Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-03-11T12:42:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Luanna Maria Beserra Filgueiras.pdf: 2913334 bytes, checksum: 8f13c8220c27b118507f2a88b269b9bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-04-12T17:21:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Luanna Maria Beserra Filgueiras.pdf: 2913334 bytes, checksum: 8f13c8220c27b118507f2a88b269b9bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T17:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Luanna Maria Beserra Filgueiras.pdf: 2913334 bytes, checksum: 8f13c8220c27b118507f2a88b269b9bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Despite being virtually unknown to most Brazilians, red rice has been mainly grown by small farmers in the Brazilian Northeast, having great economic and social importance. The use of plant growth promoting bacteria can be a viable alternative to assist in the development of plants under stress conditions through the production of phytohormones and biological nitrogen fixation, which act to reduce the negative effects that stress can cause in the development of the plants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluat growth, ecophysiological, biochemical and productive aspects of red rice plants inoculated with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus under water stress. The experiment was carried out with the red rice cultivation (genotype 405 EMBRAPA Meio Norte) inoculated with G. diazotrophicus and not inoculated with and without water restriction. A completely randomized design was used with 8 treatments and 4 replications, where each plot consisted of a lysimeter containing 60 plants. We evaluated growth variables (plant height, leaf area, biomass), ecophysiological variables (gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence), biochemical variables (photosynthetic pigments, proline, glycine betaine and MDA) and production variables (number of panicles per plant, dry matter of 1000 grains and total mass production). Inoculated and unnon-inoculated red rice under different water contents in the soil (70%, 50% and 30%) showed variation in all variables, except for Y(NPQ). During water restriction increases were observed in proline, glycine betaine, internal carbon concentration (Ci), intrinsic water use efficiency (EiUA) and quantum yield of unregulated dissipation (Y(NO)) levels. After rehydration these values were reduced in the inoculated plants. The malondialdehyde (MDA) showed better results in non-inoculated plants. Productive components, such as weight of 1000 grains, panicle number per plant and total mass were also significant for the inoculated rice. Therefore, the inoculation with G. diazotrophicus, proved to be a potential tool to reduce water stress in red rice. / Apesar de ser praticamente desconhecido da maioria da população brasileira, o arroz vermelho vem sendo cultivado principalmente por pequenos agricultores da Região Nordeste do Brasil, tendo grande importância socioeconômico. O uso de bactérias promotoras de crescimento vegetal pode ser uma alternativa viável ao auxiliar no desenvolvimento de plantas sob condições de estresse, devido ao estímulo à produção de fitohormônios e fixação biológica de nitrogênio, que atuam no sentido de reduzir os efeitos negativos que o estresse pode causar no desenvolvimento das plantas. Com isso, objetivou-se avaliar os aspectos de crescimento, ecofisiológicos, bioquímicos e produtivos em plantas de arroz vermelho inoculadas com Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus sob deficiência hídrica. O experimento foi realizado com o cultivo de arroz vermelho (genótipo 405 EMBRAPA Meio Norte), com lisímetros inoculados com G. diazotrophicus e não inoculados, com e sem condições de restrição hídrica. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 8 tratamentos e 4 repetições, onde cada parcela foi constituída de um lisímetro contendo 60 plantas. Foram avaliados variáveis de crescimento (altura de plantas, área foliar, fitomassa), ecofisiológicos (trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila a), bioquímicas (pigmentos fotossintéticos, prolina, glicina betaína e Malondialdeído (MDA)) e produtivas (número de panículas por touceira, massa seca de 1000 grãos e massa da produção total). O arroz vermelho inoculado e não inoculado sob os níveis de porcentagem de água no solo (70%, 50% e 30%) apresentaram diferenças em todas as variáveis estudadas, menos para Y(NPQ) que foram iguais. Na restrição hídrica aumentaram os níveis de prolina, glicina betaína, concentração interna de carbono (Ci), eficiência intríseca do uso da água (EiUA), rendimento quântico de dissipação não-regulada (Y(NO)) e após a reidratação esses valores foram reduzidos nas plantas inoculadas. O malondialdeido (MDA) apresentou melhores resultados nas plantas não inoculadas. Os componentes produtivos como: peso de 1000 grãos, número de panículas por touceira e a massa da produção total também foram significativas para o arroz inoculado. A inoculação com a bactéria G. diazotrophicus, mostrou ser uma potencial ferramenta contra o estresse hídrico em arroz vermelho.

Tall fescue is a widely used forage grass in the eastern USA and can form a symbiosis with a fungal endophyte, which can be beneficial for the plant but can cause livestock health issues. Little is known regarding the symbiotic response to predicted climate change. To address this knowledge gap, I analyzed tall fescue variety trial data collected throughout the U.S., exploring relationships between climate variables and yield for two different fescue cultivars that were either endophyte-free or infected. This study showed no endophyte or cultivar effect on fescue yield, but identified temperature, precipitation and location as significant predictors of yield, suggesting that local conditions were more important than endophyte presence or fescue genotype for this dataset. Using a field experiment located in central Kentucky, I quantified the ecophysiological responses of four tall fescue genotypes to endophyte presence, elevated temperature and increased growing season precipitation. In this study, tall fescue genotype was as important as endophyte presence in determining ecophysiological responses to climate change treatments. My thesis illustrates that tall fescue response to climate change will depend on host genetics, the presence and genetics of the fungal endophyte symbiont, and the specific changes to the environment experienced at a site.

Le riz est l'une des céréales les plus importantes au monde. Au Vietnam, le riz est également considéré comme un produit agronomique clé pour l'exportation. Cependant, le stress dû à la sécheresse menace la production de riz de plus en plus fréquemment et sur de plus longues périodes. Les racines coronaires constituent une partie importante du système racinaire du riz et jouent un rôle crucial dans le maintien du rendement en cas de sécheresse. Le nombre de racines coronaires affecte la biomasse de racines et détermine la capacité de la plante à extraire les ressources du sol. Un QTL de NRC, qNCR11, localisé sur le chromosome 11, avait été détecté dans une étude d’association précédente utilisant un panel de riz vietnamiens. Dans notre étude, son effet sur le NCR, léger, a été validé par cartographie de QTL en utilisant une population biparentale . Afin de déterminer les gènes sous-jacents à qNCR11 et régissant l'initiation et le développement des racines coronaires, une étude de séquençage du génome entier et une étude d'expression ont été réalisées. Deux gènes candidats, NCR2 (NBS-LRR) et NCR3 (OsbHLH014) ont été identifiés. NCR2 portait un SNP non synonyme dans son ORF, provoquant un codon stop prématuré corrélé avec un NCR élevé; NCR3 était moins exprimé dans les bases de la tige des plantes à haplotype NCR élevé que chez les plantes à haplotype NCR faible. Des mutations dans ces gènes ont été obtenues à l'aide du système CRISPR / Cas9 et le phénotypage des lignées obtenues est en cours. Le QTL qNCR11 à effet mineur pourrait être utile aux sélectionneurs pour produire des variétés de riz avec un NCR augmenté ou diminué pour les différents écosystèmes-cibles, afin de favoriser l'extraction de l'eau dans des conditions de sécheresse. / Rice is one of the most important cereals worldwide. In Vietnam, rice is also known as a key agronomic product for exportation. However, drought stresses threaten rice production with an increasing frequency and for longer periods. Crown roots are a major component of rice root system and play a crucial role in maintaining yield under drought. The number of crown roots (NCR) impacts on root biomass and determines the ability of a plant to acquire soil resources. qNCR11, a QTL for NCR located on chromosome 11, was detected in a previous genome-wide association study using a Vietnamese rice panel. qNCR11 was validated to have a slight effect on NCR by QTL mapping using a biparental population in this study. To determine the genes underlying qNCR11 and governing crown root initiation and development, whole genome sequencing and expression study were performed. Two candidate genes, NCR2 (NBS-LRR) and NCR3 (OsbHLH014) were identified. NCR2 carried a non-synonymous SNP inside its ORF, causing a premature stop-codon that correlates with the high NCR trait; NCR3 was less expressed in stem bases of the high NCR haplotype plants relative to the low NCR haplotype plants. Mutations in these genes were obtained using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and the phenotyping of the obtained lines is on-going. The minor-effect qNCR11 could be useful for breeders to generate rice varieties with increased or decreased NCR for different target agro-systems, in order to enhance water extraction under drought stress.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Os diferentes solos e manejos culturais afetam o equilÃbrio entre solo e organismos endÃgenos, os quais, por sua vez afetam a sustentabilidade do solo. Desse modo acredita-se que a diversidade dos organismos do solo tenha uma relaÃÃo estreita com a diversidade de outros organismos, tanto na superfÃcie, quanto no prÃprio solo e que as interaÃÃes dessa diversidade microbiana possam levar a uma alteraÃÃo de funÃÃo reduzindo ou ampliando a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas. InteraÃÃes mutualÃsticas sÃo muito comuns na natureza e desempenham importante papel em muitos processos de diversos ecossistemas. Desse modo, a identificaÃÃo dos padrÃes da estrutura espacial e abundÃncia de microrganismos à um elemento importante e, necessÃrio para identificar esse processo.AssociaÃÃes mutualÃsticas entre plantas e organismos do solo sÃo essenciais para a sobrevivÃncia e crescimento das plantas na maioria dos ecossistemas terrestres. Assim, o uso combinado de leguminosas e microrganismos na reabilitaÃÃo de solos deteriorados à um processo efetivo na reestabilizaÃÃo dos ciclos de nutrientes nesse sistema, pois a estrutura alimentar do solo pode afetar o desenvolvimento da vegetaÃÃo. O mutualismo entre rizÃbios e leguminosas à possÃvel de manipulaÃÃo experimental. Diferente de alguns mutualistas, rizÃbios podem crescer e ser cultivados em meios seletivos. AlÃm disso, seu comportamento mutualista dentro dos nÃdulos pode ser manipulado e monitorado de modo nÃo invasivo. objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade de estirpes nativas de rizÃbio e a relaÃÃo com algumas espÃcies de leguminosas arbÃreas nativas ocorrentes na Reserva Particular do PatrimÃnio Natural (RPPN) Serra das Almas (05 00â a 05 20â S e 40 48 a 41 12â W) no estado do Cearà (Brasil),em uma Ãrea de caatinga no municÃpio de CrateÃs-Ce, dista 390 Km de Fortaleza, entre cotas de 300 a 350 m de altitude, e que caracteriza-se pro apresentar clima semi Ãrido e pluviosidade mÃdia de 881 mm anuais distribuÃda de Janeiro a Abril. Foram identificadas oito espÃcies de leguminosas arbÃreas, que apresentaramassociaÃÃes com rizÃbios: Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb)Altschu (Angico), Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong.) Stend (MororÃ), Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz (Catingueira), Erythrina velutina Willd. (Mulungu), Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth (SabiÃ), Minosa acustistipula (Mart.) Benth (Juremabranca), Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir (Jurema-preta), Amburana Cearensis (AllemÃo) A.C. Smith (Emburana). Foram coletados nÃdulos e solo rizosfÃrico para a identificaÃÃo de bactÃrias diazotrÃficas, em dois perÃodos, na estaÃÃo chuvosa e na seca. Foi realizado o cultivo destes rizÃbios nas plantas-isca, Macropitillium atropurpureum (DC) Urban, Vigna unguiculata (L., Walp.), Cajanus cajan var. flavus DC e Mimosa pudica L, bem como a caracterizaÃÃo cultural caracterizaÃÃo cultural de estirpes de rizÃbio isolados, testes de tolerÃncia a nÃveis crescentes de NaCl e a altas temperaturas.Verificou-se que 92,42% dos isolados apresentara crescimento rÃpido e 52,24% acidificaram o meio 79. Um total de 84,93% isolados possuem tolerÃncia a altas temperaturas (45 C), e 90,75% isolados apresentaram tolerÃncia Ãs concentraÃÃes salinas a 5%.Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que hà relaÃÃo entre a tolerÃncia à salinidade e à temperatura quando avaliado in vitro para os isolados testados

Como organismos multicelulares complexos, as plantas requerem um extraordinário nível de coordenação entre as células para que se desenvolvam ordenadamente. Para a coordenação dessas atividades, as células devem freqüentemente ser aptas a se comunicar umas com as outras a certas distâncias. Os principais meios de comunicação intercelular são os hormônios e mensageiros químicos que carreiam as informações entre as células e assim coordenam seu crescimento e desenvolvimento. O ácido abscísico (ABA) é o hormônio envolvido nos processos fisiológicos quando as plantas são expostas a alguns tipos de estresse, como deficiência hídrica. Relativamente grandes quantidades de ABA são rapidamente sintetizadas em folhas em resposta ao estresse hídrico, onde o principal papel parece ser a regulação da abertura e fechamento estomático. No início do estresse hídrico, o ABA carreado pelo fluxo xilemático é sintetizado nas raízes que estão em contato direto com o solo seco. Devido a esse transporte poder ocorrer antes que o baixo potencial de água no solo cause qualquer mudança mensurável no estado hídrico das folhas, acredita-se que o ABA seja um sinal das raízes que ajuda a reduzir a taxa de transpiração nas folhas pelo fechamento estomático. O principal objetivo do trabalho foi determinar se o ABA sintetizado nas raízes de Lycopersicon esculentum é crucial na regulação do comportamento estomático ou se o ABA produzido pelas folhas poderia agir como sinal hormonal que permitisse a sobrevivência da planta em condições de deficiência hídrica. De forma similar, Lycopersicon pennellii, uma espécie tolerante ao estresse hídrico, foi estudada com o objetivo de determinar a possível função dos sinais químicos das raízes ou de outro mecanismo de tolerância a seca. Para tanto, plantas com 30 dias de idade obtidas de sementes de L. esculentum cv Lukullus, L. pennellii e um mutante chamando notabilis foram enxertadas umas nas outras e crescidas em casa de vegetação. Após dois meses, medidas de condutância estomática, transpiração e potencial da água na folha foram realizadas em três condições de água no solo: bem irrigado, estresse hídrico e reirrigação. Os valores de condutância estomática e transpiração mostraram que o comportamento estomático foi determinado pelo genótipo da parte aérea das plantas enxertadas. Também verificou-se que a tolerância a seca em L. pennellii não foi determinada exclusivamente por caracteres morfo-anatômicos da parte aérea. / Multicellular plants are complex organisms and their orderly development requires an extraordinary measure of coordination between cells. In order to coordinate their activities, cells must be able to communicate with each other, often at some distance. The principal means of intercellular communication are the hormones, chemical messengers that carry information between cells and thus coordinate their growth and development. Abscisic acid (ABA) is the hormone involved in physiological processes when plants are exposed to some sort of stress: water deficiency, for example. Relatively large amounts of ABA are rapidly synthesized in leaves in response to water stress, where it appears to play a major role in regulating stomatal opening and closure. As water stress begins, some of the ABA carried out by the xylem stream is synthesized in roots that are in direct contact with the drying soil. Because this transport can occur before the low water potential of the soil causes any measurable change in the water status of the leaves, ABA is believed to be a root signal that helps reduce the transpiration rate in the leaves by closing stomata. The main objective of the work was to determine if ABA synthesized in the roots of Lycopersicon esculentum is crucial in regulation stomata behavior or ABA produced by the leaves could act as hormone signal to improve plant survival under water shortage conditions. In a similar way, Lycopersicon pennellii, a water stress tolerant specie, was studied in order to determine the possible role of chemical root signals or any other mechanism. For that, 30 d-old plants obtained from seeds of L. esculentum cv Lukullus, L. pennellii and a mutant named notabilis were grafted to each other and grown in greenhouse conditions. Two months later, measurements of stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf water potential were carried out. These measurements were done under three soil water conditions: plenty, stress and reirrigation. The values of stomatal conductance and transpiration showed that stomatal behavior was influenced by the genotype of the aerial part of grafted plants. It was also verified that the drought tolerance of L. pennellii was not only determined by morpho-anatomical characteristics of plant shoot.

Atualmente a contaminação ambiental é um problema mundial. A contaminação do solo por metais pesados tem aumentado nos últimos anos, estando associada à demandas de tecnologias que exigem esses elementos contaminantes. O cádmio (Cd) é um elemento normalmente encontrado em baixas concentrações na natureza, sendo altamente tóxico para microrganismos, plantas e animais. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as modificações no perfil protéico de duas cultivares de tomateiro, cv. Calabash Rouge (CR) e cv. Pusa Ruby (PR), submetidas a 50 ?M de CdCl2, em sistema de hidroponia. Diferentes métodos de extração de proteínas para as análises de eletroforese bidimensional (2- DE) foram conduzidas (Fenol; TCA/Acetona; Tris-base; Tris/TCA). O método TCA/Acetona foi o mais eficiente, apresentando maior rendimento total protéico (mg gMF-1), padronização e abundância de proteínas, e alta resolução no perfil protéico. Após a exposição das plantas ao Cd, foram realizadas análises de taxa de crescimento, índice de tolerância, quantificação do conteúdo de Cd, malondialdeído (MDA) e H2O2 nos tecidos vegetais. Os resultados indicaram que plantas submetidas a 50 ?M CdCl2 acumularam Cd em seus tecidos, e mostraram-se mais estressadas comparadas as plantas controle, evidenciado por alterações em aspectos morfológicos principalmente na cultivar CR. Na presença de Cd o conteúdo de MDA exibido no tecido foliar da cv. PR foi menor comparado a cultivar CR, o que pode indicar, de forma indireta, maior eficiência do sistema antioxidante da cv. PR. O conteúdo de H2O2 apresentou aumento em ambos tecidos e cultivares na presença de Cd. O índice de tolerância confirmou que a cv. PR é mais tolerante ao Cd em comparação a cv. CR. Análises de eletroforese bidimensional (2-DE) indicaram alterações no perfil protéico das duas cultivares avaliadas quando expostas ao Cd. Assim, a identificação de spots diferencialmente expressos pode revelar novas proteínas relacionadas à tolerância e sensibilidade ao Cd e outros metais pesados em plantas cultivadas. / Environmental contamination is currently a global problem. Soil contamination by heavy metals has increased in more recent years, associated to demands of technologies that require these contaminant elements. Cadmium (Cd) is an element usually found in low concentrations in nature, being very toxic for microorganisms, plants and animals. Thereby, this study aimed to identify changes in protein profile of two cultivars of tomato, cv Calabash Rouge (CR) e cv Pusa Ruby (PR), under 0 and 50 mM of CdCl2 in hydroponics system. Different protein extraction methods for two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) were performed (Phenol, TCA /Acetone; Tris base, Tris /TCA). The TCA /Acetone method was the most effective for root and leaf tissues, obtaining the highest protein yield (mg GMF-1), standardization, abundance and high-resolution of protein profile. After plant exposition to Cd, we performed analysis of growth rate, tolerance index, measurement of Cd content, measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 content in plant tissues. The results showed that the plants submitted to 50 mM of CdCl2 accumulated Cd in their tissues, presenting more stress than the control plants, which was reflected in morphological symptoms, especially in cv CR. In the presence of Cd the MDA content displayed in cv. PR leaf tissue was lower than cv CR, which may indicate, indirectly, an antioxidant system more efficient in cv PR. The H2O2 content showed an increase in both tissues and cultivars under Cd presence. The tolerance index confirmed that the cv. PR is more tolerant to Cd, compared to cv. CR. Two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analyses were performed and demonstrated alterations in protein profile of the two cultivars when exposed to Cd. Thus, the identification of differentially expressed spots may show new proteins related to tolerance and sensitivity to Cd and other heavy metals in plants.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study explores the roles of exogenously applied nitric oxide, exogenously applied caffeic acid and salt stress on the ontioxidant system in cereal (exemplified by maize) and legume (using soybean as an example) plants together with their influence on membrane integrity and cell death. This study investigates changes in H₂O₂ content, root lipid peroxidation, root cell death and antioxidant enzymatic activity in maize roots in response to exogenously applied nitric oxide (NO) and salt stress. This part of the study is based on the partially understood interaction between NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H₂O₂ and the role of antioxidant enzymes in plant salt stress responses. The results show that application of salt (NaCl) results in elevated levels of H₂O₂ and an increase in lipid peroxidation, consequently leading to increased cell death. The study also shows that by regulating the production and detoxification of ROS through modulation of antioxidant enzymatic activities, NO plays a pivotal role in maize responses to salt stress. The study argues for NO as a regulator of redox homeostasis that prevents excessive ROS accumulation during exposure of maize to salinity stress that would otherwise be deleterious to maize. This study extends the role of exogenously applied NO to improve salt stress tolerance in cereals crops (maize) further to its role in enhancing salt stress tolerance in legumes. The effect of long-term exposure of soybean to NO and salt stress on root nodule antioxidant activity was investigated to demonstrate the role of NO in salt stress tolerance. The results show that ROS scavenging antioxidative enzymes like SOD, GPX and GR are differentially regulated in response to exogenous application of NO and salt stress. It remains to be determined if the NO induced changes in antioxidant enzyme activity under salt stress are sufficient to efficiently reduce ROS accumulation in soybean root nodules to levels close to those of unstressed soybean root nodules. Furthermore, this study investigates the effect of long-term exposure of soybean to exogenous caffeic acid (CA) and salt stress, on the basis of the established role of CA as an antioxidant and the involvement of antioxidant enzymes in plant salt stress responses. The effect of CA on soybean nodule number, biomass (determined on the basis of nodule dry weight, root dry weight and shoot dry weight), nodule NO content, and nodule cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content in response to salt stress was investigated. Additionally, CA-induced changes in nodule ROS content, cell viability, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity as well as some genes that encode antioxidant enzymes were investigated in the presence or absence of salt stress. The study shows that long-term exposure of soybean to salt stress results in reduced biomass associated with accumulation of ROS, elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and elevated levels of cell death. However, exogenously applied CA reversed the negative effects of salt stress on soybean biomass, lipid peroxidation and cell death. CA reduced the salt stress-induced accumulation of ROS by mediating changes in root nodule antioxidant enzyme activity and gene expression. These CA-responsive antioxidant enzymes were found to be superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR), which contributed to the scavenging of ROS in soybean nodules under salt stress. The work reported in Chapter 2 has been published in a peer-reviewed journal [Keyster M, Klein A, Ludidi N (2012) Caspase-like enzymatic activity and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle participate in salt stress tolerance of maize conferred by exogenously applied nitric oxide. Plant Signaling and Behavior 7: 349-360]. My contribution to the published paper was all the work that is presented in Chapter 2, whereas the rest of the work in the paper (which is not included in Chapter 2) was contributed by Dr Marshall Keyster.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD

過去研究創業成功的文獻很多，但少有研究探索創業團隊在競賽中的成功因素以及心理歷程，因此本研究以試圖以歷程的角度探究心理特質對創業團隊表現之影響。 創業家的創新性和創業成功有正向關聯，而創業的高失敗率及高工作量讓創業家長期處於高壓環境，是以抗壓性高的創業家容易脫穎而出；此外，創業家對壓力跟挫折的反應型態(例如反芻)也可能會影響創業績效。故本研究選擇創新性、壓力忍受及反芻(苦惱自責及深思反省)作為預測變項，企圖了解這些心理特質在創業競賽中的角色以及它們之間的關係。 本研究以自陳問卷蒐集資料，第一部分收集1557份線上問卷，得有效樣本1265份，結果發現創業者的創新性、壓力忍受及深思反省都顯著高於未創業者，苦惱自責則沒有差異。第二部分的研究對象為104年度「創新創業激勵計畫(From IP to IPO, FITI)」入圍初選的創業團隊(競賽初期)，並重複測量成功晉級第二(競賽中期)及第三階段(競賽後期)之團隊。總計發出631份問卷，回收490份，回收率78%，共54組團隊。結果發現初期深思反省和中期苦惱自責能正向預測創業團隊是否晉級下一階段。重複測量入圍第三階段的團隊，發現競賽後期的壓力忍受顯著比競賽初期的高，競賽中期的苦惱自責顯著高於競賽初期。創業團隊的心理屬性中，初期深思反省及初期壓力忍受皆能正向預測初期及中期的創新性，中期壓力忍受能正向預測中期創新性，後期壓力忍受能正向預測後期創新性。此外，初期壓力忍受能完全中介初期深思反省與中期創新性之間的關係。 / Starting a business helps the country's economy and in recent years, there are various business plan contests held by the Taiwan's government and industries, wishing to encourage people to start business and help the starters to make their businesses more successful. Although there are many literatures that studied on successful start-up, there are not many studies really explored on the factors of succeed among different contests and entrepreneurial team members’ psychological processes during the contests. Therefore, in this study the researcher attempts to explore the impact brought by the psychological traits on the performance of entrepreneurial teams from the perspective of psychological process. There is a positive correlation between an entrepreneur's innovativeness and entrepreneurial success. The high failure rate and workload put an entrepreneur in an environment with high pressure for long period of time, and therefore only the entrepreneur with high stress tolerance will stand out. In addition, the way entrepreneurs respond to stress and frustration, such as rumination, will also have influence on the performance, so in this study, these psychological traits, such as innovativeness, stress tolerance and rumination (brooding rumination and reflective pondering rumination) as the predictor variables, in order to understand the role of these psychological traits in business plan contests and the relation among them. In the study, the researcher collected data by the approach of self-report questionnaires. Through the first part of collecting online questionnaires,the statistical survey was proceed with 1265 effective samples from 1557 questionnaires, and the results showed the entrepreneur’s traits such as innovativeness, stress tolerance and reflective pondering were significantly higher than non-entrepreneurs, and as to the trait of brooding, there is no difference. The participants in the second part are 54 entrepreneur teams attended 2015 FITI held by the Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology. The results showed that, referring to the reflective pondering in the early stage and brooding in the middle stage can positively predict if the entrepreneurial teams could stay till the next stage. After repeatedly measuring the teams who successfully selected into the late stage, the researcher found that the stress tolerance they endured in the late stage of contest is significantly higher than the early stage of contest, and their brooding is significantly higher in the early stage than the middle stage of contest. Among the psychological traits of entrepreneurial teams, the reflective pondering and the stress tolerance in the early stage both can positively predict the innovativeness of early and middle stages, as the stress tolerance in the middle stage can positively predict the innovativeness in the middle stage, and the stress tolerance in the late stage can positively predict the innovativeness in the late stage. In addition, early stage stress tolerance can fully mediate the relation between early stage reflective pondering and middle stage innovativeness.

This study addresses the effects of the changing workforce and the physiological and psychological benefits of fitness. The purpose of this experiment is to test the relationship between situational stressors, perceived fitness, exercise locus of control, self-control, and perceived stress.