The main object of this thesis is to obtain numerous applications of fractional derivative operator concerning analytic and ρ-valent (or multivalent) functions in the open unit disk by introducing new classes and deriving new properties. Our finding will provide interesting new results and indicate extensions of a number of known results. In this thesis we investigate a wide class of problems. First, by making use of certain fractional derivative operator, we define various new classes of ρ-valent functions with negative coefficients in the open unit disk such as classes of ρ-valent starlike functions involving results of (Owa, 1985a), classes of ρ-valent starlike and convex functions involving the Hadamard product (or convolution) and classes of κ-uniformly ρ-valent starlike and convex functions, in obtaining, coefficient estimates, distortion properties, extreme points, closure theorems, modified Hadmard products and inclusion properties. Also, we obtain radii of convexity, starlikeness and close-to-convexity for functions belonging to those classes. Moreover, we derive several new sufficient conditions for starlikeness and convexity of the fractional derivative operator by using certain results of (Owa, 1985a), convolution, Jack's lemma and Nunokakawa' Lemma. In addition, we obtain coefficient bounds for the functional |α_ρ+2-θα²_ρ+1| of functions belonging to certain classes of p-valent functions of complex order which generalized the concepts of starlike, Bazilevič and non-Bazilevič functions. We use the method of differential subordination and superordination for analytic functions in the open unit disk in order to derive various new subordination, superordination and sandwich results involving the fractional derivative operator. Finally, we obtain some new strong differential subordination, superordination, sandwich results for ρ-valent functions associated with the fractional derivative operator by investigating appropriate classes of admissible functions. First order linear strong differential subordination properties are studied. Further results including strong differential subordination and superordination based on the fact that the coefficients of the functions associated with the fractional derivative operator are not constants but complex-valued functions are also studied.

Cette thèse étudie la syntaxe et la typologie des propositions relatives en arménien parlé. Elle propose une analyse syntaxique et une classification des stratégies de relativisation disponibles en arménien, dans le cadre des approches théoriques et typologiques existantes de la relativisation, ainsi qu’à identifier les facteurs décisifs pour le choix des différentes stratégies. Chaque stratégie ayant des équivalents dans d'autres langues de la région, le contact linguistique peut influencer leur choix. Il est également probable que le rôle de l'élément relativisé dans la proposition relative soit pertinent pour le choix de la stratégie. En particulier, les données présentées dans de précédentes études sur l'arménien suggèrent que la distribution des relatives participiales peut constituer une violation de la hiérarchie d'accessibilité de la relativisation si elle est envisagée comme opérant directement en termes de fonctions grammaticales syntaxiques. L’étude se concentre sur les parlers de diverses régions d’Arménie. Les propositions relatives ont été saisies dans une base de données d’environ 2000 exemples avec des filtres portant sur les paramètres pertinents.Les résultats montrent que l’accessibilité à la relativisation est déterminée par la saillance liée aux rôles sémantiques (affectivité) et pragmatiques (thematicité) et par de fréquents modèles d’association rôle-référence plutôt que directement par des fonctions grammaticales syntaxiques. Ceci fournit une explication cohérente des violations apparentes de la hiérarchie d'accessibilité trouvées en arménien, ainsi que d'autres phénomènes qui se sont révélés problématiques pour les interprétations de l'accessibilité à la relativisation basées directement sur la structure syntaxique. / This thesis presents a study of the syntax and typology of relative clauses in colloquial Armenian. It proposes a syntactic analysis and classification of the relativization strategies available in Armenian within the framework of existing syntactic theoretical and typological proposals concerning relative clauses, and to identify the decisive factors associated with the distribution of these different strategies. As each of the available strategies is paralleled in other languages of the area, it is possible that language contact will have an impact on the choice of strategy. There is also evidence that the role of the relativized element in the relative clause is relevant for the choice of strategy; in particular, evidence presented in previous studies of Armenian suggests that the distribution of participial RCs may violate the Relativization Accessibility Hierarchy if this is envisaged as operating directly in terms of syntactic grammatical relations.The study is mainly based on data from sound recordings of native speaker consultants from various areas of Armenia, both spontaneous speech and responses to stimuli designed to elicit relative clauses with particular properties that have been proposed to affect the choice of relativization strategy. The relative clauses are entered into a database with filters for relevant features, which contains approximately 2000 examples. The results show that accessibility to relativization is determined by semantic (affectedness) and pragmatic (topicality) role prominence, and by frequent role-reference association patterns, rather than directly by syntactic grammatical relations. This provides a coherent explanation of the apparent Accessibility Hierarchy violations found in Armenian, as well as other phenomena that have proved problematic for syntactic structure-based interpretations of accessibility to relativization.

Cette thèse en linguistique contrastive décrit et met en opposition les propriétés syntaxiques ainsi que les fonctionnements pragmatico-discursifs de parce que en français parlé dans le septième arrondissement de Paris et de certains de ses équivalents en arabe parlé à Tripoli (Libye) : liʔǝnna, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ, māhu et biḥkum.Pour ce qui concerne l’arabe parlé à Tripoli, ces ligateurs peuvent appartenir à deux classes grammaticales différentes : ils peuvent être des ligateurs conjonctionnels et/ou des ligateurs prépositionnels. Cela dépend de leur degré de grammaticalisation. Alors que liʔanna et māhu sont des ligateurs conjonctionnels qui introduisent des propositions subordonnées organisées autour de prédicats verbaux ou non-verbaux, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ et biḥkum peuvent s’employer comme ligateurs prépositionnels et introduire des compléments circonstanciels, ou grammaticalisés comme ligateurs conjonctionnels et introduire des propositions causales.De plus, ces ligateurs peuvent occuper une position canonique lorsque le ligateur suit une proposition principale et introduit une causale, ou une position non-canonique pour laquelle il existe deux cas de figure : soit l’énoncé commence par la causale qui est introduite par un ligateur de cause et la causale est suivie par la proposition principale, soit l’énoncé commence par la proposition principale qui est suivie par la causale qui n’est pas introduite par un ligateur de cause ; ce dernier se trouve en fin de causale et clôture l’énoncé. D’un point de vue pragmatique, la modification de l’ordre des constituants, lorsque les ligateurs et les causales ne sont pas en position canonique, permet de focaliser la causale.Contrairement à l’arabe de Tripoli, l’examen du Corpus du Français Parlé Parisien des années 2000 (CFPP2000) montre que parce que est un ligateur conjonctionnel et introduit des propositions causales qui s’organisent autour de prédicats verbaux, très rarement averbaux.De plus, parce que peut occuper une position canonique lorsque le ligateur suit une proposition principale et introduit une causale et non canonique lorsque parce que suit le présentatif c’est et introduit une causale. Mais il ne peut pas être postposé. Il n’accepte pas non plus de suffixe.En outre, parce que peut être repris mais sous la forme réduite « que », lorsqu’il introduit plusieurs propositions causales. On remarque alors une série de « que ».Parce que ne peut pas non plus relier deux énoncés coordonnés par la préposition et. D’un point de vue pragmatique lorsque l'énoncé commence par c'est parce que, cette structure permet de focaliser la causale. / This contrastive linguistic thesis describes and contrasts the syntactic properties and the pragmatic-discursive function of parce que in spoken French in the seventh district of Paris and some of its Arab equivalents in spoken Arabic of Tripoli (Libya): liʔǝnna, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ, māhu and biḥkum.Regarding the spoken Arabic of Tripoli, these ligators may belong to two different grammatical classes: they may be conjunctional ligators and / or prepositional ligators. It depends on their degree of grammaticalization. While liʔanna and māhu are conjunctional ligators that introduce causal clauses organized around verbal or non-verbal predicates, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ and biḥkum can be used as prepositional ligators and introduce circumstantial complements or be grammaticalized as conjunctional ligators and introduce causal clause.In addition, these ligators can occupy a canonical position when the ligator follows a main clause and introduces a causal clause or a non-canonical position for which there are two cases : either the utterance begins with the causal which is introduced by the ligator of cause and is followed by the main clause, or the utterance begins with the main clause which is followed by the causal not introduced by a ligator of cause; the latter is found at the end of the causal and closing the utterance. From a pragmatic point of view, changing the order of the constituents when ligators and causal clauses are not in canonical position allows the focalization of the causal clause.Unlike the spoken Arabic of Tripoli, the examination of the “Corpus Français Parlé Parsien des années 2000 (CFPP2000)” shows that parce que is conjunctional ligator. It introduces a causal clause organized around verbal predicate, rarely non-verbal.Parce que can occupy a canonical position when the ligator follows a main clause and introduces a causal clause and a non-canonical position when parce que follows c’est and introduces a causal clause. However, it cannot be postponed and it does not accept either suffix.When parce que introduces several causal clauses, it may be found but in reduced form que, giving a series of que.In addition, parce que cannot connect two utterances coordinated by the preposition et. From a pragmatic point of view, when the utterance begins with c’est parce que this structure allows to focalisation of the causal clause.

Malgré son organisation d’inspiration libérale, la profession de médecin accepte depuis longtemps l’exercice sous forme illibérale. Ce mode d’exercice médical concerne tous les médecins, aujourd’hui nombreux, exerçant leur art au profit et pour le compte d’un employeur public ou privé. Il présente la particularité d’être organisé selon une bipartition théorique faisant la différence entre les médecins dont l’exercice est soumis au droit public, et ceux dont l’exercice relève du droit privé. L’organisation de l’exercice médical subordonné reprend en effet le schéma selon lequel les agents publics doivent être distingués des salariés de droit privé, conséquence de la dualité droit public/droit privé qui caractérise le système juridique français. Cependant, tout comme la différenciation entre les agents publics et les salariés de droit privé s’est affaiblie, celle existant en théorie entre les médecins illibéraux de droit public et les médecins illibéraux de droit privé a perdu de sa pertinence, tant ces deux catégories de professionnels se sont rapprochées, liées en pratique par une même notion : la subordination. Les différentes branches du droit applicables aux médecins illibéraux ont été réciproquement attirées les unes par les autres et ont évolué par des mécanismes d’emprunts mutuels. Ce mouvement d’attraction, dont le développement a fait naître un mode d’exercice médical illibéral uniformisé, marque l’abolition de la distinction entre médecine subordonnée de droit public et médecine subordonnée de droit privé / Despite being organized on a liberal inspiration, the medical profession can be practiced through a subordinate relationship. This way of practicing the medical profession includes every doctor who fulfills his professional duties in the profit and for a public or private employer. It is unique by its organization, according to a theoretical division making the difference between doctors ruled by public laws, and doctors who practice under private laws. It follows a particular scheme, in which civil servants are differenciated from salaried employees ruled by private laws, a direct result, typical of the french legal system, of the traditional duality between public and private law.However, like the differenciation between civil servants and salaried employees ruled by private laws, which has lost most of its strongness, the separation between subordinate doctors ruled by public laws and subordinate doctors ruled by private laws is not relevant anymore, because these two types of doctors, linked by one key concept, the subordination, have kept getting closer over time. The different rules that apply to the subordinate doctors have reach out to each other and have progressed with mutual borrowings. These attraction moves have created a homogeneous medical practice, by erasing the differences between subordinate doctors ruled by public laws and those who are governed by private laws

The main object of this thesis is to obtain numerous applications of fractional derivative operator concerning analytic and -valent (or multivalent) functions in the open unit disk by introducing new classes and deriving new properties. Our finding will provide interesting new results and indicate extensions of a number of known results. In this thesis we investigate a wide class of problems. First, by making use of certain fractional derivative operator, we define various new classes of -valent functions with negative coefficients in the open unit disk such as classes of -valent starlike functions involving results of (Owa, 1985a), classes of -valent starlike and convex functions involving the Hadamard product (or convolution) and classes of -uniformly -valent starlike and convex functions, in obtaining, coefficient estimates, distortion properties, extreme points, closure theorems, modified Hadmard products and inclusion properties. Also, we obtain radii of convexity, starlikeness and close-to-convexity for functions belonging to those classes. Moreover, we derive several new sufficient conditions for starlikeness and convexity of the fractional derivative operator by using certain results of (Owa, 1985a), convolution, Jack¿s lemma and Nunokakawa¿ Lemma. In addition, we obtain coefficient bounds for the functional of functions belonging to certain classes of -valent functions of complex order which generalized the concepts of starlike, Bazilevi¿ and non-Bazilevi¿ functions. We use the method of differential subordination and superordination for analytic functions in the open unit disk in order to derive various new subordination, superordination and sandwich results involving the fractional derivative operator. Finally, we obtain some new strong differential subordination, superordination, sandwich results for -valent functions associated with the fractional derivative operator by investigating appropriate classes of admissible functions. First order linear strong differential subordination properties are studied. Further results including strong differential subordination and superordination based on the fact that the coefficients of the functions associated with the fractional derivative operator are not constants but complex-valued functions are also studied.

Fractional calculus enables the possibility of using real number powers or complex number powers of the differentiation operator. The fundamental connection between fractional calculus and subordination processes is explored and affords a physical interpretation for a fractional trajectory, that being an average over an ensemble of stochastic trajectories. With an ensemble average perspective, the explanation of the behavior of fractional chaotic systems changes dramatically. Before now what has been interpreted as intrinsic friction is actually a form of non-Markovian dissipation that automatically arises from adopting the fractional calculus, is shown to be a manifestation of decorrelations between trajectories. Nonlinear Langevin equation describes the mean field of a finite size complex network at criticality. Critical phenomena and temporal complexity are two very important issues of modern nonlinear dynamics and the link between them found by the author can significantly improve the understanding behavior of dynamical systems at criticality. The subject of temporal complexity addresses the challenging and especially helpful in addressing fundamental physical science issues beyond the limits of reductionism.

The research investigated how men perceive constructions of masculinity in the talk of male rape. Research on gender relations and masculinities is a growing area of interest. The topic of male rape however, remains underrepresented within this. Male rape draws on discourses of gender, trauma, sex, sexuality and violence. It further offers a controversial topic that participants could engage in to further make sense of the multitude of masculine identities that exist, and how these directly influence responses to gendered phenomena. It is therefore likely to elicit significant constructions of masculinities and hence was used as a vehicle to further add insight into the constructed nature of masculinities. This was achieved through the use of a group of thirteen men who were divided into three focus groups. Each focus group made use of a vignette and a semi-structured interview schedule. Through this method the masculine identities that arose in their talk on male rape were examined. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis in which a social constructionist perspective was applied. It was found that participants strongly adhered to a hegemonic masculine point of reference in discussions. The patriarchal nature of this masculine identity that is subordinating of both women and other masculine identities was consistently used in discussions, thus representing the relatively stable influence of hegemony in gendered relations. Subordinated masculinities emerged more subtly, illustrating a growing acceptance of multiple forms of masculine identities. The results were understood as largely representative of broader society that still elevates the constructed standards of hegemony in conceptualising masculinities. This study thus sheds light on the social constructionist nature evident in society that continually influences the connotations attached to gendered identities within it. The significance in considering the masculine influences in responding to male rape lies in the multiplicity of factors that each involves as these collectively shape society's continued gendered understanding in shaping reality. A topic such as male rape, that directly threatens constructed notions of masculinities, thus allows for a new understanding to emerge in its consideration of the masculine identities that arise in responding to this traumatic experience.

Este trabalho é voltado ao estudo das novas nuances da subordinação no contrato de trabalho, diante das transformações no modo de produção em razão da globalização e do advento de novas tecnologias. Para justificar a pertinência do estudo, demonstra-se a equivalência entre a livre iniciativa e o valor social do trabalho, de modo que a economia e o trabalho devam caminhar juntos, evitando-se desequilíbrios no sistema. Diante disso, faz-se necessário abordar a evolução histórica do subordinação dentro do direito do trabalho, bem como as definições do trabalho subordinado e os critérios empregados pela jurisprudência, diante das lacunas da lei. Consolidado o estudo da subordinação, procede-se à análise dos fatores externos que levaram as modificações no mundo do trabalho, como a recessão econômica da década de 70, os processos de globalização e a consequente automação dos modos de produção. Tais fatores levaram à criação de novas formas de prestação de serviço, que não se adequam ao padrão do trabalho subordinado, mas, ao mesmo tempo, não podem ser consideradas como autônomas, em sua integralidade. Assim, gera-se uma evasão social de trabalhadores marginalizados da proteção adequada, já que não se encaixam ao modelo praticado pelo direito do trabalho, dividido entre trabalho subordinado e autônomo. Nesse cenário, apresentam-se propostas da doutrina e jurisprudência para solucionar o problema e adequar os critérios de subordinação à realidade do trabalho. / This dissertation aims to study the new forms of subordinations in labour contract, due to the transformation in the way of production after globalization and the introduction of new technologies. In order to justify the importance of the study, it demonstrates the equivalence between free enterprise and the social value of work, so that economy and work shall walk together, avoiding disturbance at the system. Furthermore, it is necessary to refer to the historical evolution of subordination into labour law, as well as the definition of subordinate work and the criteria used by jurisprudence, considering the lack of law. Once established the study of subordination, it will proceed to the analysis of external factors that provoked modification in work, as the 70s economical recession, globalization process and automation of the ways of production. These factors conducted to the creation of new forms of services, which are not adjusted to subordinate work pattern, but at the same time, cannot be considered as full self-employed. Indeed, it generates a social evasion of employees, marginalised form correct protection, as they do not fit to the model practised by labour law, which is divided between subordinated work and self-employed. Finally, it presents proposals from doctrine and jurisprudence in order to give a solution to the problem, and adequate the subordination criteria to work reality.

A meta da presente tese é analisar as orações não-finitas em Karitiana. Esta é uma língua Ameríndia falada atualmente por 400 pessoas que habitam a Terra Indígena Karitiana. A reserva Karitiana está localizada a 95 quilômetros ao sul da área urbana de Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil. A língua é a única representante do ramo Arikém, família Tupi. A presente pesquisa investiga as diferenças entre as orações subordinadas que funcionam como orações subordinadas adverbiais, relativas e completivas, bem como a nominalização oracional e as orações infinitivas marcadas pelos sufixos e , respectivamente. Apesar de a língua não apresentar morfologia de tempo, modo ou concordância em subordinadas, ela possui várias outras características, tais como núcleos aspectuais, voz, variação na ordem de palavras (SOV ou OSV), morfologia de foco do objeto, o que sugere que se trata subordinação e não nominalização (Storto 1999, Storto 2012, Vivanco 2014). Mostramos ainda que as orações encaixadas Karitiana podem ser modificadas por advérbios, negação e evidenciais que estão associados a orações ou sintagmas verbais. Esta pesquisa levantou uma discussão que tem sido amplamente abordada na literatura sobre as orações subordinadas nãofinitas em línguas Ameríndias. A literatura sobre essas orações não-finitas mostra que muitos autores que assumem que elas são nominalizações utilizam dois argumentos: (1) a falta de traços finitos e (2) o fato de algumas línguas exibirem marcas de caso. Os argumentos com base no item (2) supramencionado não parece muito convincentes para assumirmos uma análise de nominalização em Karitiana, visto que orações subordinadas finitas em várias línguas podem ser usadas como complemento verbal e receber marcas de caso. A nossa análise apresentada nesta tese assume que a falta de traços finitos não significa necessariamente que estas orações sejam nominalizadas porque elas exibem em suas estruturas várias características de orações ativas, tais como núcleos funcionais de voz, aspecto, advérbios, negação e evidenciais. Tipologicamente, esses núcleos funcionais estão associados a orações ou a sintagmas verbais. E, internamente à língua, eles estão também relacionados a orações ou a sintagmas verbais tanto em ambientes finitos quanto em ambientes não-finitas. / The main aim of this dissertation is to analyze non-finite clauses in Karitiana. Karitiana is an endangered Amerindian language spoken today by approximately 400 people who live in a reservation located 59 miles south of the urban area of Porto Velho, the capital of the state of Rondônia, Brazil (Amazonian region). The language is the unique representative of the Arikém branch, one of the ten linguistic groupings identified inside the Tupian family. The current research investigates differences among embedded clauses that function as adverbial, relative, and complement clauses in Karitiana, as well as nominalization and infinitival embedding marked respectively by the suffixes and . Even though subordinate clauses in Karitiana do not display any finite morphology of agreement, tense, or mood, it is true that the language shows many other functional heads such as morphemes of causativization, passivization, and object focus construction, as well as aspectual nuclei, and word order variation (SOV, OSV), suggesting that they are clauses and not nominalizations (Storto 1999; Vivanco 2014). Furthemore, we show that Karitiana embedded clauses can be modified by adverbs, negation and evidentials that are associated with clauses or verbal phrases. The literature on non-finite clauses in Amerindian languages shows that many specialists in these languages have claimed that these clauses are nominalized based on two arguments: (1) lack of finite traits and (2) the fact that some of these languages display case-marking. The argument that the presence of case-marking in subordination characterizes them as nominalizations seems to be unconvincing because finite subordinate clauses in several languages can be used as verbal complement and can be marked with case. In our analysis, the lack of finite features also does not necessarily mean that these clauses are nominalizations, since Karitiana subordinate clauses exhibit other properties of active clauses such as functional heads: voice, aspect, adverbs, negation, and evidentials. Typologically, these functional heads are associated with clauses and, internally to the language, they are also correlated with clauses and verbal phrases, functioning either in matrix clauses or in subordinate clauses.

A subordinação jurídica é elemento preponderante para a caracterização da relação de emprego, base de incidência das normas do direito do trabalho. Diante disso é de fundamental importância entendermos seu significado e dimensão no contexto contemporâneo de profundas transformações no mundo do trabalho, que alteram inclusive a forma como o direito se insere na realidade. A subordinação do trabalho ao capital cria um grupo de detentores de mão-de-obra que necessitam da proteção do direito do trabalho. Essa análise é importante para entendermos o mundo do trabalho e a indispensável proteção jurídica que lhe é conferida pelo direito trabalhista. O presente estudo tem por objetivo lançar olhar estruturante sobre essas questões para incrementar a proteção trabalhista e regulamentar as relações de trabalho a partir dos valores da função social do trabalho e da melhoria das condições econômicas e sociais dos trabalhadores. / The legal subordination is an indispensable element for the characterization of the employment relationship, base of the standards of labor law. Considering this is wich fundamental importance to understand its real meaning and dimension in the contemporary context of profound changes in the workplace, including altering the way the law is part of the reality. The subordination of labor to capital creates a group of holders of manpower that need the necessary protection of labor law. This analysis is important to understand the world of labour and the necessary legal protection conferred on it by the labor law. This study is looking to shed on these structural issues to increase labor protections and regulate the labor relations from the values of the function of labor and the improvement of economic and social conditions of workers.