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MCom (Business Information Systems) / Department of Business Information Systems / The aim of this research study is to propose an e-learning framework to deliver a guideline for the adoption of e-learning considering all major determinants such as technical, operational, organisational, cultural and socio-economical domains, in the setting of rural-based higher educational institutions. E-learning is a process which has arisen from ICT advancement, and it is coordinated together with the education programs at many universities. In South African tertiary institutions, the adoption rate for e-learning is higher in urban-based higher education institutions and colleges and lower in rural-based higher education institutions. Even though with the supposed capacity that e-learning provides, the bigger part of the e-learning approach in rural-based higher education institutions does not achieve their potential. This study focuses on identifying factors which impact the adoption of e-learning at rural-based, higher education institutions and its challenges. A case study approach is undertaken, using mixed methods for collection of data from the respondents based on e-learning adoption at student, educator and institutional level. The study identified the factors which influence the adoption of e-learning in rural-based HEIs. Eventually, the researcher proposed an e-learning framework which contributes to the e-learning adoption in rural-based HEIs, by establishing a guide for these institutions for enhanced planning, development and implementation tool for e-learning adoption using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model. The study identified that the e-learning usage and perception was lower in rural-based HEIs as compared to urban-based HEIs, and performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and facilitating conditions are all major factors which influence the adoption of e-learning. / NRF

Namibia is one of the countries with distinct historical education systems that shifted from the traditional teacher-centred approach to learner-centred approach to improve learning outcomes. Despite for the call upon secondary school teachers in Namibia to adopt the learner-centred approach, the pass rates for Grade 10 Junior Secondary Certificate (JSC) in Namibia remains very low with about 50% of the Grade 10 JSC learners failing to make it for senior secondary level. Therefore, this study sought to explore science teachers’ knowledge, practice and perception of learner-centred approach. This study employed a pragmatic approach using an explanatory sequential mixedmethods design to collect quantitative data first and then explaining the quantitative results with in-depth qualitative data. The structured questionnaire, interview protocol and observation protocol were used as research instruments to collect data from a sample of 20 participants. The quantitative data analysis was used for the data collected by the questionnaire while qualitative data analysis was used for the data collected by interview and the observation protocols. The results showed an understanding of learner-centred approach and most teachers use a mixed approach to teaching that incorporates both learner-centred approach and teacher-centred approach. Furthermore, results showed that teachers view learner-centred approach as effective but its effectiveness is reduced by poor participation of learners, large class sizes and inadequate instructional materials. Following the results, it was recommended that the Ministry of Education and education policy makers must consider strategies to reduce challenges to the effectiveness of learner-centred approach to improve learner performance. / Science and Technology Education / M. Ed. (Natural Science Education)

The goal of this research study was to understand the use of learner-centred approaches in teaching Accounting to enhance performance of learners at high schools (Grades 10-12). The teaching of Accounting in high schools is facing challenges. The Department of Education, through many curriculum implementations and revisions, have introduced a new approach to teaching as outlined in the National Curriculum Statement (NCS) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS). This policy, as with previous ones, emphasises a change in teaching pedagogy emphasising learner-centred approaches in contrast to the traditional teacher-centred approaches which favour rote learning. The Department aims at developing knowledge but links that with acquiring and developing the skills of thinking critically and creatively, working as an individual or a member of a team, organising and managing oneself responsibly and effectively, collecting, analysing, organising and critically evaluating information, communicating effectively, using science and technology effective (DBE, 2011:5) in order to be able to adapt to the requirements of the commercial industries. It was found out that learner-centred approaches can enhance the performance of learners in Accounting in high schools. The researcher used a qualitative approach together with an interpretive perspective to examine the themes. Four high schools, four Accounting teachers and four Heads of Departments were selected from the Ximhungwe circuit in Bohlabela District in Bushbuckridge. Data was collected through observations and interviews. Data were analysed and findings presented. The findings reveal how the Economic and Management Sciences curriculum has a negative effect on Accounting in the higher grades of 10-12, by not developing a solid foundation for the subject. It also revealed that school, parent and learner-based challenges also contribute to a poor perception of Accounting and high failure rates. The research study revealed that learner-centred approaches can improve teaching and learning of Accounting. Recommendations were made in that respect. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Curriculum and Instructional Studies)

Le présent mémoire explore l’enseignement en classe inversée, tel que rapporté par 25 enseignants de niveau collégial et universitaire au Québec en 2017-2018. L’étude décrite dans ce mémoire documente l’usage de la classe inversée, dans le but d’en favoriser l’usage par la communauté enseignante. Avec le développement rapide de ressources éducatives en ligne en 2020-2021, le contexte technopédagogique est favorable à un plus grand usage de la classe inversée à tous les niveaux de l’éducation. La classe inversée est étudiée comme piste d’amélioration de la réussite scolaire au postsecondaire, puisque la réussite scolaire est une problématique sociale d’actualité qui a des répercussions sur la société, les établissements et les individus. À l’aide d’approches pédagogiques recourant à l’apprentissage actif, les enseignants peuvent concevoir des activités motivantes et engageantes pour les étudiants ce qui a un effet positif sur la motivation. L’approche de la classe inversée, devenue très populaire au postsecondaire, exploite les avantages motivationnels connu de l’apprentissage actif sans sacrifier la capacité à transmettre beaucoup de contenus théoriques durant une session de cours. Le présent mémoire fait l’inventaire des pratiques technopédagogiques en classe inversée et comporte 3 angles d’analyse : l’adoption de la classe inversée, les pratiques d’enseignement et la gestion de classe. Nous avons recours à un modèle de développement professionnel afin de comprendre le contexte de la classe inversée, ses particularités et l’évolution des pratiques des répondants. Ces questions spécifiques sont répondues à l’aide d’une approche où l’on compare 25 différents cas d’usage de la classe inversée pour en faire émerger les convergences. Des entrevues semi-dirigées d’une heure et demie sont analysées à trois reprises pour répondre spécifiquement à ces trois questions, permettant une triangulation par l’analyse qui contribue à dresser un portrait compréhensif de la classe inversée. Premièrement les résultats démontrent que l’adoption de la classe inversée est faite par l’accumulation des pratiques d’enseignement qui la composent au fil du temps. D’un point de départ magistrocentré, on constate que cette accumulation débute plus souvent par l’adoption de nouveaux dispositifs technologiques, puis ensuite de nouvelles approches pédagogiques, plutôt que l’adoption des pédagogies actives, précédant les dispositifs technologiques (Figure 6 à Figure 8). Deuxièmement les résultats permettent d’observer que les pratiques d’enseignement de chaque phase de la séquence pédagogique sont régies par des logiques de conception pédagogique sous-jacentes propres à la classe inversée. La préparation et l’amorce d’un cours sont complémentaires et jouent le rôle de l’acquisition et de la consolidation-réactivation des acquis. Les activités sont davantage magistrocentré et médiatisés hors du cours. Les activités d’apprentissage actif et l’enseignement magistrocentré sont complémentaires en classe, cependant l’enseignement est davantage pédocentré et moins médiatisé hors de la classe. Finalement la conclusion des séances de classe permet généralement aux étudiants de recevoir une rétroaction (ANNEXE VIII). Troisièmement, les résultats indiquent que la gestion de classe en classe inversée se présente sous diverses formes mais favorise généralement le style interactionniste, avec quelques aspects plus interventionnistes ou plus non-interventionnistes (Figure 11). L’étude de la gestion de classe met en lumière les pratiques de contrôle comportemental des étudiants par l’évaluation en classe inversée, en plus de son rôle principal évaluatif et formatif (Figure 12). / This thesis explores the use of flipped classroom teaching, as reported by 25 college and university teachers in Quebec in 2017-2018. The study described in this thesis documents the use of the flipped classroom, with the aim of promoting its use by the teaching community. With the rapid development of online educational resources in 2020-2021, the technopedagogical context is favorable to greater use of the flipped classroom at all levels of education. The flipped classroom is being studied as an avenue for improving post-secondary academic success, since academic success is a topical social issue that has repercussions on society, institutions and individuals. Using active learning pedagogical approaches, teachers can design motivating and engaging activities for students which has a positive effect on motivation. The flipped classroom approach, which has become very popular in post-secondary education, harnesses the known motivational benefits of active learning without sacrificing the ability to convey a lot of theoretical content during a class session. This thesis takes stock of technopedagogical practices in the flipped classroom and includes 3 angles of analysis: its adoption, teaching practices and classroom management. We use a professional development framework to understand the context of the flipped classroom, its peculiarities and the evolution of respondent practices. These specific questions are answered using an approach where we compare 25 different use cases to bring out the convergences. One-and-a-half-hour semi-structured interviews are analyzed three times to specifically answer these three questions, allowing analytical triangulation that helps paint a comprehensive portrait of the flipped classroom. Firstly, the results show that the adoption of the flipped classroom is made by the accumulation of teaching practices that compose it over time. From a teacher-centered point of origin, this accumulation begins more often with the adoption of new technology, then new pedagogical approaches, rather than the adoption of active learning preceding the use of technologies (Figure 6 to Figure 8). Secondly, the results allow us to observe that the teaching practices of each phase of the teaching sequence are governed by underlying teaching design logics specific to the flipped classroom. The preparation and primer of a course are complementary and enable acquisition and consolidationreactivation of acquired knowledge. The activities are more lecture-oriented outside the course. Active learning activities and formal teaching are complementary in the classroom, however teaching is more student-centric in the classroom. Classes concludes generally with feedback (APPENDIX VIII). Thirdly and lastly, the results on classroom management states a variety of approaches but generally favors the interactionist style, with some more interventionist or non-interventionist aspects (Figure 11). Exploring classroom management sheds light on student behavioral control practices through assessments, in addition to its primary evaluative and formative role (Figure 12).

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<p dir="ltr">At present, formal and non-formal agricultural spaces, including agricultural education, do not provide opportunities for individuals from historically and contemporarily marginalized communities to develop a strong sense of belonging. An increase in sense of belonging may increase retention for all individuals interacting with agricultural programs and more effectively disseminate tools and resources to a wider audience, which can help solve agricultural issues such as the hunger crisis. The Garden Sun Institute (GSI) is a non-formal agricultural education program that is changing this narrative, with many staff and students of marginalized populations expressing a deep sense of belonging not only with others at GSI but also feeling a sense of belonging in the field of agriculture. The purpose of this case study was to explore whether there is a sense of belonging at this location and to determine what factors may contribute to it. The questions guiding this study are: 1) How do youth describe a sense of belonging at GSI? 2) How does GSI engage with youth, family, and staff? and 3) How do those engaging with GSI describe a sense of belonging within agriculture broadly? Results from this study showed that utilizing elements of the Critical Pedagogy of Agriculture along with practices such as trauma-informed pedagogy, student-led and student-centered learning, and gentle parenting have led to this program developing a culture of belonging. Future research recommendations include determining accountability strategies and investigating the impacts of the incorporation of strategies into formal education programs.</p>

The creation of an instructional genius hour framework for classroom implementation is an objective of this study. Currently, genius hour educators use a wide variety of frameworks. Some genius hour educators do not follow a set framework, yet others continually modify their genius hour frameworks. This study draws attention to the need to create an instructional framework for classroom implementation. This study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with five of the most respected genius hour educators. For the purposes of this study, each individual educator was treated as a separate case study. During the semi-structured interviews, genius hour educators shared their personal experience with implementing genius hour, their personal philosophies and ideas related to genius hour, their recommendations regarding genius hour implementation, and their recommendations regarding genius hour frameworks for classroom implementation. Moreover, this study also conducted two observations of genius hour classrooms in action. These classroom observations offered data related to genius hour educational philosophy and the need for a genius hour framework. This study recommends that educators use an instructional framework when implementing genius hour. A framework will have a positive effect on the performance of genius hour because of the added structure and clarity it provides for students and educators. It is recommended that educators choose a framework, and modify it in order to best serve the academic needs of their particular genius hour programme. This study moves beyond the genius hour framework by identifying major themes that genius hour educators should consider when implementing genius hour in the classrooms. Alongside the importance of the framework model, the common themes of front-loading, learning from failure, developing passion, and mentoring emerged from the interviews and observations. In essence, this study developed a framework model, game time, based around the importance of incorporating the aforementioned themes. The findings within this study offer an understanding of the importance of using a genius hour framework for classroom implementation. This study envisions that educators can use the research gathered in order to create an optimal genius hour framework for classroom implementation. This offers a framework for classroom implementation, which should be individualized in order to best suit the classroom specific needs. / Hierdie studie het die skepping van ʼn genie-uur-onderrigraamwerk vir klaskamer-implementering ten doel. Tans gebruik genie-uuropvoeders ’n wye verskeidenheid raamwerke. Sommige genie-uuropvoeders volg nie ’n vasgestelde raamwerk nie, terwyl andere voortdurend hul genie-uurraamwerke verander. Hierdie studie vestig aandag op die behoefte om ʼn onderrigraamwerk vir klaskamerimplementering te skep. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer deur middel van halfgestruktureerde onderhoude met vyf van die mees gerespekteerde genie-uuropvoeders. Vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie is elke individuele opvoeder as ’n afsonderlike gevallestudie behandel. Gedurende die halfgestruktureerde onderhoude het genie-uuropvoeders hul persoonlike ervarings van die inwerkingstelling van genie-uur, hul persoonlike filosofieë en idees oor genie-uur, hul aanbevelings vir genie-uurimplementering, en hul aanbevelings vir genie-uurraamwerke vir klaskamerimplementering gedeel. Verder het hierdie stude ook twee waarnemings van genie-uurklaskamers-in-aksie uitgevoer. Hierdie klaskamerwaarnemings het data in verband met genie-uuronderwysfilosofie en die behoefte aan ’n genie-uurraamwerk opgelewer. Hierdie studie beveel aan dat opvoeders ʼn onderrigraamwerk gebruik wanneer hulle genie-uur in werking stel. ’n Raamwerk sal ’n positiewe uitwerking op die uitvoering van genie-uur hê as gevolg van die bykomende struktuur en duidelikheid wat dit aan studente en opvoeders bied. Daar word aanbeveel dat opvoeders ’n raamwerk kies en dit aanpas ten einde die beste in die akademiese behoeftes van hul betrokke genie-uurprogram te voorsien. Hierdie studie beweeg verder as die genie-uurraamwerk deur belangrike temas te identifiseer wat genie-uuropvoeders kan oorweeg wanneer hulle genie-uur in die klaskamers in werking stel. Afgesien van die belangrikheid van die raamwerkmodel het die algemene temas van voorkantlading, leer uit mislukking, ontwikkeling van passie en leidinggewing uit die onderhoude en waarnemings na vore gekom. Hierdie studie het wesenlik ’n raamwerkmodel ontwikkel, genaamd speeltyd, wat gebaseer is op die belangrikheid daarvan om die voorgenoemde temas te inkorporeer. Die bevindings van hierdie studie bied ʼn begrip van die belangrikheid daarvan om ’n genie-uurraamwerk vir klaskamerimplementering te gebruik. Hierdie studie stel in die vooruitsig dat opvoeders die navorsing sal gebruik wat ingesamel is om ʼn optimale genie-uurraamwerk vir klaskamerimplementering te skep. Dit bied ’n raamwerk vir klaskamerimplementering, wat geïndividualiseer behoort te word om die beste in die spesifieke behoeftes van elke klaskamer te voorsien. / Ukwakhiwa kohlaka lokufundisa ngendlela ye-genius hour oluzosetshenziswa ekilasini yiyona njongo yalolu cwaningo. Njengamanje, othisha abalandela indlela yegenius hour basebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlaka. Abanye othisha abalandela indlela yegenius hour abasebenzisi izinhlaka ezibekiwe, kodwa abanye bayaqhubeka nokulungisa izinhlaka zabo zegenius hour. Lolu cwaningo luveza isidingo sokwakhiwa kohlaka lokufundisa oluzosetshenziswa ekilasini. Lolu cwaningo lwaluqhutshwa ngokuxoxisana okuhleliwe nothisha abahlanu abahlonishwa kakhulu begenius hour. Ngokwenjongo yalolu cwaningo, uthisha ngamunye wayethathwa njengowahlukile kwabanye abasetshenziswe ocwaningweni. Ngenkathi kuqhubeka izingxoxo ezihleliwe, othisha begenius hour baxoxa ngabahlangabezana nakho uma beqalisa ukusebenzisa igenius hour, imigomo abayilandelayo kanye namasu ahambisana negenius hour, izincomo zabo mayelana negenius hour kanye nezincomo zabo ngezinhlaka zegenius hour ezizosetshenziswa ekilasini. Phezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo luphinde lwabuka kusetshenziswa igenius hour kabili emakilasini ngenkathi eqhubeka. Lokhu kubhekwa kwamakilasi kwaveza imininingwane eqondene nemigomo yezemfundo yegenius hour kanye nesidingo sohlaka lwegenius hour. Lolu cwaningo luncoma ukuba othisha basebenzise uhlaka lokufundisa uma beqala ukusebenzisa igenius hour. Uhlaka luzoba nomphumela omuhle ekusebenzeni kwegenius hour, ngenxa yokwakheka okwengeziwe kanye nokucacisa, ihlinzekela abafundi nothisha. Kunconywa ukuba othisha bakhethe uhlaka, balulungise kahle ukuze luhambisane nezidingo zezemfundo zohlelo lwabo oluthile lwegenius hour. Lolu cwaningo luhamba ludlulele ngale kohlaka lwegenius hour ngokuhlonza izingqikithi okufanele othisha begenius hour bacabange ngazo uma beqala ukusebenzisa igenius hour emakilasini. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwesimo sohlaka, izingqikithi ezejwayelekile zokufundisa ngokuhlahla indlela, ukufunda ngokwehluleka kuqala, ukukhula kothando kanye nokwalusa kwavela ezingxoxweni nasekubukeni. Empeleni. lolu cwaningo selwakhe isimo sohlaka, isikhathi semidlalo, okuncike ekubalulekeni kokuhlanganisa lezi zingqikithi ezibaliwe. Okutholakele kulolu cwaningo kunikeza ukuqonda kokubaluleka kokusebenzisa uhlaka lwegenius hour ekilasini. Lolu cwaningo lubona ukuthi othisha bangasebenzisa imininingwane etholakale ocwaningweni ukwakha uhlaka lwegenius hour olusebenza kahle oluzosetshenziswa ekilasini. Lokhu kuhlinzeka uhlaka oluzosetshenziswa ekilasini, okumele lwenziwe lusebenzele umuntu ngamunye ukuze luhambisane kahle nezidingo zekilasi ngalinye. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum and Instructional Studies)

The educational changes introduced by the South African democratic dispensation after 1994 were meant to address the apartheid imbalances. The self-governing regime sought to bring and safeguard quality education for all, and to amend the previous education inequalities among all racial groups. Hence, the new curriculum that was introduced by the National Department of Basic Education was meant to be a drastic departure from the school curricula of the apartheid administration. One critical innovation sought was to replace a teacher-centred curriculum with a learner-centred curriculum. The emphasis of this study, therefore, was to determine the level to which learner- centred teaching has been adopted by rural and underdeveloped schools. The selection of rural schools was informed by the obvious differences that still persist between the former Model C schools and those that were predominantly black and underdeveloped, particularly in terms of resources and the quality of teachers. Given the fact that the main feature of the Outcomes Based Education (OBE) that was introduced from 1996 is that it is resource-reliant, the main research question of the study was therefore: How do educators in rural and underdeveloped schools cope with a learner-centred teaching as part of the curriculum innovation? In order to riposte to the study’s main question, the researcher used qualitative research methods to discern data from Physical Sciences teachers, learners and Physical Sciences Heads of Departments (Hods) from the selected schools. In addition, the researcher conducted classroom teaching observations, analysed relevant documents and interviewed some participants to determine their views and experiences on using a learner-centred approach. The findings of the study revealed many challenges to rural schools in adopting and implementing a learner-centred approach. These include the lack of relevant resources, poor quality of teachers, insufficient and inappropriate teacher-support programmes for teachers as well as the rural environmental challenges. The overall conclusion of the study is that, after two decades since the introduction of a learner-centred approach in South Africa, rural schools have not yet managed to adopt and implement learner-centred pedagogy as an important part of the post-1994 educational innovations. The researcher finds it ironic that apartheid education was demonized for promoting inequality around racial lines. Sadly, the post-apartheid innovations have yet to address equality among the racial groups and areas of resident. The inability of rural schools to adopt and implement learner-centred approach is depriving black and rural learners of quality learning. They are still subjected to a teacher-centred learning which does not assist them to acquire required skills which can help them to compete with those learners who are attending affluent urban schools. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

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