Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-11T20:12:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTSK.pdf: 3524235 bytes, checksum: 7f004fb5c47d3a888f9b19f884f38946 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-21T12:58:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTSK.pdf: 3524235 bytes, checksum: 7f004fb5c47d3a888f9b19f884f38946 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-21T12:59:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTSK.pdf: 3524235 bytes, checksum: 7f004fb5c47d3a888f9b19f884f38946 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-21T12:59:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTSK.pdf: 3524235 bytes, checksum: 7f004fb5c47d3a888f9b19f884f38946 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-19 / Não recebi financiamento / This dissertation studies the application of a periodic review inventory model based on the multiperiod newsboy problem, as an effective alternative to reach a well balanced inventory planning policy of subcontractors primary parts area of the aerospace industry. In Brazil, the aerospace industry is responsible for a large amount of the country exports and this industry competes with other globally aerospace supply chains in a scenario increasingly turbulent and demanding for fast deliveries, with high quality levels and low cost. The purpose of this work is to study and propose this alternative for optimizing the inventory planning by means of a quantitative approach, applied in a primary parts sector of the aerospace industry, it will focus in a specific group of items with high annual demand value. The main objective of this approach is to balance the high inventory costs with a high service level demanded in this industry, and efficiently respond the stakeholders expectations, with superior performance of the usual models adopted by this industry, and give a better support to the decision makers in a tactical-operational level. The result obtained show the potential of the method to improve the performance of these inventory management and planning systems. / Este trabalho estuda a aplicação de um modelo analítico de revisão periódica de estoques, baseado no problema do jornaleiro multiperíodo (Multiperiod Newsboy Problem), como uma alternativa efetiva para determinação da política de planejamento de estoques do setor de peças primárias subcontratadas da indústria aeroespacial. No Brasil, a indústria aeroespacial é responsável por grande parte das exportações do país e compete globalmente com outras cadeias aeroespaciais num cenário cada vez mais turbulento e exigente por entregas rápidas, com altos níveis de qualidade e baixos custos. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar e propor essa alternativa para otimizar o planejamento de estoques por meio de uma abordagem quantitativa, aplicada no setor de peças primárias da indústria aeroespacial, para um grupo de peças com características especificas, principalmente as de alto valor para demanda anual. O intuito desta abordagem é equilibrar os altos custos de estoque com os altos níveis de serviço exigidos por esta indústria, e responder de forma eficiente às expectativas dos stakeholders, com desempenho superior aos modelos atualmente utilizados no setor e auxiliar de forma mais precisa e sistematizada a tomada de decisão no nível tático-operacional. Os resultados obtidos mostram o potencial do método para melhorar o desempenho desses sistemas de gestão e planejamento de estoques.

Orientador: Andréia Galvão / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T00:09:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Malerba_PauloEduardoSilva_M.pdf: 1464540 bytes, checksum: 147cb2a11e592554e1fa46383b13a8d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A dissertação discute as dimensões do trabalho do setor financeiro no Brasil. A partir da reestruturação capitalista no último quarto do século XX podem-se observar profundas alterações no segmento financeiro nacional, especialmente entre meados dos anos 80 e a década de 90. A atuação de Organismos Multilaterais Internacionais e do Estado Brasileiro foi fundamental para esta nova formatação. Novas tecnologias de informática e telecomunicações, bem como a chamada racionalização do trabalho, baseada na flexibilização da contratação e remuneração e no reposicionamento negocial dos bancos produziu profundas alterações nas relações de trabalho. A terceirização de atividades anteriormente realizadas dentro dos bancos colaborou decisivamente na redução drástica da categoria bancária. Novas práticas de controle do trabalho, através da telemática, intensificaram o trabalho bancário. A remuneração variável vinculada ao desempenho dos funcionários e das unidades ampliou uma concepção individualista de rendimentos, que não passa totalmente pela negociação coletiva dos sindicatos. Ocorre aumento significativo de trabalhadores que prestam serviços terceirizados aos bancos e, em última instância, colaboram para o resultado das grandes Instituições Financeiras atuantes no país. Entretanto, tais trabalhadores foram divididos em diversas categorias de trabalhadores e estão excluídos das negociações coletivas realizadas pelos bancários, cujos dados indicam que são amplamente as mais vantajosas do setor. A terceirização está presente tanto em atividades tidas como acessórias, no caso de limpeza e vigilância, quanto em atividades-fim dos bancos, isto é, a intermediação de negócios financeiros e atendimento ao consumidor bancário. Foram detectadas inúmeras experiências diferentes de remuneração e garantias ao trabalhador do setor financeiro. Este processo de fragmentação dos trabalhadores do setor em diversas empresas terceirizadas e categorias distintas, além da alta rotatividade e da falta de segurança ao emprego no país, dificultam a atuação sindical e enfraquecem os mecanismos de proteção do trabalhador. A atuação, histórico e filiação ideológica destas entidades sindicais também são diferenciadas. No entanto, apesar de iniciativas para buscar unidade na representação destes trabalhadores, a estrutura sindical e os interesses corporativos de muitos sindicatos continuam reforçando a fragmentação sindical neste segmento. Desta forma, dificulta-se a organização mais articulada e estruturada destes trabalhadores para enfrentar as condições precarizadas de trabalho / Abstract: The dissertation discusses the dimensions of the work in the financial sector in Brazil. From the capitalist restructuring in the last quarter of the twentieth century can be seen profound changes in the domestic financial sector, especially among mid-80s and 90s. The involvement of international multilateral organizations and the Brazilian government was key to this new format. New technologies of information and telecommunications, as well the called rationalization of work, based on the flexibility of hiring and the negocial reposition of banks has led to profound changes in labor relations. The outsourcing of activities previously performed within the banks contributed decisively to the drastic reduction in the banking category. New practices of labor control, through telematics, intensified the work of banking. The variable remuneration linked to performance of employees and units increased an individualistic conception of income, which is not totally part the union's collective bargaining. Analyzing the profile of the banking category, it is observed that the increase of qualification, but does not necessarily reflect the tasks of everyday work. There is a persistence diferences of gender and ethnicity, both with regard to wages and admissions in the sector. Women still earn less than men in the various hierarchical levels and are a minority in the directions of the banks. The category contains proportionately fewer blacks relative than the Economically Active Population (PEA) and they receive lower salaries than whites. There is an increase of the workers who provide outsourcing services to banks that, ultimately, collaborate to the outcome of major financial institutions operating in the country. However, these workers were divided into different categories of employees and are excluded from collective bargaining conducted by bankings, whose data indicate they are widely the most viable negotiation. Outsourcing is present in activities regarded as accessory, in the case of cleaning and monitoring, but is present too in the core activities of banks, ie intermediation of financial affairs and banking customer service. It were Identified many different experiences of the employee compensation and the guarantees for the worker of financial sector. This process of fragmentation of the sector workers in differents employers and categories, in addition to high turnover and lack of employment security in the country, hamper the union activity and become weak the mechanisms of protecting the worker. The atuation, historic and affiliations ideological of these entities are differents too. However, despite efforts to seek unity in the representation of these workers, the union structure and the corporate interests of many unions continue strengthening the union fragmentation in this segment. Thus, this situation difficults the articulation more structured and organized of these workers to address the precarious conditions of work / Mestrado / Trabalho, Movimentos Sociais, Cultura e Politica / Mestre em Ciência Política

Na construção civil dois agentes são os responsáveis pela materialização das obras. O primeiro deles são as construtoras. Porém, a maior parte dos trabalhos nos canteiros de obras é delegada a empresas executoras de serviços de obras (EES), ou subempreiteiras, o segundo de tais agentes; em uma prática conhecida como subcontratação. Quando as EES possuem recursos e competências, ou ativos, que lhes permitem executar adequadamente os seus serviços, caracterizam um subconjunto de EES. Este subconjunto é denominado empresas de execução especializada de serviços de obras (EEE). Adicionalmente, no Brasil, a maioria das EES são micro e pequenas empresas, e muitas delas carecem dos ativos adequados para desempenhar os seus serviços. Para piorar esta situação, as EES são maiormente contratadas em condições desfavoráveis, tanto comerciais quanto na produção. Complementarmente, os resultados do setor da construção civil são produzidos por diferentes agentes que atuam nos sistemas de produção da construção, dos quais também dependem os resultados das EES. Não obstante, alguns agentes, principalmente as construtoras, contribuem com as EES, ajudandoas a obterem melhores resultados. Contudo, seus resultados, como os da construção civil no geral, não são os melhores, afetando a competitividade do setor. Dada a sua função nas obras, para melhorar o setor, precisa-se de EEE. O objetivo desta tese é discutir estratégias para desenvolver empresas de execução especializada de serviços de obras. Para tanto 56 entrevistas foram realizadas usando o método de teoria fundamentada em dados (Grounded Theory). Os resultados desta tese dizem respeito à descoberta dos processos de Habilitação e Acondicionamento dos sistemas de produção. Mediante tais processos se habilitam ativos e condições adequadas para os agentes, entre eles as EES, alcançarem o melhor desempenho dos seus papéis nos sistemas de produção da construção civil. Com base em tais processos, são propostas oito estratégias para desenvolver EEE. O desenvolvimento de melhores ativos e condições, bem como o seu acondicionamento nos sistemas de produção da construção civil foram identificados como fontes de melhoria para o setor. / In Construction Industry two agents are responsible for the realization of onsite works. The first of these are contractors. However, most of the work at construction sites is delegated to trade contractors (EES), or subcontractors, the second of such agents, in a practice known as subcontracting. When EES have the resources and skills, or assets that allow them to properly perform their services, they feature a subset of ESS. This subset is called specialty contractors (EEE). Additionally, in Brazil, most of the EES are micro and small enterprises, and many of them lack the adequate assets to perform their services. Compounding this, the EES are most mainly engaged in unfavorable conditions, both commercial and in production. In addition, the results of the construction sector are produced by different agents working in the construction production systems, from which the results of the EES also depend on. However, some agents, especially the contractors, contribute to the EES, helping them to achieve better results. However, their results, such as construction in general, are not the best, affecting the sector\'s competitiveness. Given its role in the works to improve the sector, EEE are needed. The objective of this thesis is to discuss strategies to develop specialty contractors. For this purpose 56 interviews were conducted using Grounded Theory method. The results of this thesis concern the discovery of Enabling and Conditioning processes of production systems. Such processes enable adequate assets and conditions for agents, including the EES, achieve the best performance of their roles in the construction production systems. Based on these processes ten strategies are proposed to develop EEE. The development of better assets and conditions as well as their conditioning in construction production systems have been identified as sources of improvement for the sector.

Introduction: During the past decade, companies have examined their core business, and anything that was not related to this, or did not add value to their product, was outsourced. One of the functions which fell into this category was the distribution operation, or more commonly known as transportation (in and out bound). In many instances, the distribution function was given up for tender, and specialised transport businesses, called third party logistic providers, whose core business was transport, were given the opportunity of taking over the distribution function. Some progressive companies went a little beyond the traditional approach and created opportunities for their own employees to be involved in the newly created, outsourced distribution network. This was largely an empowerment opportunity, with the aim of creating SME’s (Small-Medium-Enterprises), and providing people from a previously disadvantaged background (black people and other ethnic minorities) the opportunity to go into a business enterprise for themselves. The latter, although, politically the correct thing to do, simultaneously created opportunities and problems. Many of the companies that empowered their own employees, through Owner-Driver schemes, used the driving competency levels as the main criteria for the transition process. The other required skills were often overlooked or ignored. This empowerment process was driven to promote “Black Economic Empowerment”, an important national imperative. Although this process was an honorable gesture on the part of many companies, the process often took place without much foresight The viability and long-term continuity of the business were not taken into account. It is the researchers personal view, based on interviews with O-D’s and companies operating O-D schemes that the O-D’s which were empowered to operate their own business ventures, had limited or insufficient business skills and the very businesses that were given to them to improve their lifestyle were at risk of becoming unviable enterprises. This is clearly evident in some of the schemes being operated by companies such as Autonet and South African Breweries (hereinafter referred to as SAB). Other Eastern Cape companies that operate Owner-Driver schemes include Italtile, Shatterprufe and Ready Mix Materials (hereinafter referred to as RMM), and according to Management consultants spoken to, have obtained mixed levels of success with their schemes. The above schemes were confirmed with the various companies mentioned.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'analyse du transfert de connaissances dans le contexte d'une relation de sous-traitance entre un grand donneur d'ordres et des PME sous-traitantes. Elle vise, plus particulièrement, à étudier les facteurs qui influencent ce transfert et ses implications en termes d'amélioration des pratiques managériales aussi bien du sous-traitant que de donneur d'ordres. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une analyse empirique en deux temps : une étude auprès des experts a visé la contextualisation de la recherche et une étude de quatre études de cas dans le secteur de l'automobile marocain. La recherche met en évidence les spécificités du contexte marocain quant aux déterminants de ce processus et souligne la nécessité d'intégrer les facteurs liés à l'environnement économique et institutionnel dans l'analyse du transfert inter-organisationnel de connaissances. Notre analyse met en lumière l'importance de l'encadrement intermédiaire et de la capacité de désorption dans la réussite de transfert de connaissances entre donneur d'ordres et PME sous-traitante. / This thesis focuses on the analysis of knowledge transfer in the context of a subcontracting relationship between a prime contractor and subcontractor SMEs. It aims, in particular, to study the factors that influence this transfer and its implications in terms of improving managerial practices for the subcontractor and for the contractor as well. To do so, we conducted an empirical analysis in two stages: an experts's survey for the contextualization of research and a study of four case studies in the Moroccan automotive sector. This research highlights the specificities of the Moroccan context regarding the determinants of this process and underlines the need to incorporate factors related to the economic and institutional environment in the analysis of interorganizational knowledge transfer. Our analysis highlights the importance of middle management and desorption capacity in knowledge transfer success between contractors and subcontractor SMEs.

A pesar de la vasta información que se encuentra sobre los beneficios e inconvenientes que la tercerización de servicios puede generar en las empresas, se sabe poco acerca de la tercerización de servicios en el sector hotelero peruano. La presente investigación se centra en el análisis de los elementos a favor y en contra de la tercerización en la industria hotelera y su desarrollo en el contexto peruano. La metodología empleada fue la revisión bibliográfica que se complementa bajo un enfoque cualitativo exploratorio mediante una entrevista a profundidad a dos expertos en la gestión de hoteles. Los resultados encontrados demuestran que existen ciertas actividades hoteleras que se tercerizan con mayor frecuencia en el Perú debido a que representan un ahorro en costos y gastos de capital, tales como las áreas de entretenimiento (spa y gimnasio), eventos, lavandería, seguridad y mantenimiento, y en menor grado las áreas de housekeeping y Alimentos & Bebidas. Asimismo, se tercerizan estas actividades debido al alto grado de especialización que requieren, que no se relacionan con las actividades principales del hotel y que pueden ser realizadas por empresas tercerizadoras. En tanto, existen otras actividades como la recepción, concierge y personal de botones que no son aconsejables tercerizar debido a que son actividades claves para el hotel y son consideradas front of the house, es decir, aquellas que tienen contacto directo con los clientes e inciden en la reputación del mismo. / Despite the vast information found on the benefits and drawbacks that outsourcing services can generate in companies, little is known about outsourcing services in the Peruvian hotel sector. This research focuses on the analysis of the elements for and against outsourcing in the hotel industry and its development in the Peruvian context. The methodology used was a bibliographic review that is complemented under an exploratory qualitative approach by an in-depth interview with two experts in hotel management. The results found show that there are certain hotel activities that are outsourced more frequently in Peru due to the fact that they represent savings in costs and capital expenditures, such as entertainment areas (spa and gym), events, laundry, security and maintenance, and to a lesser degree the cleaning areas and A & B. Likewise, these activities are outsourced to the high degree of specialization they require, which are not related to the main activities of the hotel and which can be carried out by outsourcing companies. Meanwhile, there are other activities such as reception, concierge and bell staff that are not advisable to outsource because they are key activities for the hotel and are considered front of the house, that is, they are the people who have direct contact with customers and affect its reputation. / Trabajo de investigación

This master’s thesis solves the problem of subcontracting. It analyzes the company of IMOS Zlín s.r.o., it recommends requirements for development of subcontracting in the company based on critical analysis in real building contract, which the company realized in the past.

The purpose of the study is to: 1. develop a model for studying the strategies of third-party providers, and 2. preparing empirically supported hypotheses regarding the TPL providers strategies. Empirical data has been gathered from 21 Australian, European, and North- American targeted TPL providers, all recognized as large, innovative or influential industry representatives. The thesis propose an empirically supported model for studying positions or for positioning of TPL providers, based on both served markets and internal industry variables. Further, the TPL providers expected development, the values delivered to clients, and activity and capability for supply chain integration are explored. The results of the study indicate that the TPL providers in general have similar strategies, and expect to develop in similar ways. The main values provided to clients are Cost and the possibility to Focus on Core, and the main mechanisms for creating that value are Operative Competence and Systems Development.

In dieser Arbeit wird eine wettbewerbspolitische Beurteilung der Zusammenarbeit von Wettbewerbern in Form von Querlieferungen vorgenommen und der Einfluß von Information, Produktion und Kapazität auf Marktstruktur und Wettbewerb analysiert. In drei spieltheoretischen Modellen werden die Unternehmensstrategien und die wettbewerblichen Effekte von Informationsaustausch und Produktionsaustausch untersucht. Sie wurden motiviert und werden angewandt auf eine Entscheidung zum Europäischen Flachglasmarkt, um die restriktive Wettbewerbspolitik der Europäischen Kommission zu beurteilen. Die Modelle untersuchen die Auswirkungen von Querlieferungen und Austauschvereinbarungen auf Informationsaustausch, Kapazitätsentscheidungen und Produktionsentscheidungen. Dabei wird die Wohlfahrt mit und ohne Querlieferungen verglichen. In einem Modell mit horizontalen Querlieferungen werden erstens Signalling via Querlieferungen und zweitens die Auswirkungen auf Produktvielfalt und Kapazitätsentscheidungen analysiert. In einem Modell mit Austauschvereinbarungen wird die Kooperation zwischen unterschiedlich effizienten Wettbewerbern untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Technologie und Marktcharakteristika festlegen, ob Querlieferungen zwischen Wettbewerbern die Wohlfahrt erhöht oder reduziert. Der Markt ist in der Lage, Mechanismen wie z.B. Signalling via Querlieferungen zu entwickeln, um Ineffizienzen zu mildern. Die Wettbewerbspolitik sollte aufmerksam bleiben, aber eine rule-of-reason zulassen. / In this study we analyze the competitive effects of cooperation between competitors in the form of subcontracting and the influence of information, production and capacity on market structure and competition. Three game-theoretic models are developed to evaluate firms's strategies and the competitive effects of information sharing and production sharing. They are motivated by and applied to a case study of the flat glass market in order to evaluate the restrictive policy of the European Commission. The models analyze the effects of subcontracting and exchange agreements on information sharing, capacity decisions and production decisions. Welfare effects with and without subcontracting are then being compared. In a horizontal subcontracting model first signalling via subcontracting and secondly the effects on product variety and capacity decisions are being analyzed. In an exchange agreement model cooperation between competitors with different efficiency levels is being studied. The results show that technology and market characteristics determine whether subcontracting between competitors increases or decreases welfare. The market is able to develop mechanisms such as signalling via subcontracting to overcome inefficiencies but competition policy should stay attentive while allowing for a rule-of-reason.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, le secteur manufacturier québécois a subi d’importantes transformations. La mondialisation ayant amené les entreprises à restructurer leurs activités, 96% des établissements manufacturiers québécois ont choisi d’avoir recours à la sous-traitance (Jalette, 2004). Or, nous savons que l’octroi de contrats en sous-traitance est un processus qui se révèle parfois décevant pour les entreprises. En raison de l’évolution de certains facteurs organisationnels internes ou externes qui contribue à changer le contexte au sein duquel les décisions de sous-traitance avaient été prises initialement (ex. : augmentation des coûts de main-d’œuvre et de transport, changements technologiques), il arrive que les entreprises renversent les décisions de sous-traitance par une décision d’internalisation (OCDE, 2013). Le concept d’internalisation réfère ici à l’action d’une entreprise de ramener vers un établissement des activités de production qui avaient été antérieurement transférées en dehors de celui-ci, et ce, que ce soit en raison d’une sous-traitance d’activités à une entreprise indépendante ou d’une délocalisation au sein d’un autre établissement de l’entreprise (Jalette & Chevance, 2008). La présente étude a pour objectif d’expliquer la décision managériale d’internalisation par le biais des dynamiques sociales inhérentes aux relations industrielles, en allant au-delà des seuls facteurs économiques. L’effet sur l’internalisation de quatre variables indépendantes liées aux relations industrielles est étudié, soit la capacité stratégique du syndicat local, la solidarité interne de l’acteur syndical local et sa solidarité externe, ainsi que le climat des relations patronales-syndicales. La typologie des positions syndicales de Jalette (2005), le modèle des ressources de pouvoir syndicales de Lévesque et Murray (2003) et les travaux de Dastmalchian (2008) traitant du climat des relations industrielles constituent le cadre théorique de cette recherche. La présente étude utilise des données recueillies dans le cadre d’une enquête par questionnaire réalisée en 2005 auprès de présidents de syndicats locaux affiliés à la CSD et à la FTQ qui œuvrent dans le secteur manufacturier québécois. L’étude révèle que 24% des syndicats locaux sondés ont vécu l’internalisation d’activités antérieurement sous-traitées dans les deux années précédentes au sondage. De plus, les résultats sont à l’effet que les chances d’internalisation d’activités augmentent lorsque plusieurs stratégies et actions visant l’internalisation sont adoptées par le syndicat local, lorsque la vie syndicale d’un syndicat local s’améliore et lorsque le temps de libération syndicale d’un syndicat local augmente. Toutefois, les chances d’internalisation d’activités diminuent lorsque le rapport de force d’un syndical local augmente. L’internalisation d’activités diminue également lorsque le climat des relations du travail se détériore. Bref, les résultats de cette recherche montrent que les syndicats n’ont pas qu’à subir la mondialisation et que, par leurs actions, ils sont à même d’en influencer le cours, notamment en favorisant l’internalisation d’activités antérieurement confiées en sous-traitance. / In the last decade, the Quebec manufacturing sector has undergone major transformations. Since globalization has led companies to restructure their operations, 96% of Quebec's manufacturing plants have chosen to use outsourcing as a strategy (Jalette, 2004). However, we are now aware that subcontracting is sometimes a disappointing process for businesses. Due to the evolution of some internal or external organizational factors, that contribute to change the context in which the subcontracting decisions were initially taken (eg. increased costs of labor and transportation, technological changes), businesses sometimes choose to overturn outsourcing decisions by opting for internalization (OECD, 2013). The concept of internalization refers to the action of a company to bring back to a plant an activity that had previously been transferred outside of it whether due to outsourcing activities in an independent company or due to relocation to another facility within the same company (Jalette & Chevance, 2008). This study aims to explain the managerial decision to internalize through social dynamics inherent to industrial relations, going beyond purely economic factors. The effect on internalization of four independent variables related to industrial relations is studied, namely the strategic capacity of the local union, the internal solidarity of the local union and its external solidarity, as well as the climate of labor-management relations. The theoretical framework of this research is made of Jalette’s typology of union positions (2005), Levesque and Murray’s union power resources model (2003), and the Dastmalchian (2008) work dealing with industrial relations climate. This study uses data collected through a questionnaire survey conducted in 2005 among presidents of local unions within the Quebec’s manufacturing sector and affiliated with the CSD and the FTQ. The study reveals that 24% of respondents experienced internalization of previously subcontracted activities in the two years preceding the survey. In addition, the results show that chances of internalizing activities increase when multiple strategies and actions aiming towards internalization are adopted by the local union, when the union life of a local union improves, and when union leave time increases. However, chances of internalizing activities decrease when the local union’s power level increases. Internalization also decreases when the climate of labor relations deteriorates. In short, the results of this research show that unions do not have to undergo globalization and, by their actions, they are able to influence its course, notably by promoting internalization of previously outsourced activities.