Esta pesquisa tem por escopo analisar de modo crítico o fenômeno da subcontratação à luz do pós-positivismo e dos princípios sociais que, inexoravelmente, incidem e lastreiam as normas de direito do trabalho. Para tanto, pretende-se proceder à análise das técnicas de produção introduzidas no Brasil na década de 80, em especial o toyotismo, verificando se acaso configuraram novas formas de exploração do trabalho humano; isto é, se, de fato, caracterizam forma de precarização das condições de trabalho, colidindo com o a evolução histórica dos direitos e garantias individuais e coletivos. Tais constatações, por certo, ensejam estudos ainda mais específicos, como a responsabilidade da empresa principal nos casos de subcontratação, o desenvolvimento dos direitos sociais e dos direitos humanos no contexto global e mesmo a hermenêutica decorrente do influxo entre realidade e previsão normativa consolidada pela jurisprudência pátria e regional. De fato, a conclusão pretende ser instrumento de auxílio aos profissionais do direito, da filosofia, da sociologia e de áreas afins, de forma que se possa posicionar de modo contundente e coerente a respeito da subcontratação enquanto fenômeno contemporâneo da sociedade brasileira. / The purpose of this work is to analyze critically the phenomenon of subcontracting on the perspective of post-positivism and social principles that inexorably focuses and embases the rules of labor law. Therefore, it is intended to analyze the production techniques introduced in Brazil in the 80s, notedly the \"Toyotism\", checking if theyre new forms of exploitation of human labor; if, in fact, characterize a way of precarious working conditions, colliding with the historical evolution of the individual and collective rights and guarantees. These findings certainly have inspired even more specific studies, such as the main company\'s responsibility in case of subcontracting, the development of social rights and human rights in the global context and even hermeneutics arising from the influx of reality and normative forecast - consolidated by brazilian and regional jurisprudence. In fact, the conclusion is intended to be a tool to aid professionals, scholars, workers, operators and researchers of law, philosophy, sociology and related fields, so they could stand more forceful and coherent about the subcontracting phenomenon in the contemporary Brazilian society.

L’objet de la thèse est d’analyser la forme de coordination entre les agents économiques dans un environnement évolutif, incertain et complexe. Cette recherche est consacrée à l’étude des interactions entre l’organisation de la production, la logique relationnelle et la dynamique spatiale à travers la recherche de la flexibilité. Cette nouvelle orientation modifie les relations industrielles vers des rapports de coordination plus enrichis et des stratégies plus innovantes. Au niveau théorique, les différentes contributions provenant de différents courants de pensée (économie, gestion, sociologie, géographie industrielle) révèlent la diversité des comportements des agents, ce qui explique la pluralité de la forme de coordination. Le rapprochement entre les différentes approches théoriques (Nouvelle Economie Institutionnelle, l’économie des conventions, la sociologie économique et l’approche évolutionniste) apparaît indispensable pour une meilleure compréhension de la nature de relation entre les agents et le mode de management des risques dans le temps et l'espace. Les apports de ces approches prennent en considération les interactions formelles et informelles qui caractérisent la relation de coordination. L’application de cette grille de lecture théorique à la relation de sous-traitance dans le secteur textile–habillement marocain, constitue l’objet de l’étude empirique. La confrontation entre l’analyse théorique et le travail de terrain permet de tester la pertinence du modèle conceptuel et les hypothèses de départ / The object of this thesis is to analyze the form of coordination between the economic agents in an evolutionary, uncertain and complex environment. This research is dedicated to the study of interactions between production organization of the production, the relational logic and spatial dynamics in the search for flexibility. This new orientation modifies industrial relations into more enriched coordination relations and more innovative strategies. At the theoretical level, the various contributions resulting from various schools of thought (economy, management, sociology, industrial geography) reveal the variety of the behavior of the agents, which explains the plurality of the form of coordination. The connection between the various theoretical approaches (New Institutional Economy, economy of agreements, economic sociology and the evolutionist approach) seems indispensable for a better understanding of the nature of relations between the agents and the mode of management of risks in time and space. The contributions of these approaches take into consideration the formal and informal interactions which characterize the relation of coordination. The use of this theoretical reading grid in the subcontracting relation in the Moroccan textile and clothing industry constitutes the object of the empirical study. The confrontation between the theoretical analysis and the field work allows us to test the relevance of the abstract model and the hypotheses of departure

Este trabajo tiene como fin mostrar cómo se llega a la identificación plena de la conveniencia de evolucionar desde la opción de ser una empresa netamente de intermediación comercial a una empresa de intermediación logístico – comercial, vía la integración vertical de actividades logísticas. Para ello, en el capítulo 1 se hace la presentación del planteamiento metodológico que intenta probar la conveniencia de la hipótesis; en el capítulo 2 se describe a la empresa materia de estudio; en el capítulo 3 se presentan todas las bases teóricas relacionadas al tema materia de estudio; finalmente, en el capítulo 4 se muestran los resultados de la contrastación de las bases teóricas descritas en el capítulo 3 contra la realidad de la empresa materia de estudio, llevando finalmente a la elaboración de las conclusiones y recomendaciones. / Trabajo de investigación

Cette thèse présente un cycle de vie de la relation de sous-traitance innovante, en étudiant la théorie néo-institutionnelle à travers le concept d'innovation partagée. En innovant, le sous-traitant augmente le différentiel d'information, de ressources et de compétences existant entre le donneur d'ordres et le sous-traitant. Le contrôle devient impossible et cède sa place à la confiance. Le sous-traitant gagne en pouvoir de négociation, sa dépendance diminue et celle du donneur d'ordres augmente jusqu'à atteindre une dépendance croisée partenariale. Au-delà du partenariat, le glissement de dépendance peut aboutir au développement du sous-traitant, qui finit par détenir les activités créatrices de valeur. Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'innovation dans le service de sous-traitance dans l'industrie textile habillement tunisienne. Sur un échantillon de 191 sous-traitants tunisiens, elle valide le rôle modérateur de l'innovation des sous-traitants sur la relation asymétrique. / This thesis presents a life cycle of innovative subcontracting relation, by studying the neo-institutional theory through the concept of open innovation. By innovating, the subcontractor increases the difference of information, resources and skills existing between the principal and the subcontractor. By becoming impossible, control is replaced by trust. The subcontractor improves his negotiation's power. His dependence decreases and that of the principal increases toward cooperative partnership. Besides partnership, dependence's slide leads to subcontractor's development, which ends up by value-creating activities. This thesis is interested in innovation on subcontracting services, in tunisian textile clothing industry. Relaying on a sample of 191 tunisian subcontractors, it validates the moderator role of subcontractor's innovation on asymmetric relation.

Cette thèse analyse les mutations du travail et de l’emploi et par conséquent, les mutations de la protection des travailleurs licenciés dans les Entreprises Publiques (EP) rendues privées au Gabon. Ce faisant, elle tente de lire les mutations (licenciements, pertes d’emplois) intervenues après la privatisation. Mais face à ces mutations, quelle est la politique d’emploi au Gabon? Quels accompagnements (plans sociaux) pour un retour à l’emploi ? Aussi, par quels processus et mécanismes la privatisation entraîne-t-elle les mutations d’emploi dans les EP rendues privées? L’hypothèse est que la faiblesse des politiques d’accompagnements et de protection des travailleurs initiées par le gouvernement en vue de lutter officiellement contre la précarité du travail et du chômage, lors des mouvements de privatisations au-delà des considérations du droit du travail, explique ces mutations. C’est ce que nous tentons de cerner au niveau de la SEEG, de la SETRAG et de la SUCAF-Gabon à partir d’une démarche qui prend en compte les approches quantitatives et qualitatives d'une manière empirique / This thesis analyzes the changes in work and employment and therefore the changes in the protection of workers dismissed in the Public Enterprises (EP) made private in Gabon. Thus this thesis tries to understand the mutations (layoffs, job losses, outsourcing, subcontracting) that occurred after privatization. But in front of these changes at work, what is the employment policy in Gabon? What social supports are used for returning into employment? By what processes and mechanisms, the privatization causes the transformations of employment in public enterprises made private? The assumption is that the weakness of social policies and protection of workers introduced by the government to fight officially against precarity and the unemployment during the movements of privatizations beyond the consideration of labor law policy explains these mutations. This is what we try to understand from the companies SEEG, SETRAG and SUCAF GABON by an approach that takes into account both quantitative and qualitative approaches in an empirical way.

This dissertation focuses on understanding and modeling how contracts function in practice. The existing principal-agent literature usually involves two players: a principal (investors) provides capital to an agent (managers or entrepreneurs) on a project subject to asymmetric information. However, many real financing arrangements between firms and investors are intermediated by another agent - a bank, a venture capitalist, or a fund family, etc. In these three-tier settings, there are two contracts to deal with two conflicts of interest - a framework that simply hasn't been studied thoroughly in the principal-agent literature. The first chapter is co-authored with my Ph.D. advisors Prof. Andrea M. Buffa and Prof. Lucy White. In this chapter, we consider a general economic setting in which a principal has all the bargaining power, and she has to hire two agents exerting complementary efforts on her project. The principal chooses from two contracting schemes - direct contracting and delegated contracting - whether to contract directly with both agents or instead to contract with one agent alone and delegate this agent to contract with the other agent. We find that delegated contracting can be optimal when contracts are private. With direct contracting, each agent fears that the principal will opportunistically reduce the other agents' bonus, muting incentives to exert effort. With delegated contracting, one agent observes the contract of the agent he hires, alleviating effort concerns, but allowing rent extraction. In delegating, the principal trades off the losses of control and rent extraction by the hiring agent against the gains from improved observability and effort. We find that it is optimal for the principal to delegate when the hiring agent is sufficiently skilled or the effort complementarity is sufficiently strong. The second chapter considers an entrepreneurial finance setting in which an entrepreneur needs two things - expert advice and capital - in addition to her own idea and effort. The entrepreneur has all the bargaining power, and she chooses to finance her project from two sources: angels and venture capitalists. Venture capitalists are different from angels in two aspects. First, angels are individuals investing their own capital, while venture capitalists are intermediaries investing on behalf of limited partners (LPs). Second, venture capitalists provide expert advice while angels don't. With angel financing, the entrepreneur obtains expert advice from a consultant who is independent of the angels. With venture capital financing, the entrepreneur obtains expert advice bundled together with capital from a venture capitalist only. I show that when contracts are private, raising capital directly from angels is more expensive because the entrepreneur has the incentive to cut down on expert advice to save money. Angels optimally set a higher cost of capital to be compensated for the lack of verifiability. On the other hand, LPs are able to infer the amount of expert advice through the venture capitalist's shares in the venture. I show that venture capital financing is optimal for the entrepreneur in competitive labor and capital markets. Moreover, convertibles arise endogenously as the optimal security held by the venture capitalist. Convertible securities have features of both debt and equity, allowing the entrepreneur to provide enough incentives to the venture capitalist while minimizing the cost of capital from the LPs. The third chapter further analyzes the entrepreneur's optimal financing problem in which venture capital is scarce relative to angel capital. Compared with competitive venture capital, the venture capitalist's compensation stays the same while the LPs demand a higher return. The entrepreneur and the venture capitalist share the extra cost of financing, and their expected payoffs and the project's profitability decrease in the scarcity level of venture capital. With venture capital financing, the entrepreneur trades off the loss due to the scarcity of venture capital against the gains from the improved transparency in contracting. I find that angel financing is optimal when venture capital is sufficiently scarce. Compared with angel financing, the investors as LPs demand a higher return than angels only when venture capital is scarcer than what it makes angel financing optimal.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaf 84. / by Andrea Dickenson White. / M.S.

In current supply chains, the context of subcontracting is majorly connected to unauthorised subcontracting with negative conjunction which has created the fear of discussing subcontracting. However, previous research presents subcontracting as a common practice within fashion and apparel supply chains, however, nearly no study has focused on elaborating the authorisation process. Therefore, this thesis explores the potential of authorising subcontracting to bring benefits for fashion and apparel brands, and aims to identify conditions from a brand’s perspective which need to apply for the authorisation process. Underpinned by the social exchange theory, circumstances within buyer-supplier relationships are discussed in which the ideal balance of power-dependence may lead to an open and effective communication environment for the treatment of subcontracting. Empirical data is collected through seven interviews with a qualitative research outlook. This revealed the significance of buyer-supplier relationships within which honesty, trust and transparency are building the basis for the discussion of subcontractors. Moreover, the findings further indicate that brands may have the benefit of having better capacity availability, more effective lead times, and the potential to have a broader production specialisation when embedding and authorising subcontractors. However, the conditions of keeping full control of the subcontracted production needs to be ensured by the brand directly or through the supervision of the tier 1 supplier to ensure high production quality standards. This study provides a starting point to understand the process of communicating and authorising subcontracting within brands and tier 1 suppliers which provides worthful insights for scholars and practitioners. From a theoretical perspective, this research aims to highlight the positive aspects of subcontracting for brands while leading the research stream towards the context of authorising subcontracting which has been lacking so far. In addition, from a practical perspective, this study aims to support brands and additional stakeholder groups in understanding and supporting the authorisation process. This may be the solution to tackle the issue of unauthorised and hidden subcontracting within the fashion and apparel industry.

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