aves Lohmann Brown® foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com os tratamentos organizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo 2 sistemas de alojamento (convencional e cage-free) e 4 densidades (375,00; 450,00; 562,50 e 750,00 cm2/ave), com 6 repetições. O período experimental foi de 21 a 36 semanas de idade das poedeiras, totalizando 4 ciclos de 28 dias cada. Foram avaliados desempenho produtivo (produção de ovos, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar por kg de ovos), qualidade de ovos (peso, coloração de gema, índice gema, % de gema, % albumen, % casca, espessura e resistência a quebra, e unidade Haugh) e indicadores de bem-estar (frequência respiratória e cardíaca, temperatura clocal, escore de lesão corporal, concentração d eIgY na gema) Observou-se interação entre sistema de produção e densidade de alojamento para: % postura, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar por kg de ovos, peso do ovo, % de gema, % albúmen, espessura de casca. O aumento de densidade promoveu efeito significativo para % postura, consumo de ração, temperatura cloacal, lesão em quilha e em pés. O tipo de sistema de produção afetou consumo de ração, conversão alimentar por kg de ovos, peso do ovo, coloração de gema, índice gema, resistência à quebra, frequência cardíaca temperatura cloacal, lesões de quilha e pés e concentração de IgY na gema. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que tanto o sistema de produção quanto a densidade de alojamento estão ligados a efeitos produtivos, de qualidade de ovos, e de bem-estar animal. / Innovation in animal production has been increasingly demanded by consumers. In the field of egg production, the greatest demand is for eggs coming from alternative systems to traditional cages, mostly from the trends observed in Europe, and thus, research highlighting the Brazilian reality is being carried out. The objective of this study was to evaluate productive and welfare parameters in two contexts of productive systems, under different stocking densities. For this purpose, 250 Lohmann Brown® birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with treatments arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with 2 housing systems (conventional and cage-free) and 4 densities (375.00; 450.00, 562.50 and 750.00 cm2 / bird), with 6 replicates. The experimental period was 21 to 36 weeks of age, totalling 4 cycles of 28 days each. (Egg weight, feed intake, feed conversion per kg of egg), egg quality (weight, yolk color, yolk index, % yolk,% albumen,% shell, shell thickness and resistance to breakage, and Haugh unit) and indicators of welfare (respiratory rate and heart rate, body temperature, body lesion score, IgY concentration in the yolk). The interaction between production system and housing density was observed for: % laying, feed intake , feed conversion per kg of eggs, egg weight, % yolk, % albumen, shell thickness. The increase in density had a significant effect on % laying, feed intake, cloacal temperature, keel and foot injury. The type of production system affected feed intake, feed conversion per kg of egg, egg weight, yolk color, yolk index, breaking strength, cloacal temperature, keel and foot lesions, and IgY concentration in the yolk. The results of this study demonstrate that both the production system and housing density are linked to productive effects, egg quality, and animal welfare.

Experimentos em grande escala para avaliação do manejo do pastejo são raros, apesar de sua importância. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar metas de manejo para o capim-marandu submetido à pastejo rotativo definidas em série de experimentos de menor escala (piquetes), utilizando o nitrogênio para amplificar contrastes entre as estratégias de pastejo avaliadas. As avaliações ocorreram de fevereiro de 2009 a abril de 2010 e os tratamentos corresponderam a duas alturas pré-pastejo (25 e 35 cm) e duas doses de fertilizante nitrogenado (50 e 200 kg ha-1 ano de N) (designados como 25/50, 25/200, 35/50 e 35/200) e foram alocados às unidades experimentais (UE) segundo um delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Cada UE foi formada por 6 piquetes de 0,5 ha cada, os quais foram manejados como mini-fazendas. Cada uma das 16 minifazendas recebeu três novilhos Nelore (média 327 kg) como animais-teste para mensuração do ganho de peso diário (GMD) e mais um número variável de animais para ajustes na taxa de lotação. A meta de altura pós-pastejo foi comum a todos os tratamentos (15 cm), porém foi permitido variar acima desse valor como forma de gerar flexibilidade e permitir a manutenção das metas de altura prépastejo. Pastos manejados na altura pré-pastejo de 25 cm apresentaram maior número de pastejos, menor intervalo de pastejo e menor período de ocupação que pastos manejados com a altura de 35 cm. Maiores valores de GMD (0,629 e 0,511kg animal-1 dia), ganho de peso por unidade de área (GP) (886 e 674 kg ha-1) e de taxa de lotação (3,13 e 2,85 UA ha-1) foram registrados nos pastos manejados com a altura pré-pastejo de 25 relativamente àquela de 35 cm, respectivamente. Por outro lado, pastos manejados com a altura pré-pastejo de 35 cm apresentaram maiores valores de massa de forragem pré (6.680 e 4.800 kg ha- 1 de MS de vivo) e pós-pastejo (4.010 e 3.320 kg ha-1 de MS de vivo) e de perdas por pastejo (24,1 e 20,3% da massa de forragem pré-pastejo) que pastos manejados com a altura de 25 cm, respectivamente. A aplicação de 200 kg ha-1 de N resultou em aumentos na porcentagem de folhas na massa de forragem póspastejo (11,9 para 15,6%), na taxa de acúmulo de forragem (29,1 para 51,9 kg ha- 1 dia-1), na taxa de lotação (2,55 para 3,44 UA ha-1), conseqüentemente, no GP (697 e 863 kg ha-1) relativamente à aplicação de 50 kg ha-1. Somente variações em estratégia de manejo do pastejo resultaram em um aumento de 31% no GP, valor maior que os 24% resultantes da aplicação de N, realçando a importância de manejo do pastejo adequado como forma de aumentar desempenho animal e produtividade do sistema. Este correspondeu às metas de pastejo rotativo caracterizadas pela altura pré-pastejo de 25 cm e de pós-pastejo de 15 cm. Nesse contexto, o uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados, irrigação e de suplementos deveriam ser considerados em experimentos futuros desta natureza como uma forma de aumentar a produção e a produtividade animal. / In spite of their importance, large scale experiments to evaluate grazing management strategies are rare. The objective of this experiment was to test targets of rotational stocking management for marandu palisadegrass defined in a series of paddock scale experiments, using nitrogen to amplify contrasts between grazing strategies evaluated. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two pre-grazing heights (25 and 35 cm) and two levels of nitrogen application (50 and 200 kg ha-1 year-1) (designated as 25/50, 25/200, 35/50 and 35/200), and were allocated to experimental units according to a complete randomised block design, with four replications. Each experimental unit was comprised of six 0.5 ha paddocks, and were managed as farmlets. Each farmlet received three Nellore steers (initial body weight of 327 kg) as test animals for measuring weight gain plus a variable number of extra steers to adjust stocking rate and allow grazing to be executed according to management specifications for individual treatments. Target post-grazing height was 15 cm, but fluctuated above that as a means to contribute to maintain target pre-grazing heights. Farmlets managed at 25 cm pre-grazing height showed larger number of grazings, shorter grazing interval and occupation period of paddocks than those managed at 35 cm. Larger values of weight gain per animal (0.629 and 0.511 kg animal-1), per unit area (886 and 674 kg ha-1) and of stocking rate (3.13 and 2.85 AU ha-1) were recorded on farmlets managed at 25 cm pre-grazing height relative to those managed at 35 cm, respectively. On the other hand, farmlets managed at 35 cm pre-grazing height showed larger values of herbage mass pre- (6680 and 4800 kg ha-1 green DM) and post-grazing (4010 and 3320 kg ha-1 green DM) and grazing losses (24.1 and 20.3% of the pre-grazing herbage mass) than those managed at 25 cm, respectively. Application of 200 kg ha-1 of N resulted in increased percentage of leaves on herbage mass post-grazing (11.9 to 15.6%), in rates of herbage accumulation (29.1 to 51.9 kg ha-1 day-1), in stocking rate (2.5 to 3.44 AU ha-1) and, consequently, in weight gain per unit area (697 to 863 kg ha-1) relative to the application of 50 kg ha-1. Grazing management alone resulted in a 31% increase in weight gain per unit area, larger than the 24% increase generated by N application, highlighting the importance of adequate grazing management to increase animal performance and systems productivity. This corresponded to targets of rotational stocking management corresponding to 25 cm of pre-grazing height and 15 cm of post-grazing height. In this context, nitrogen fertiliser, irrigation and use of supplements should be considered in future experiments of this nature as a means of augmenting animal production and productivity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_daiane_cristina_sganzerla.pdf: 1882299 bytes, checksum: 309cae7dd279a55786ba5efa8ee79f7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-11 / Morphogenetic, structural and productive characteristics, were avaliated in a mixed pasture of persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L. var. resupinatum Gib. & Belli cv. Kyambro) and italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam cv. Comum) under different defoliation intervals. The experiment was conducted at the Embrapa Clima Temperado, Capão do Leão, RS. The treatments consisted of four defoliation intervals (determined according to the time of onset of 2,5; 3,5; 4,5 and 5,5 leaves on the persian clover) in two years of evaluation (2009 and 2010 ). We used a complete randomized blocks, with six replications. Defoliation was performed by grazing with lactating cows of the Jersey breed, under rotational stocking. The variables analyzed included: rate of leaf appearance, phyllochron, number of live leaves, dead and senescent, sward height and plant, length of branches / tillers, dry matter production, leaf area, leaf area index and rate dry matter accumulation. Higher rates of leaf appearance were found in shorter intervals between defoliation for both clover and for ryegrass. For persian clover larger intervals provided greater number live leaves. As for ryegrass, greater live leaves found in shorter intervals between defoliation. The leaf area index of pasture and persian clover was higher in the interval of 5,5 leaves in the years 2009 and 2010. In 2009 the highest values of leaf area were obtained in intervals of 3,5 and 4,5 leaves and there was no effect of the intervals between defoliation in 2010 on this variable. Higher intervals provided higher sward height and plants height and also length of tillers and branches. The dry matter yield of persian clover was higher in 2010 while for ryegrass higher production was found in 2009, and the total dry matter production was higher in the interval of 5,5 leaves. The rate of dry matter accumulation was higher in the interval of 5,5 leaves in 2009 and in the interval of 2,5 leaves in 2010. Higher intervals between defoliation provide higher LAI values, sward height and dry matter production. Morphogenetic, structural and productive characteristics of a mixture persian clover and ryegrass are modified by defoliation intervals, demonstrating the phenotypic plasticity of the species. Are recommended defoliation intervals of to 3,5 appeared leaves in a mixed pastures of persian clover and ryegrass to enable a greater number of live leaves attached to a lower stems elongation, characteristics desirable from the standpoint of animal production. / Características morfogênicas, estruturais e produtivas foram avaliadas em uma consorciação de trevo-persa (Trifolium resupinatum L. var. resupinatum Gib. & Belli cv. Kyambro) e azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam cv. Comum) sob diferentes intervalos entre desfolhas. O experimento foi realizado em área da Embrapa Clima Temperado, Capão do Leão, RS. Os tratamentos corresponderam a quatro intervalos entre desfolhas (determinados em função de tempo para o surgimento de 2,5; 3,5; 4,5 e 5,5 folhas em plantas de trevo-persa) em dois anos de avaliação (2009 e 2010). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso, com seis repetições. A desfolha foi realizada através de pastejo, com vacas em lactação da raça Jersey, sob lotação rotativa. As variáveis analisadas incluíram: taxa de aparecimento de folhas, filocrono, número de folhas vivas, mortas e senescentes, altura do dossel e de plantas, comprimento de ramificações/perfilhos, produção de matéria seca, área foliar, índice de área foliar e taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca. Maiores taxas de aparecimento de folhas foram encontradas em menores intervalos entre desfolhas tanto para trevo quanto para azevém. Para trevo-persa maiores intervalos proporcionaram maior número de folhas vivas. Enquanto para azevém, maior número de folhas vivas foi encontrado em menores intervalos entre desfolhas em 2009 e nos maiores intervalos em 2010. O índice de área foliar do trevo+azevém e do trevo-persa foi maior no intervalo de 5,5 folhas nos anos de 2009 e 2010. No ano de 2009 maiores valores de área foliar foram obtidos nos intervalos de 3,5 e 4,5 folhas e não se observou efeito dos intervalos entre desfolha sobre esta variável em 2010. Maiores intervalos entre desfolha proporcionaram maior altura do dossel e de plantas e também maior comprimento de perfilhos e ramificações. A produção de matéria seca do trevo-persa foi maior em 2010 enquanto que para azevém maior produção foi encontrada em 2009, sendo a produção de matéria seca total maior no intervalo de 5,5 folhas. A taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca foi maior no intervalo de 5,5 folhas em 2009 e no intervalo de 2,5 folhas em 2010. Intervalos entre desfolha maiores proporcionam maiores valores de IAF, altura do pasto e produção de matéria seca. As características morfogênicas, estruturais e produtivas da consorciação trevo-persa e azevém são modificadas pelos intervalos entre desfolha, demonstrando a plasticidade fenotípica das espécies. São recomendáveis períodos de descanso de até 3,5 folhas surgidas, em consorciações de trevo-persa e azevém para possibilitar um maior número de folhas vivas associadas a um menor alongamento de caules, características desejáveis do ponto de vista da produção animal.

The experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating the gross margin, the productive and reproductive performance of beef heifers kept exclusively on ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) or ryegrass receiving 0.5 and 1.0% of body weight (BW) of whole rice bran as supplement, provided daily at at 2:00 p.m. The grazing method was the rotational and the interval between grazings was set by the thermal sum required for the appearing of 1.5 ryegrass leaf (187.5º C). The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures, three feeding systems and two and two area replications. Heifers in different feeding systems were kept in similar forage mass and canopy height when they came out of plots in all paddocks. The heifers average daily gain did not differ between the feeding systems. The stocking rate and weight gain per area were higher when heifers received 1.0% BW of whole rice bran. The provision of 0.5% BW of WRB allowed stocking rate and capacity gain for intermediate area between the other feeding systems. The higher gross margin was observed when heifers received 0.5% BW. The variable cost obtained for the different feeding systems showed increasing behavior depending on the WRB levels, surpassing the exclusive use of ryegrass in 37.2% and 60.6%. The final body weight, body condition score and reproductive tract score did not differ between the feeding systems. Considering an adult animal with an average body weight of 450 kg, the heifers at the beginning of the experiment showed 34% of mature body weight and final average body weight of 56% of adult weight. / O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a margem bruta, o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de bezerras de corte mantidas exclusivamente em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ou em azevém recebendo 0,5 e 1,0% do peso corporal (PC) de farelo de arroz integral (FAI) como suplemento, fornecido diariamente às 14 horas. O método de pastejo foi o rotativo e o intervalo entre pastejos foi estabelecido considerando a soma térmica necessária para a emissão de 1,5 folha de azevém (187,5º C). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, três sistemas alimentares e duas repetições de área. As bezerras, nos diferentes sistemas alimentares, foram mantidas em similar massa de foragem e altura de dossel quando saíram das parcelas em todos os piquetes. O ganho médio diário das bezerras não diferiu entre os sistemas alimentares. A taxa de lotação e o ganho de peso por área foram maiores quando as bezerras receberam 1,0% do PC de farelo de arroz integral. O fornecimento de 0,5% do PC de FAI permitiu taxa de lotação e ganho por área intermediários entre os demais sistemas alimentares. A maior margem bruta foi observada quando as bezerras receberam 0,5% de FAI. O custo variável obtido para os diferentes sistemas alimentares apresentou comportamento crescente em função dos níveis de FAI, superando o uso exclusivo do azevém em 37,2% e 60,6%. O peso corporal final, o escore de condição corporal e o escore do trato reprodutivo não diferiram entre os sistemas alimentares. Considerando um animal adulto com peso corporal médio de 450 kg, as bezerras ao início do experimento apresentaram 34% do peso corporal adulto e peso corporal final médio de 56% do peso adulto.

The dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, is a popular South African “line fish” whose stocks have dwindled to dangerously low levels of between 1% and 4.5% of pristine spawner biomass per recruit. A. japonicus stocks are currently managed by means of minimum size restrictions and daily bag limits, and as a result of the inability of these measures to facilitate the recovery of the species over a realistic time frame, the need for an alternative management plan has become apparent. Given the status of the stock and management regime, stock enhancement appears to be an appropriate option to be investigated. This study evaluates the feasibility of stock enhancement as a possible management tool to assist with the recovery of this important South African linefish species. By evaluating the genetic and ecological implications related to stock enhancement, identifying a suitable tagging method for post-release monitoring, and evaluating the economic feasibility of such a programme, any fatal flaws would become immediately apparent. This coupled with the required framework for the development of a management plan for stock enhancement of A. japonicus provides direction further research and actions required in order to utilise stock enhancement as a management tool. Due to the nature of stock enhancement, there are several ecological and genetic issues that arise from such a programme. These issues were reviewed and the issues that were relevant to stock enhancement of A. japonicus identified. Ecological concerns that arose included those of competition, disease and seed quality, while genetic issues were concerned mainly in the possible loss of genetic variability and consequent reduction in fitness of the stock. Fortunately the technology exists to evaluate the effects and likelihood of these problems occurring as well as to minimise the likelihood of them occurring. By taking a scientific approach to stock enhancement, hatchery management, and release strategies can be manipulated in such a way as to minimise any negative effects that may be caused. Both ecological and genetic effects of stocking indicate a need for post-release monitoring of stock enhancement programmes. Stock enhancement requires a post-release monitoring programme, which in turn relies on an ability to distinguish between hatchery reared and wild fish. A study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of coded wire tags (CWT), visual implant fluorescent elastomers (VIFE), and oxytetracycline (OTC) as a means of distinguishing between hatchery reared and wild A. japonicus, for the purpose of a post-release monitoring programme. OTC appeared to be the most suitable as it produced 100% retention over a five month period compared to 62% and 61% for VIFE and CWT respectively. OTC is therefore suggested as a tagging method for the purpose of post-release monitoring of the stock enhancement of A. japonicus. To evaluate a possible funding option for stock enhancement of A. japonicus in South Africa, a willingness-to-pay survey, based on a “user pays” approach using recreational fishing permits as a vehicle for payment, included 102 recreational anglers in the Plettenberg Bay area. The survey showed that generally anglers were willing to pay more than the current amount for the recreational fishing permit. This promising result, coupled with the fact that there are approximately 450 000 recreational anglers leads to the belief that there is potential for a substantial increase in the funds generated for the Marine Living Resources Fund through recreational anglers. Stock enhancement should not be ruled out on the basis of economic feasibility yet as there is potential for it to be sustained by the users of the resource. An A. japonicus juvenile production costing model was created taking into account setup and running costs of a hatchery for A. japonicus, based on known parameters from existing facilities, and adjusting them to meet the requirements of a stock enhancement facility. Estimates varied according to the number and size of fish for release (values which can only be decided upon after further research), with setup estimated to be between R 10 000 000 and R 30 000 000 and annual running costs between R 2 400 000 and R 6 700 000 annually. These figures were dependant on the size and number of fish being produced, with production ranging between 100 000 and 5 000 000 fish of between 50 mm and 150 mm, and a broodstock of 150 individuals. Given the need for alternative management of A. japonicus in South Africa and the lack of evidence to suggest that it is an unfeasible option, this project has found no reason why further investigation into the use of stock enhancement for the management of A. japonicus should not proceed further provided the fishery is shown to be recruit limited. The technology and ability to overcome possible ecological and genetic problems exists, a suitable means of tagging for post-release monitoring exists, as does a realistic funding option. There is a substantial amount of research that must be done prior to stocking, for which a base framework is provided.

La vie et l’œuvre de Jane Dieulafoy offrent un témoignage original de la complexité des rapports socio-sexués à la fin du XIXe siècle. Par ses voyages, son travestissement occasionnel, puis permanent, son apport au savoir architectural et archéologique ou encore son rapport à l’écriture, cette femme a remis en cause la frontière sociale entre les sphères privée et publique, sans tenir pour autant un discours subversif ou même féministe. L’étude de La Perse, La Chaldée et la Susiane tente de suivre au plus près les oscillations d’un être à la recherche d’une libération du corps, du mouvement et de l’écriture, mais encore souvent respectueux des contraintes et représentations léguées par l’éducation, la culture et la société. Les transgressions nécessaires à l’accomplissement du but fixé n’en sont pas moins réfléchies et demeurent à l’intérieur du cadre social de l’époque. Il est cependant possible de comprendre les contradictions apparentes de Jane Dieulafoy – et notamment l’union de qualités masculines et féminines - comme une recherche de totalité, rappelant par certains côtés le mythe de l’androgyne. / The life and work of Jane Dieulafoy provide original evidence of the complexity of the gender role relationships at the end of the nineteenth century. Through her journeys, her occasional, then permanent cross-dressing, her contribution to the architectural and archaeological knowledge or her writing style, this woman has challenged the social boundaries between the private and public spheres without resorting to a subversive or even feminist speech. Studying La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane allows to closely follow the oscillations of a being in search of the liberation of the body, of freedom of movement and writing, but still often respectful of the constraints and representations inherited from her education, culture and society. The transgressions necessary for her to accomplish this goal are nonetheless well thought-out and remain within the social context of the time. However, it is possible to understand the apparent contradictions of Jane Dieulafoy - particularly the union of masculine and feminine features - as a search for wholeness, recalling in some ways the myth of the androgyne.

The graduation theses is focused on an application of logistics in food company. Theoretical part defines terms like stocking, manipulation units, wraps, material flow etc. The application part is based on the logistics in Povltavské mlékárny, a. s. It describes different departments like purchase (and also program Milsoft), estimates of sale, finished stock room and fleet department. The second part of the application part is based on the thoughts and calculation of sufficient capacity of the finished stock room after implementation of laboratory tests for listeria.

In response to the drastic decline of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla (L.)) fisheries have been reduced and elvers are stocked in areas where natural abundances are low. Are these measures adequate? To answer different aspects of this question, we have analysed more than a century of eel tagging, using both traditional and more novel capture – recapture analyses. Based on these long-term data, we have evaluated the impact of the Swedish eel coastal fisheries using Survival analysis. Our analysis indicates that the fishing mortality just prior the 2009 fishing restrictions were in the order of 10%. More recent tagging programs have focused on issues related to the fate of stocked fish. If and how they migrate out of the Baltic Sea and further on towards the Atlantic Ocean. Both earlier and our new studies reveal that all eels recaptured on the Swedish East Coast, no matter of their origin, migrate at a reasonable speed and direction towards the outlets of the Baltic Sea. Even though it is sometimes difficult to determine their origin, our analyses indicate that stocked fish were scarce among the recaptures. In an experiment on the Swedish West Coast, we knew the individuals’ origin (stocked or wild) and they had similar migration patterns. In contrast, silver eel in Lake Mälaren – assumed to have been stocked as elvers or bootlace eels – seemed to have difficulties in finding the outlets. Instead they overwintered and lost weight. However, weight losses are also significant among non-stocked individuals in the Baltic Sea, both if they overwinter and if they appear to be on their way out from the area. It remains an open question whether eels from the Baltic region in general, and whether the overwintered fish in particular, manage to reach the spawning area in the Atlantic Ocean. Based on current knowledge, I advocate invoking the precautionary approach and to concentrate Swedish eel stockings to the West Coast and allow the young fish to spread out on their own. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>