The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of Same-Language Subtitles (SLS) on the subject-specific comprehension and the academic literacy levels of EAL students on the Vaal Triangle Campus of North-West University (NWU). Essentially, the study aimed to determine whether exposing students studying through English as an Additional Language (EAL) to subtitled lectures (live or recorded lectures) would help improve their comprehension of the academic content as well as their receptive academic literacy skills, compared to students who were not exposed to subtitled lectures. This study stems from the identification of an academic performance-related issue on the Vaal Triangle Campus of NWU. Indeed, campus statistics show that the throughput rate of EAL students remains low, and that these students‟ academic literacy levels are inadequate. In other words, EAL students on this campus are underachieving and seem to have difficulties in mastering academic English. Based on various studies that showed SLS to be a valuable tool in terms of learning and academic literacy, this study proposed to introduce SLS (both live via respeaking and offline) in the university classroom as a learning aid, thus optimising the time students spend in lectures. Very little information was available in South Africa on the impact of SLS on the subject-specific comprehension of EAL students in a tertiary academic context. Furthermore, it had been anticipated that a certain number of technical constraints were likely to be encountered during the empirical investigation. These two factors made it difficult to predict what other factors could influence the outcome of the study. As a result, the study was based on the principle of Action Research, a research method characterised by the fact that the research is carried out in as many cycles as may be necessary in order to achieve the optimal conditions for a specific intervention. Three cycles were necessary to reach the optimal design of the present study so that a confident conclusion could be made regarding the impact of SLS on comprehension and academic literacy. For each cycle, the intervention was carried out over an academic semester. In the first cycle, a test group composed of EAL first-year Economics students was exposed to live SLS via respeaking during class, while a control group (also composed of EAL first-year Economics students) attended the same class at a different time, without SLS. In the second cycle, the live SLS via respeaking were replaced with offline SLS. The intervention was taken out of the regular classes and was carried out in the context of practical revision classes scheduled specifically for the purpose of the intervention. The test group viewed subtitled videos of lectures, while the control group viewed videos without subtitles. After each viewing, all participants were required to complete a short comprehension test. This cycle was also conducted in first-year Economics. The basic design of the third cycle was similar to that of the second cycle, but for the fact that the intervention took place in the context of a Psychology module, which, unlike the Economics module, was taught without the lecturer making use of slides. After these three research cycles were completed, it could be concluded that offline SLS indeed have a positive impact on the subject-specific comprehension and the receptive academic literacy skills of EAL students in a tertiary academic context. This conclusion was supported by the following findings: 1. The first research cycle pointed towards a slight, but statistically insignificant benefit in terms of both comprehension and academic literacy. However, at this stage of the empirical investigation, the technical constraints made it difficult to draw a precise conclusion in that respect. 2. In the second research cycle, the SLS seem to have had a significant impact on the receptive academic literacy skills of the test group, compared to the control group. However, no such impact could be noted in terms of subject-specific comprehension. This was attributed to the presence of a confounding variable, namely slides used during the lectures. This once more made it impossible to draw a confident conclusion regarding the impact of SLS on comprehension. 3. The third research cycle made a more confident conclusion regarding the impact of SLS on subject-specific comprehension possible. Indeed, the results of the statistical analyses show that the test group performed significantly better in their semester test (covering the work done in all the recorded lectures) than the control group, which was not exposed to any videos at all. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that SLS in their offline form have a positive impact on the subject-specific comprehension and the receptive academic literacy skills of EAL students in a tertiary academic context, specifically if the students are given sufficient time to get used to the mode. This study seems to indicate that the benefits of SLS for comprehension can be recorded provided that students are exposed to the intervention over a longer period of time. However, there may be further scope for refinement as far as this study is concerned. It is therefore important that the topic be investigated further. / MA, Language Practice, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

This thesis explores the pragmatics of English tag questions in translation by analyzing their pragmatic function. Our approach is based on the theoretical assumption that Czech lacks straightforward linguistic counterparts of English tag questions. The quantitative and qualitative corpus-based research strives to produce interesting findings about possible relations between pragmatic function, polarity and the form of tag questions in English, original Czech and translated Czech texts. Therefore, we propose and verify several hypotheses about these relations. This thesis broadens theoretical knowledge about tag questions by contributing to research on translation universals and improves translation practice by presenting translators with a paradigm, i.e., a class of possible solutions to the problem of translating English tag questions into Czech.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como é feita a legendagem utilizada pelos canais de televisão por assinatura no Brasil e verificar se é possível identificar um padrão comum a todos eles. A utilização da proposta de padrão de legendagem para a Europa apresentada por Fotios Karamitroglou e a minha experiência na área como tradutora de legendas para TV serviram como base para realizar as análises. O estudo utiliza corpora em língua inglesa, as falas originais dos filmes, e em língua portuguesa, a transcrição das legendas de filmes exibidos pelos canais. A escolha dos canais considerou a relevância que a legendagem tem em sua programação diária. A análise foi feita por meio de comparações entre o corpus da transcrição do original e o das legendas e foram considerados tanto os aspectos técnicos da legendagem quanto os textuais e tradutórios. Os resultados foram compilados e podem servir de base para analisar outros aspectos da tradução para legendas. / This research aims to analyze the Brazilian Cable Channels Subtitling in order to verify if it is possible to identify a standard for subtitling. \"A Proposed Set for Subtitling Standard in Europe\" by Fotios Karamitroglou, and my experience as a translator are the basis for doing the analysis. The study uses an English corpus, the original lines from the movies, and a Portuguese corpus, the subtitle transcription from the movies broadcasted by the channels. The channels selection took account of the relevance that subtitling has in their daily schedule. The analysis was done by comparing both corpora, and technical, textual and translation aspects, and the final results was compiled and can be used as a base for analyze another subtitling aspects.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como é feita a legendagem utilizada pelos canais de televisão por assinatura no Brasil e verificar se é possível identificar um padrão comum a todos eles. A utilização da proposta de padrão de legendagem para a Europa apresentada por Fotios Karamitroglou e a minha experiência na área como tradutora de legendas para TV serviram como base para realizar as análises. O estudo utiliza corpora em língua inglesa, as falas originais dos filmes, e em língua portuguesa, a transcrição das legendas de filmes exibidos pelos canais. A escolha dos canais considerou a relevância que a legendagem tem em sua programação diária. A análise foi feita por meio de comparações entre o corpus da transcrição do original e o das legendas e foram considerados tanto os aspectos técnicos da legendagem quanto os textuais e tradutórios. Os resultados foram compilados e podem servir de base para analisar outros aspectos da tradução para legendas. / This research aims to analyze the Brazilian Cable Channels Subtitling in order to verify if it is possible to identify a standard for subtitling. \"A Proposed Set for Subtitling Standard in Europe\" by Fotios Karamitroglou, and my experience as a translator are the basis for doing the analysis. The study uses an English corpus, the original lines from the movies, and a Portuguese corpus, the subtitle transcription from the movies broadcasted by the channels. The channels selection took account of the relevance that subtitling has in their daily schedule. The analysis was done by comparing both corpora, and technical, textual and translation aspects, and the final results was compiled and can be used as a base for analyze another subtitling aspects.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of Same-Language Subtitles (SLS) on the subject-specific comprehension and the academic literacy levels of EAL students on the Vaal Triangle Campus of North-West University (NWU). Essentially, the study aimed to determine whether exposing students studying through English as an Additional Language (EAL) to subtitled lectures (live or recorded lectures) would help improve their comprehension of the academic content as well as their receptive academic literacy skills, compared to students who were not exposed to subtitled lectures. This study stems from the identification of an academic performance-related issue on the Vaal Triangle Campus of NWU. Indeed, campus statistics show that the throughput rate of EAL students remains low, and that these students‟ academic literacy levels are inadequate. In other words, EAL students on this campus are underachieving and seem to have difficulties in mastering academic English. Based on various studies that showed SLS to be a valuable tool in terms of learning and academic literacy, this study proposed to introduce SLS (both live via respeaking and offline) in the university classroom as a learning aid, thus optimising the time students spend in lectures. Very little information was available in South Africa on the impact of SLS on the subject-specific comprehension of EAL students in a tertiary academic context. Furthermore, it had been anticipated that a certain number of technical constraints were likely to be encountered during the empirical investigation. These two factors made it difficult to predict what other factors could influence the outcome of the study. As a result, the study was based on the principle of Action Research, a research method characterised by the fact that the research is carried out in as many cycles as may be necessary in order to achieve the optimal conditions for a specific intervention. Three cycles were necessary to reach the optimal design of the present study so that a confident conclusion could be made regarding the impact of SLS on comprehension and academic literacy. For each cycle, the intervention was carried out over an academic semester. In the first cycle, a test group composed of EAL first-year Economics students was exposed to live SLS via respeaking during class, while a control group (also composed of EAL first-year Economics students) attended the same class at a different time, without SLS. In the second cycle, the live SLS via respeaking were replaced with offline SLS. The intervention was taken out of the regular classes and was carried out in the context of practical revision classes scheduled specifically for the purpose of the intervention. The test group viewed subtitled videos of lectures, while the control group viewed videos without subtitles. After each viewing, all participants were required to complete a short comprehension test. This cycle was also conducted in first-year Economics. The basic design of the third cycle was similar to that of the second cycle, but for the fact that the intervention took place in the context of a Psychology module, which, unlike the Economics module, was taught without the lecturer making use of slides. After these three research cycles were completed, it could be concluded that offline SLS indeed have a positive impact on the subject-specific comprehension and the receptive academic literacy skills of EAL students in a tertiary academic context. This conclusion was supported by the following findings: 1. The first research cycle pointed towards a slight, but statistically insignificant benefit in terms of both comprehension and academic literacy. However, at this stage of the empirical investigation, the technical constraints made it difficult to draw a precise conclusion in that respect. 2. In the second research cycle, the SLS seem to have had a significant impact on the receptive academic literacy skills of the test group, compared to the control group. However, no such impact could be noted in terms of subject-specific comprehension. This was attributed to the presence of a confounding variable, namely slides used during the lectures. This once more made it impossible to draw a confident conclusion regarding the impact of SLS on comprehension. 3. The third research cycle made a more confident conclusion regarding the impact of SLS on subject-specific comprehension possible. Indeed, the results of the statistical analyses show that the test group performed significantly better in their semester test (covering the work done in all the recorded lectures) than the control group, which was not exposed to any videos at all. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that SLS in their offline form have a positive impact on the subject-specific comprehension and the receptive academic literacy skills of EAL students in a tertiary academic context, specifically if the students are given sufficient time to get used to the mode. This study seems to indicate that the benefits of SLS for comprehension can be recorded provided that students are exposed to the intervention over a longer period of time. However, there may be further scope for refinement as far as this study is concerned. It is therefore important that the topic be investigated further. / MA, Language Practice, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

This thesis investigates the use of the pragmatic particles (PPs) 'enfin' and 'écoute' in French film dialogue, and their translations in British English subtitles. Using a corpus of nine films and eight episodes drawn from two television series – all released in the UK between 2005 and 2015, and equating to approximately twenty-two hours – the study identifies tokens across a much wider range of contexts than has previously been possible using traditional corpora. The main contribution is an analysis of PP functions. The results for 'enfin' show a different functional distribution of the particle to other corpora, with corrective 'enfin' occurring significantly less frequently. The relatively large number of tokens of performative and emotional (or affective) 'enfin' allows for an elaboration of these two categories, and a tendency is observed for 'enfin' to appear as an apparent disagreement mitigator in discussions between peers. With regard to 'écoute', it is argued that écoute1 functions as a face-threat mitigator in unequal relationships and écoute2 as an FTA, although the particle is multifunctional and some tokens exhibit characteristics of both categories. Attention is given to combinations of 'enfin' and 'écoute' with other particles: while there is a clear tendency for disagreement-mitigating 'enfin' to co-occur with 'mais', and for the precision and restrictive subcategories of the corrective to co-occur with 'je veux dire', other previously documented combinations ('enfin bon' and 'ben écoute') are not frequently occurring in the present corpus. The thesis also makes a significant contribution to the field of Audiovisual Translation (AVT). The English subtitles show high rates of omission for both particles consistent with previous research, with disagreement-mitigating 'enfin' particularly vulnerable to omission. However, the analysis reveals a surprising pattern regarding 'écoute': a clear division of labour between ‘look’ (used to translate more confrontational tokens) and ‘listen’ (more conciliatory and socially distant). The study includes an experimental analysis of the subtitles relative to their character limits, demonstrating a potential new approach for researchers wishing to investigate the impact of various subtitling constraints.

Esta dissertação aborda recepção da mídia por parte de sujeitos surdos e a produção da análise de narrativas surdas, como a mídia sem som faz circular enunciados sobre os surdos e como estes recebem o que está sendo veiculado pela mídia sem som. Foram analisadas narrativas de pessoas surdas sobre alguns programas televisivos que contam com a presença de intérpretes de Língua de Sinais, programas que possuem legendas em Português, e programas que não possuem qualquer tipo de tradução para surdos. Foi possível conhecer o que essas pessoas entendem e captam do que estava sendo veiculado pelos programas que utilizam diferentes recursos ao transmitirem suas mensagens à estes telespectadores. A pesquisa traça caminhos que apontam para a questão das identidades surdas e a volatilidade de entendimentos em relação à mídia por parte dos surdos, suas interpretações, desejos e anseios em relação à televisão. A televisão é vista na pesquisa como um artefato cultural que comunica e constitui a todos os que direta ou indiretamente estão diante dela. Orientando-se pelos Estudos Culturais e pelos Estudos Surdos, a pesquisa buscou forte inspiração nos Estudos de Recepção para olhar e problematizar as narrativas surdas sobre o que assistem e entendem dos programas televisivos. Atestou-se que nas narrativas surdas a mídia com legenda é preferida em relação a outras modalidades de apresentação, pois esta permite aos surdos que dominam a leitura tenham uma compreensão rica e detalhada da informação transmitida. Os intérpretes, quando aparecem na televisão, ficam no canto da tela num enquadramento muito pequeno, o que dificulta que os surdos visualizem bem os sinais. Na visão deles a presença do intérprete possibilita viver emoções não experienciadas nos programas que possuem legenda em Português. No entanto, esta modalidade de comunicação/tradução, por não ter qualidade de imagem na maioria dos programas, impossibilita aos surdos o acesso às informações e a permanência prazerosa em frente à televisão. Estes alegam desconforto gerado pelo esforço visual feito para entender o que está sendo traduzido. Admitindo que as imagens possibilitadas pela televisão interpelam aos surdos de modo particular e significativo - pois o visual é um traço cultural surdo - os sujeitos que participaram da pesquisa alegam que em relação à mídia sem tradução — em legendas ou intérpretes —, perde-se grande parte do que está sendo transmitido, e estes não tem condições de afirmar com consistência o que conseguiram ler através daquelas imagens. Consequentemente, os surdos preferem não se pronunciar sobre o que viram, embora admitam que, aquilo que conseguiram captar das imagens aparecem no seu cotidiano através das roupas, modismos e dos desejos de consumo. Através da cultura visual, os surdos tendem a narrar-se como sujeitos que compartilham de uma cultura midiática mais ampla, traduzindo e ressignificando elementos da mídia, incorporando e movimentando sua cultura e sua língua. Considerando que não há discussões e pesquisas acadêmicas enfocando o sujeito surdo como receptor de imagens de mídia televisiva, nem mesmo como sujeito aprendiz a partir do que assiste, este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem nova na pesquisa em Educação. / This academic study is about the reception of media by deaf people and the analysys production of deaf narratives, such as the soundless media which exerts a certain influence over them and how do they receive it by the soundless media. Deaf people narratives were analyzed about the use of Brazilian sign Language and closed caption system in Portuguese on TV programs as well as the lack of it on some of these programs. It was possible to get to know what this people can get from it and really understand from what was being transmited.by programs that make use of the translation resources already mentioned in order to reach this specific public. This research presents ways that lead to “deaf identities” and their levels of understanding regarding media, their comprehension, desires, anxieties related to television. The TV is presented in this study as a cultural device which communicates, directly or not, to everyone seated in front of it. The Cultural Studies, Deaf Studies and Reception Studies – this one specially – were used to guide this research, to find the difficulties of the deaf narratives about what do they absorb and understand from TV programs. Through this narratives it was found out that media with subtitles it is on the top being preferred instead of translators, because it allows those deaf that can read to obtain a rich and detailed information. The translators, when are shown on TV, they appear in a small squared box, what making it hard for deaf to see and understand the signs properly. For them, having a translator helps them to put life on the information received – what it´s not possible when all they have is subtitles. However, this way of communication/translation due to lack of image quality in most of this programs this makes impossible for the deaf ones to have access to the information in its integrity and also put them off o watching TV. They feel unconffortable with all the effort they have to put in order to understand what it has been translated. It´s a fact that images coming from television touch deaf people in a very particular way – which is also part of they culture – those ones that contributed for this study say that regarding to media with no translation – no subtitles, no translators – that they miss great part of what it is being transmited and they can´t say for sure what they could grasp from those images, although some of the images do appear on their daily lives, such as clothing, trends, and objects of their desire. Trough their visual culture the deaf tend to expose themselves as those who share a wider mediatic culture, translating and giving a new meaning to some of the media elements, incorporating and putting into motion their own culture and language. Taking in account there are no discussions, academic researches pointing to the deaf as an image receptor from TV media, and not even as a learner from what he sees this study presents a new topic on educational research.

Esta dissertação aborda recepção da mídia por parte de sujeitos surdos e a produção da análise de narrativas surdas, como a mídia sem som faz circular enunciados sobre os surdos e como estes recebem o que está sendo veiculado pela mídia sem som. Foram analisadas narrativas de pessoas surdas sobre alguns programas televisivos que contam com a presença de intérpretes de Língua de Sinais, programas que possuem legendas em Português, e programas que não possuem qualquer tipo de tradução para surdos. Foi possível conhecer o que essas pessoas entendem e captam do que estava sendo veiculado pelos programas que utilizam diferentes recursos ao transmitirem suas mensagens à estes telespectadores. A pesquisa traça caminhos que apontam para a questão das identidades surdas e a volatilidade de entendimentos em relação à mídia por parte dos surdos, suas interpretações, desejos e anseios em relação à televisão. A televisão é vista na pesquisa como um artefato cultural que comunica e constitui a todos os que direta ou indiretamente estão diante dela. Orientando-se pelos Estudos Culturais e pelos Estudos Surdos, a pesquisa buscou forte inspiração nos Estudos de Recepção para olhar e problematizar as narrativas surdas sobre o que assistem e entendem dos programas televisivos. Atestou-se que nas narrativas surdas a mídia com legenda é preferida em relação a outras modalidades de apresentação, pois esta permite aos surdos que dominam a leitura tenham uma compreensão rica e detalhada da informação transmitida. Os intérpretes, quando aparecem na televisão, ficam no canto da tela num enquadramento muito pequeno, o que dificulta que os surdos visualizem bem os sinais. Na visão deles a presença do intérprete possibilita viver emoções não experienciadas nos programas que possuem legenda em Português. No entanto, esta modalidade de comunicação/tradução, por não ter qualidade de imagem na maioria dos programas, impossibilita aos surdos o acesso às informações e a permanência prazerosa em frente à televisão. Estes alegam desconforto gerado pelo esforço visual feito para entender o que está sendo traduzido. Admitindo que as imagens possibilitadas pela televisão interpelam aos surdos de modo particular e significativo - pois o visual é um traço cultural surdo - os sujeitos que participaram da pesquisa alegam que em relação à mídia sem tradução — em legendas ou intérpretes —, perde-se grande parte do que está sendo transmitido, e estes não tem condições de afirmar com consistência o que conseguiram ler através daquelas imagens. Consequentemente, os surdos preferem não se pronunciar sobre o que viram, embora admitam que, aquilo que conseguiram captar das imagens aparecem no seu cotidiano através das roupas, modismos e dos desejos de consumo. Através da cultura visual, os surdos tendem a narrar-se como sujeitos que compartilham de uma cultura midiática mais ampla, traduzindo e ressignificando elementos da mídia, incorporando e movimentando sua cultura e sua língua. Considerando que não há discussões e pesquisas acadêmicas enfocando o sujeito surdo como receptor de imagens de mídia televisiva, nem mesmo como sujeito aprendiz a partir do que assiste, este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem nova na pesquisa em Educação. / This academic study is about the reception of media by deaf people and the analysys production of deaf narratives, such as the soundless media which exerts a certain influence over them and how do they receive it by the soundless media. Deaf people narratives were analyzed about the use of Brazilian sign Language and closed caption system in Portuguese on TV programs as well as the lack of it on some of these programs. It was possible to get to know what this people can get from it and really understand from what was being transmited.by programs that make use of the translation resources already mentioned in order to reach this specific public. This research presents ways that lead to “deaf identities” and their levels of understanding regarding media, their comprehension, desires, anxieties related to television. The TV is presented in this study as a cultural device which communicates, directly or not, to everyone seated in front of it. The Cultural Studies, Deaf Studies and Reception Studies – this one specially – were used to guide this research, to find the difficulties of the deaf narratives about what do they absorb and understand from TV programs. Through this narratives it was found out that media with subtitles it is on the top being preferred instead of translators, because it allows those deaf that can read to obtain a rich and detailed information. The translators, when are shown on TV, they appear in a small squared box, what making it hard for deaf to see and understand the signs properly. For them, having a translator helps them to put life on the information received – what it´s not possible when all they have is subtitles. However, this way of communication/translation due to lack of image quality in most of this programs this makes impossible for the deaf ones to have access to the information in its integrity and also put them off o watching TV. They feel unconffortable with all the effort they have to put in order to understand what it has been translated. It´s a fact that images coming from television touch deaf people in a very particular way – which is also part of they culture – those ones that contributed for this study say that regarding to media with no translation – no subtitles, no translators – that they miss great part of what it is being transmited and they can´t say for sure what they could grasp from those images, although some of the images do appear on their daily lives, such as clothing, trends, and objects of their desire. Trough their visual culture the deaf tend to expose themselves as those who share a wider mediatic culture, translating and giving a new meaning to some of the media elements, incorporating and putting into motion their own culture and language. Taking in account there are no discussions, academic researches pointing to the deaf as an image receptor from TV media, and not even as a learner from what he sees this study presents a new topic on educational research.

Esta dissertação aborda recepção da mídia por parte de sujeitos surdos e a produção da análise de narrativas surdas, como a mídia sem som faz circular enunciados sobre os surdos e como estes recebem o que está sendo veiculado pela mídia sem som. Foram analisadas narrativas de pessoas surdas sobre alguns programas televisivos que contam com a presença de intérpretes de Língua de Sinais, programas que possuem legendas em Português, e programas que não possuem qualquer tipo de tradução para surdos. Foi possível conhecer o que essas pessoas entendem e captam do que estava sendo veiculado pelos programas que utilizam diferentes recursos ao transmitirem suas mensagens à estes telespectadores. A pesquisa traça caminhos que apontam para a questão das identidades surdas e a volatilidade de entendimentos em relação à mídia por parte dos surdos, suas interpretações, desejos e anseios em relação à televisão. A televisão é vista na pesquisa como um artefato cultural que comunica e constitui a todos os que direta ou indiretamente estão diante dela. Orientando-se pelos Estudos Culturais e pelos Estudos Surdos, a pesquisa buscou forte inspiração nos Estudos de Recepção para olhar e problematizar as narrativas surdas sobre o que assistem e entendem dos programas televisivos. Atestou-se que nas narrativas surdas a mídia com legenda é preferida em relação a outras modalidades de apresentação, pois esta permite aos surdos que dominam a leitura tenham uma compreensão rica e detalhada da informação transmitida. Os intérpretes, quando aparecem na televisão, ficam no canto da tela num enquadramento muito pequeno, o que dificulta que os surdos visualizem bem os sinais. Na visão deles a presença do intérprete possibilita viver emoções não experienciadas nos programas que possuem legenda em Português. No entanto, esta modalidade de comunicação/tradução, por não ter qualidade de imagem na maioria dos programas, impossibilita aos surdos o acesso às informações e a permanência prazerosa em frente à televisão. Estes alegam desconforto gerado pelo esforço visual feito para entender o que está sendo traduzido. Admitindo que as imagens possibilitadas pela televisão interpelam aos surdos de modo particular e significativo - pois o visual é um traço cultural surdo - os sujeitos que participaram da pesquisa alegam que em relação à mídia sem tradução — em legendas ou intérpretes —, perde-se grande parte do que está sendo transmitido, e estes não tem condições de afirmar com consistência o que conseguiram ler através daquelas imagens. Consequentemente, os surdos preferem não se pronunciar sobre o que viram, embora admitam que, aquilo que conseguiram captar das imagens aparecem no seu cotidiano através das roupas, modismos e dos desejos de consumo. Através da cultura visual, os surdos tendem a narrar-se como sujeitos que compartilham de uma cultura midiática mais ampla, traduzindo e ressignificando elementos da mídia, incorporando e movimentando sua cultura e sua língua. Considerando que não há discussões e pesquisas acadêmicas enfocando o sujeito surdo como receptor de imagens de mídia televisiva, nem mesmo como sujeito aprendiz a partir do que assiste, este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem nova na pesquisa em Educação. / This academic study is about the reception of media by deaf people and the analysys production of deaf narratives, such as the soundless media which exerts a certain influence over them and how do they receive it by the soundless media. Deaf people narratives were analyzed about the use of Brazilian sign Language and closed caption system in Portuguese on TV programs as well as the lack of it on some of these programs. It was possible to get to know what this people can get from it and really understand from what was being transmited.by programs that make use of the translation resources already mentioned in order to reach this specific public. This research presents ways that lead to “deaf identities” and their levels of understanding regarding media, their comprehension, desires, anxieties related to television. The TV is presented in this study as a cultural device which communicates, directly or not, to everyone seated in front of it. The Cultural Studies, Deaf Studies and Reception Studies – this one specially – were used to guide this research, to find the difficulties of the deaf narratives about what do they absorb and understand from TV programs. Through this narratives it was found out that media with subtitles it is on the top being preferred instead of translators, because it allows those deaf that can read to obtain a rich and detailed information. The translators, when are shown on TV, they appear in a small squared box, what making it hard for deaf to see and understand the signs properly. For them, having a translator helps them to put life on the information received – what it´s not possible when all they have is subtitles. However, this way of communication/translation due to lack of image quality in most of this programs this makes impossible for the deaf ones to have access to the information in its integrity and also put them off o watching TV. They feel unconffortable with all the effort they have to put in order to understand what it has been translated. It´s a fact that images coming from television touch deaf people in a very particular way – which is also part of they culture – those ones that contributed for this study say that regarding to media with no translation – no subtitles, no translators – that they miss great part of what it is being transmited and they can´t say for sure what they could grasp from those images, although some of the images do appear on their daily lives, such as clothing, trends, and objects of their desire. Trough their visual culture the deaf tend to expose themselves as those who share a wider mediatic culture, translating and giving a new meaning to some of the media elements, incorporating and putting into motion their own culture and language. Taking in account there are no discussions, academic researches pointing to the deaf as an image receptor from TV media, and not even as a learner from what he sees this study presents a new topic on educational research.

[pt] Este trabalho se insere no contexto dos Estudos da Tradução contemporâneos, em consonância com as teorias pós-estruturalistas no campo dos Estudos Sociais. Adotando uma postura crítica que visa reaproximar teoria e prática, academia e mercado profissional, este estudo investiga a prática da tradução para legendas, entendida no âmbito da tradução audiovisual, a partir de uma perspectiva sistêmica e funcional. A base teórica e metodológica adotada tem como ponto de partida a Teoria dos Polissistemas e os fundamentos teóricos dos Estudos Descritivos de Tradução, os quais são aqui ampliados e adaptados de modo a incorporar o campo da tradução audiovisual. A tradução para legendas é então investigada a partir de um contexto em maior escala - no qual incluem-se as instituições, os profissionais e os procedimentos envolvidos na legendagem de materiais audiovisuais - sendo enfocadas unidades progressivamente menores: meios de veiculação, parâmetros técnicos, normas sintáticas e estilísticas. Finalmente, examinando o processo tradutório no campo da legendagem, o estudo culmina em reflexões sobre a dimensão singular do trabalho do tradutor - uma lacuna nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução e pouco explorada nas teorias tradutórias de modo geral - e em considerações sobre a possibilidade de aliar ao paradigma descritivo pesquisas sobre a subjetividade inerente à prática tradutória. / [en] The present work was developed in the context of contemporary Translation Studies, in accordance with Post-Structuralist theories in the field of Social Studies. Adopting a critical view that attempts to reunite theory and practice, academy and industry, this study investigates the practice of subtitle translation - seen within the scope of audiovisual translation - based on a systemic and functional perspective. The theoretical and methodological bases are Polysystem Theory and the fundaments of Descriptive Translation Studies, which are here increased and adapted to comprehend the field of audiovisual translation. Subtitling is then studied from a large-scale context - including the institutions, professionals and proceedings involved in the subtitling of audiovisual materials - and focusing on progressively smaller units: media, technical parameters, syntactic and stylistic norms. Finally, by examining the process of translation in the area of subtitling, this study leads to reflections on the singular dimension of the translator s task - a gap in Descriptive Translation Studies and still little explored in translation theories in general - and to considerations on the possibility of combining the descriptive paradigm with research about the subjectivity intrinsic to translation.