O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental do INIA La Estanzuela, em Colonia del Sacramento – Uruguai, de novembro de 2015 a março de 2017, com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros relacionados à produção e qualidade de sementes da espécie Paspalum notatum INIA Sepé. Buscou-se o entendimento dos componentes do rendimento de sementes frente a distintos níveis de fertilização nitrogenada e manejo de cortes. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos completamente casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro doses de fertilização nitrogenada (0, 75, 150 e 225 kg de N.ha-1) e três momentos de corte: corte precoce, corte tardio e sem corte, formando um arranjo fatorial 4x3. O padrão para realização do corte foi a fração da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada pelas plantas (50% para corte precoce e 80% para corte tardio). Para cada ano de estudo foram utilizados distintos locais dentro da mesma estação experimental a fim de avaliar a produção de sementes de plantas com idade similar (3 anos de idade), os quais foram denominados ambiente 2016 e ambiente 2017, sendo que no ambiente 2016 ocorreu maior deficiência hídrica no solo A aplicação de N possibilitou o incremento na massa de forragem, teor de proteína bruta, índice de nutrição nitrogenada e no número de perfilhos. A máxima produtividade de sementes alcançada situou-se próxima de 1000 kg.ha-1, rendimento atingido com 150 kg de N.ha-1 no ambiente 2016 e na dose 75 no ambiente 2017. Tal produtividade foi obtida com a realização de duas colheitas anuais, que foi possibilitada com a utilização de corte precoce e sem corte. Com o uso de corte tardio, por outro lado, foi possível a realização de apenas uma colheita anual, o que determinou menor rendimento total de sementes, porém possibilitou maior rendimento em apenas uma colheita. Com relação ao potencial germinativo das sementes, observamos que em situações de déficit hídrico, as plantas com suprimento de N comprometem a qualidade de sementes e favorecem o crescimento vegetativo, no caso de colheitas precoces. Por outro lado, a germinação foi melhorada quando aplicado nitrogênio associado ao corte tardio. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o ecótipo Paspalum notatum INIA Sepé possui bom rendimento de sementes, o qual é positivamente influenciado pela fertilização nitrogenada e aplicação de corte precoce. / The present work was developed at the INIA La Estanzuela Experimental Station, in Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay, from November 2015 to March 2017, with the objective of evaluating the parameters related to the production and quality of seeds of the specie Paspalum notatum INIA Sepé. We aimed understanding of the components of the seed yield under different levels of nitrogen fertilization and cutting management. A completely randomized block design with four replications was used. The treatments consisted of twelve factorial combinations of nitrogen fertilization doses (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg of N.ha-1) and three cutting times: early cut, late cut and no cut, totaling a factorial arrangement 4x3. The standard for cutting was the fraction of the photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the plants (50% for early cutting and 80% for late cutting). For each year of study, different locations were used within the same experimental station in order to evaluate the seed production of plants with similar age (3 years old), which were named environment 2016 and environment 2017, wherein in the environment 2016 occurred greater soil water deficit The application of N promoted the increase in forage mass, crude protein content, nitrogen nutrition index and the number of tillers. The maximum seed yield reached was close to 1000 kg.ha-1, yield reached with 150 kg of N.ha-1 in the environment 2016 and at dose 75 in the environment 2017. Such productivity was obtained by performing two harvests annually, which was possible by the use of early cutting and uncut treatments. However, with late cutting was possible to perform only one annual harvest, which resulted in lower total seed yield, but with a higher yield in only one harvest. Regarding to the seed germination, we observed that in situations of water deficit, plants with N supply compromise their seed quality in detriment of vegetative growth in the case of early harvests. On the other hand, the germination was improved when N was associated with late cut. In this way, we concluded that Paspalum notatum INIA Sepé ecotype has a good seed yield, which is positively influenced by nitrogen fertilization and early cut application.

abstract: This doctoral thesis investigates the predictability characteristics of floods and flash floods by coupling high resolution precipitation products to a distributed hydrologic model. The research hypotheses are tested at multiple watersheds in the Colorado Front Range (CFR) undergoing warm-season precipitation. Rainfall error structures are expected to propagate into hydrologic simulations with added uncertainties by model parameters and initial conditions. Specifically, the following science questions are addressed: (1) What is the utility of Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (QPE) for high resolution hydrologic forecasts in mountain watersheds of the CFR?, (2) How does the rainfall-reflectivity relation determine the magnitude of errors when radar observations are used for flood forecasts?, and (3) What are the spatiotemporal limits of flood forecasting in mountain basins when radar nowcasts are used into a distributed hydrological model?. The methodology consists of QPE evaluations at the site (i.e., rain gauge location), basin-average and regional scales, and Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts (QPF) assessment through regional grid-to-grid verification techniques and ensemble basin-averaged time series. The corresponding hydrologic responses that include outlet discharges, distributed runoff maps, and streamflow time series at internal channel locations, are used in light of observed and/or reference data to diagnose the suitability of fusing precipitation forecasts into a distributed model operating at multiple catchments. Results reveal that radar and multisensor QPEs lead to an improved hydrologic performance compared to simulations driven with rain gauge data only. In addition, hydrologic performances attained by satellite products preserve the fundamental properties of basin responses, including a simple scaling relation between the relative spatial variability of runoff and its magnitude. Overall, the spatial variations contained in gridded QPEs add value for warm-season flood forecasting in mountain basins, with sparse data even if those products contain some biases. These results are encouraging and open new avenues for forecasting in regions with limited access and sparse observations. Regional comparisons of different reflectivity -rainfall (Z-R) relations during three summer seasons, illustrated significant rainfall variability across the region. Consistently, hydrologic errors introduced by the distinct Z-R relations, are significant and proportional (in the log-log space) to errors in precipitation estimations and stream flow magnitude. The use of operational Z-R relations without prior calibration may lead to wrong estimation of precipitation, runoff magnitude and increased flood forecasting errors. This suggests that site-specific Z-R relations, prior to forecasting procedures, are desirable in complex terrain regions. Nowcasting experiments show the limits of flood forecasting and its dependence functions of lead time and basin scale. Across the majority of the basins, flood forecasting skill decays with lead time, but the functional relation depends on the interactions between watershed properties and rainfall characteristics. Both precipitation and flood forecasting skills are noticeably reduced for lead times greater than 30 minutes. Scale dependence of hydrologic forecasting errors demonstrates reduced predictability at intermediate-size basins, the typical scale of convective storm systems. Overall, the fusion of high resolution radar nowcasts and the convenient parallel capabilities of the distributed hydrologic model provide an efficient framework for generating accurate real-time flood forecasts suitable for operational environments. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2012

A dinâmica da sociedade contemporânea, no espaço rural, apresenta uma série de mudanças em relação àquele espaço que contemplava tão somente o setor produtivo. A nova realidade do rural aponta para um caminho ainda sendo traçado e que, não raro, não encontra rumos precisos e passiveis de definição concisa, na qual o rural e a agricultura não se constituem mais em sinônimos e as transformações e diversificações nos cenários rurais envolvem novas demandas e problemáticas, como a conservação da natureza, arquitetura e outros tantos elementos de um passado em que se projeta uma outra velocidade dos eventos no tempo. Muito embora o fenômeno de residências secundárias não se constitua num evento especialmente recente, se destacam os novos contornos que o mesmo tem apresentado frente aos espaços nos quais as residências secundárias encontram-se alocadas, sobretudo no âmbito do rural. As variadas e complexas relações com o espaço expressam, direta e indiretamente, uma série de implicações na dinâmica das mesmas, repercutindo nas múltiplas relações econômicas, sociais, ambientais, culturais e, por conseguinte, repercutindo na esfera político-administrativa. Diante desta perspectiva, o objetivo da presente pesquisa consiste em examinar as mobilidades espaciais de residências secundárias, no meio rural, em seus distintos fluxos, de forma a contemplar as distintas nuanças, ações, interações e integrações com os espaços enfocados, bem como, as distintas manifestações dessas mobilidades nos mesmos. A pesquisa foi realizada nos municípios de Itaara e Restinga Seca, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil, que contemplam os fluxos de visitação de finais de semana e de veraneio, respectivamente. Metodologicamente parte-se da pesquisa bibliográfica, realizando-se, posteriormente, a coleta de dados, na qual utilizaram-se questionários aplicados a 86 visitantes e entrevistas com os gestores públicos municipais (2 em cada Município), iniciativa privada (6 em cada Município) e comunidade local (7 em Itaara e 4 em Restinga Seca). Posteriormente, delineou-se uma análise de caráter analítico-descritiva, utilizando o software SPSS 12 a fim de tabular os dados, bem como realizou-se a transcrição das entrevistas com vistas a alcançar os objetivos propostos. Os resultados permitem tecer considerações acerca do fato de o fenômeno de residências secundárias já se constituir numa realidade nos municípios de Itaara e Restinga Seca o que, portanto, afeta positiva e negativamente o local, necessitando, assim como em outros espaços de residências secundárias, de ponderações a respeito dos mesmos, a fim da construir de estratégias de maximização dos benefícios e minimização dos impactos negativos. Em função da forma pela qual o fenômeno das mobilidades materializa-se no espaço, salienta-se a relevância das periodicidades, já que não apresentam impactos de mesma ordem os fluxos de finais de semana e os de veraneio, divergindo em intensidade e heterogeneidade na forma que atuam no espaço e relacionam-se com o seu entorno. Mesmo diante destas realidades, constatou-se que, em ambos, as iniciativas ainda não contemplam estratégias e planejamentos capazes de dar conta da problemática das residências secundárias e, por isso, carecem de planejamento e ações a longo prazo, resguardadas as especificidades locais, com respostas eficientemente oferecidas aos problemas emergentes no seu contexto. / The dynamics of the contemporary rural society presents a series of changes concerning the previous space that regarded only the productive sector. The new rural reality points to a new way that is yet being traced, and that not necessarily encounters precise and briefly defined directions. So the rural and the agriculture are not more synonyms and the transformations and diversifications in the rural scenario involve new needs and troubles, as the nature conservation, the architecture, and other passed elements which are projected in a different speed. Even that the phenomenon of secondary homes is not a recent event, it now presents new outlines in front of the allocation space, specially in the rural scope. The variable and complex relationships with the space directly and indirectly express a series of implications in their dynamics, which spread in the multiple economic, social, environmental, cultural and hence politic-administrative relationships. In front of this perspective, the aim of this study is to shed light in the spatial mobility of secondary rural homes, in its distinct flows, regarding its distinct aspects, actions, interactions and integrations with the focalized spaces, and comprehending the distinct manifestations it has in each place. The search was conducted in Itaara and Restinga Seca (cities placed in Rio Grande do Sul state - Brazil), focalizing the weekend and summer flows, respectively. Methodologically, we initiated with a bibliographic search, which was followed by the data collection. This was conducted through question-forms applied to 86 visitors, as well as through interviews with municipal administrators (two in each city), with the private initiative (six in each city) and with the local community (seven in Itaara and four in Restinga Seca). Afterwards, we performed an analytic-descriptive analysis as implemented in the SPSS 1.2 software, in which we tabulated the data and accomplished the transcription of the interviews. The obtained results allow conducting some considerations about the fact that the secondary homes phenomenon already constitutes a reality that affects positive and negatively the cities of Itaara and Restinga Seca. Actually, this event needs a series of reflections, so that we can construct strategies able to maximize its benefits and minimize its negative impacts. As a consequence of the way this mobilization phenomenon occurs in space, we can detach the importance of the periodicity: the weekend and summer flows do not present similar impacts, diverging in the intensity and in the homogeneity in which they act in the space and also in the way they relate with the surroundings. Even with these difficulties, we could realize that in both cases the initiatives do not yet regard strategies and plannings able to resolve troubleshoots related to secondary homes. They lack long term actions, which could protect the local specificities, and offer efficient answers to the emergent troubles.

Orientador: Carmen Lucia Soares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:06:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalben_Andre_M.pdf: 7112445 bytes, checksum: 667d0688e1b83c3f4684d025fa9eddb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A pesquisa procurou compreender e discutir os diferentes imaginários médicos, do início do século XX, em relação à natureza brasileira, assim como, as distinções feitas entre o ambiente urbano e o rural. A partir, principalmente, das relações emersas entre os movimentos sanitarista, higienista, eugenista e a Educação Física, observou-se a consolidação, no Brasil, de um imaginário que concebia a natureza como ambiente ideal, tanto para a cura e a prevenção de doenças, quanto para o fortalecimento e a educação do corpo, por meio de exercícios físicos como a ginástica, o esporte, os jogos e práticas terapêuticas como a helioterapia, a hidroterapia e a climatoterapia. Seguindo os caminhos de tal concepção de natureza, o Departamento de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo, órgão subordinado a Secretaria da Educação e Saúde Pública, sobressai-se, uma vez que foi responsável, já na década de 1930, por importantes intervenções junto a duas instituições extra-escolares que mantinham proximidade com o imaginário da natureza curativa e educativa: os Parques Infantis e as Colônias de Férias. Quanto à instituição escolar, foi o Departamento de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo responsável por criar e dirigir a Escola de Aplicação ao Ar Livre Dom Pedro II, a qual se conformou como uma instituição de ensino experimental localizada no interior de um parque público e que manteve como objetos centrais de sua pedagogia a Educação Física e a natureza. / Abstract: The research has sought after comprehending and discussing about the different medical imaginaries, from the beginning of the 20th century, in respect to Brazilian nature, as well as the distinctions drawn between the urban and the rural environment. Mainly from the emerged relations between the sanitary, hygienist, eugenist movements and the physical education, the consolidation in Brazil of an imaginary which conceived nature as an ideal environment was observed, for healing and disease prevention, as much as the strengthening and the education of the body, through physical exercises such as gymnastics, sports, games and therapeutic practices as heliotherapy, hydrotherapy and climotherapy. Following the ways of such a conception of the nature, the Department of Physical Education of São Paulo State, an organ under the Secretariat for Education and Public Health, stands out, once it was responsible, in the 1930s, for important interventions with two extracurricular institutions which kept nearness to the imaginary of healing and educational nature: the playgrounds and the summer camps. As for the school institution, it was the Department of Physical Education of São Paulo State responsible for creating and running the D. Pedro II School of Outdoors Application, which configured itself as an institution of experimental education located inside a public park and that kept nature and physical education as central objects of its pedagogy. / Mestrado / Educação Fisica e Sociedade / Mestre em Educação Física

Submitted by Renata Garanito de Abreu (renata.garanito@gmail.com) on 2013-06-09T13:21:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Garanito de Abreu_Dissertação.pdf: 893551 bytes, checksum: 6831307e456295698a309aa0c6e4e283 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2013-06-19T14:09:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Garanito de Abreu_Dissertação.pdf: 893551 bytes, checksum: 6831307e456295698a309aa0c6e4e283 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-06-21T20:04:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Garanito de Abreu_Dissertação.pdf: 893551 bytes, checksum: 6831307e456295698a309aa0c6e4e283 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-21T20:04:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Garanito de Abreu_Dissertação.pdf: 893551 bytes, checksum: 6831307e456295698a309aa0c6e4e283 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-13 / Um dos benefícios para a cidade-sede de um megaevento esportivo do porte dos Jogos Olímpicos no âmbito do turismo é a repercussão e a divulgação espontânea desta cidade como destino nacional e internacional. Sendo assim, é necessário que o Rio de Janeiro aproveite a oportunidade de sediar os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016 para se firmar como destino competitivo global para diferentes segmentos desenvolvendo programas e ações que atendam adequadamente a demanda dos variados nichos de mercado em longo prazo. Assim sendo, este trabalho consiste na definição de guidelines para a elaboração de projetos que capacitem diversos setores do turismo com foco na terceira idade. A evolução no quadro populacional mundial e brasileiro indica que esse público é a parcela que apresenta maior índice de crescimento. Acompanhando este aumento, percebe-se que o idoso possui uma vida ativa e que cada vez mais encontra no turismo o meio de atingir satisfação e prazer. Os guidelines aqui apresentados para orientar a elaboração de projetos são: qualificação de profissionais; adequação da oferta turística; criação de um Selo da Qualidade e; elaboração de um guia. Espera-se que com essas ações implementadas, a cidade do Rio de Janeiro se torne destino referência para o segmento de pessoas com idade acima de 60 anos oferecendo um produto turístico de qualidade, sendo este um dos legados positivos das Olimpíadas de 2016. / One of the benefits for a city that is going to host an event as big as Olympic Summer Games, regarding the tourism, is the repercussion and spontaneous media of this city as international and national destiny. Thus, Rio de Janeiro needs to use its exposure on media to be consolidated as a competitive global destiny in order to reach several segments, developing programs and projects that meet these social groups needs in a long term market. Therefore, this work defines guidelines for preparing projects that enable different sectors of tourism focused on seniors, which is the segment that presents the highest grown globally and locally scenario. Considering the increase of seniors in the society, it is possible to note either a changing in their lifestyle which is healthier and more active, finding on tourism a way to reach the happiness and self-realization. The guidelines presented are: professional qualification; adequacy of tourism; quality stamp creation and; the development of a guide. It is expected Rio de Janeiro becomes a reference for senior tourism, offering a touristic product with quality for 60-aged peopled with the action implemented.

Doctor of Philosophy / Curriculum and Instruction Programs / Marjorie R. Hancock / The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (PL 107-110) drives today's teaching environment. With the pressure not to leave any student behind, classroom teachers often request struggling students to attend summer school. This qualitative case study sought to gain a deeper understanding of how visualization embedded in the writing process may influence struggling learners in a kindergarten through fourth grade summer writing camp. The 3 1/2 week summer writing camp was based on Donald Graves' (1983/2003) writer's workshop and writing process. The selected 19 students (K - 4) and 5 teachers in a Midwestern school district participated in the visual, learning, and literacy-rich environment. During the writing workshop, teachers gave Lucy Calkin's (1994) inspired mini-lessons to teach struggling students how to use visualization embedded in the writing process. Students participated in 4 community-based field experiences, which served as inspiration for drawing and writing. Mental imagery has powerful effects on reading comprehension (Sadoski, 1983, 1985) and students recalled information and images from the field experiences by observing digital photographs, and then drawing and writing. Thirty-nine student art/writing samples were analyzed using Lowenfeld and Brittain's (1975) stages of artistic development, Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory (2004) writing levels, and Piaget and Inhelder's (1969/2000) stages of cognitive development. Drawing in the writing process created tangible images to help student authors in the primary grades increase their Six-Trait Analytical (Spandel, 2004) writing scores for Ideas, Organization, and Conventions. Students in the intermediate writing group also increased their writing scores in Ideas, Voice, and Conventions. In addition, the data revealed the student's stage of artistic development reflects his or her writing level and stage of cognitive development. The involved teachers believed aspects of the summer writing camp could be incorporated throughout the school year, and they wanted to learn more about using visualization in the writing process. This study provided insight essential to better understand how visualization embedded in the writing process influences struggling learners.

African honeybee workers, Apis mellifera scutellata can activate their ovaries under queenless conditions to produce male (haploid) offspring. In contrast, laying workers of the Cape honeybee, Apis mellifera capensis, produce female (diploid) offspring via thelytokous parthenogenesis. In the early 1990’s colonies of A. m. capensis were transported into the distribution area of A. m. scutellata (corresponding to the summer rainfall region of South Africa), leading to the “capensis calamity”. Laying workers of A. m. capensis invaded and killed colonies of A. m. scutellata leading to losses of thousands of commercial colonies. A survey of the apiaries in the A. m. scutellata region was conducted over 18 months from 1997 to 1998, to determine the extent of the problem. It was found that the parasites were established in many apiaries throughout the distribution range of A. m. scutellata. As the problem seemed to be more severe with commercial and migratory beekeepers, the apiaries surveyed were divided into risk groups related to beekeeping practices. The low risk group included apiaries of beekeepers in areas that are separated from commercial beekeepers and their high risk activities. These low risk colonies were sedentary vs the migration to high risk ares eg. Aloes, sunflower pollination areas, citrus and other fruit pollination areas of the high risk apairies. The apiaries were monitored and records of the colonies’ condition were taken. Samples of workers were collected for dissection. It was found that the low risk group had a lower rate of infection, a higher production of brood and honey and a higher rate of survival over a 12 month period. The significant characteristics for identifying infection of a colony were determined as being the colour of the workers, the brood pattern, the presence of multiple eggs in cells and the presence of the queen. Indeed, the presence of dark workers with a black scutellum, an irregular brood pattern, the presence of multiple eggs in cells and the absence of queen were all prevalent in infected colonies. As sample of workers from all inspected colonies were dissected and the average ovariole counts as well of the development stage of the ovaries proved to be significant variables in the diagnosis. Other variables eg. Ovariole counts, spermatheca size and aggression proved to be not significant, but in conjunction with other variables, could be used for diagnosis. The genetic nature of the invasive parasitic population was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Nine loci were tested and the DNA fingerprints of all individuals sampled throughout the summer rainfall region were proved to be identical. This genetic identity led to the descripter of these individuals as a pseudoclone. In contrast, workers of A. m. scutellata were tested with the same loci and showed the normal distribution of an out-breeding population. In order to investigate the spread of the parasite within an apiary, colonies were exposed to heavily infected hives and inspected regularly. Ninety five percent of the colonies had either died or absconded within 12 months. It is concluded that this phenomenon of social parasitism is the consequence of apicaultural activities and that it can be managed by adopting low risk beekeeping practices. / Dissertation (MSc (Zoology and Entomology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

Five subtropical perennial grass species, Cenchrus ciliaris, a Cynodon hybrid, Digitaria eriantha subsp. eriantha, Panicum maximum and Pennisetum clandestinum, were subjected to four levels of water availability in a small plot trial under a rainshelter during the summer growing seasons of 1996/97 and 1997/98. This work was carried out on the Hatfield Experimental Farm of the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. The average yields for the tufted species (C. ciliaris, D. eriantha and P. maximum) were lower in the 1997/98 than the 1996/97 season. C. ciliaris, however, produced the highest average yields in both seasons. The average yields of the Cynodon hybrid and P. clandestinum (creeping grasses) reacted differently, in that the average yields were higher in the 1997/98 than 1996/97 season. The dry matter yields of all five grass species at slight water deficits, were not significantly different from yields under conditions of no water shortages, when the soil profile was brought to field capacity at the beginning of the growing season. The implication hereof is, that dry matter yields can be maintained, in conditions where slight water deficits occur, if there is some water stored in the soil profile. C. ciliaris, a notable drought tolerant species, produced yields (11.7-20.0 t ha-1) under non-control conditions (W1, W2 and W3) which were comparable to yields obtained from traditionally irrigated grasses such as the Cynodon hybrid (12.0-15.8 t ha-1) and P. clandestinum (5.6-11.8 t ha-1), under control conditions (W4). P.clandestinum, D. eriantha and P. maximum tended to be better adapted to wetter conditions, while the Cynodon hybrid was also able to produce good yields under both water limiting and non-limiting conditions. Water use efficiency, regardless of the grass species, tended to be better under non-control conditions. Grasses were thus able to produce more dry matter per unit of water under conditions where water became scarce. In vitro dry matter digestibility was not negatively affected by water scarcity, while crude protein content more often than not seemed to be better under control conditions. This could be due to the uptake meganism of nutrients, in which water plays a vital role. The number of stoma per unit area was more under control than water limiting conditions. The expression of the different structures on the leaf surfaces, were not altered by the level of water availability. In the absence of water shortages, the growth rates of C. ciliaris, D. eriantha and P.maximum, were almost twice those of the Cynodon hybrid and P. clandestinum, as measured at the end of two growth cycles in an irrigated field trial. In a pot trial, under glasshouse conditions, with C. ciliaris, the Cynodon hybrid and P.clandestinum, both the level of water availability, and the level of nitrogen were varied. Regardless of species and level of nitrogen, water was still used more efficiently under non-control conditions. Higher levels of nitrogen did, however, improve water use efficiency regardless of level of water available. As with higher levels of available water, higher levels of nitrogen also improved yields. In this trial, the Cynodon hybrid and C. ciliarisalso out-yielded P. clandestinum.<,/p> In summary it can be said that C. ciliaris and the Cynodon hybrid are adapted to warm growing conditions in producing high yields regardless of the level of water available. D. eriantha, P. maximum and P. clandestinum would produce better in such growing conditions if water was not as limiting. Regardless of the species, the plants were able to use water more efficiently under non-control conditions, while in Vitro digestibility was not negatively affected by water limiting conditions. Due to the uptake mechanism of nutrients, water limiting conditions may, however, decrease the crude protein content of the grass plants. Higher levels of nitrogen had a positive impact on dry matter yields and water use efficiency. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

This thesis deals with the research on consumer behavior when selecting a summer holiday. The theoretical section summarizes the current knowledge of consumer research and consumer behaviour issues, which forms the basis for the practical part of the thesis. The practical part of the thesis is focused on the analysis and evaluation of the results of the quantitative on-line research conducted with three hundred respondents. The aim is to contribute to the understanding of consumer behavior when selecting a summer holiday and in particular to determine how the amount of consumer's income affects the consumer's choice of destinations for summer holidays and also to identify which channels are the main sources of information for consumers deciding about summer holiday. The research results show a correlation between the level of respondent's income and selection of a particular type of summer holiday destination. In terms of respondent's information sources, internet was evaluated as the most used source of information for holiday decision-making.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental do INIA La Estanzuela, em Colonia del Sacramento – Uruguai, de novembro de 2015 a março de 2017, com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros relacionados à produção e qualidade de sementes da espécie Paspalum notatum INIA Sepé. Buscou-se o entendimento dos componentes do rendimento de sementes frente a distintos níveis de fertilização nitrogenada e manejo de cortes. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos completamente casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro doses de fertilização nitrogenada (0, 75, 150 e 225 kg de N.ha-1) e três momentos de corte: corte precoce, corte tardio e sem corte, formando um arranjo fatorial 4x3. O padrão para realização do corte foi a fração da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada pelas plantas (50% para corte precoce e 80% para corte tardio). Para cada ano de estudo foram utilizados distintos locais dentro da mesma estação experimental a fim de avaliar a produção de sementes de plantas com idade similar (3 anos de idade), os quais foram denominados ambiente 2016 e ambiente 2017, sendo que no ambiente 2016 ocorreu maior deficiência hídrica no solo A aplicação de N possibilitou o incremento na massa de forragem, teor de proteína bruta, índice de nutrição nitrogenada e no número de perfilhos. A máxima produtividade de sementes alcançada situou-se próxima de 1000 kg.ha-1, rendimento atingido com 150 kg de N.ha-1 no ambiente 2016 e na dose 75 no ambiente 2017. Tal produtividade foi obtida com a realização de duas colheitas anuais, que foi possibilitada com a utilização de corte precoce e sem corte. Com o uso de corte tardio, por outro lado, foi possível a realização de apenas uma colheita anual, o que determinou menor rendimento total de sementes, porém possibilitou maior rendimento em apenas uma colheita. Com relação ao potencial germinativo das sementes, observamos que em situações de déficit hídrico, as plantas com suprimento de N comprometem a qualidade de sementes e favorecem o crescimento vegetativo, no caso de colheitas precoces. Por outro lado, a germinação foi melhorada quando aplicado nitrogênio associado ao corte tardio. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o ecótipo Paspalum notatum INIA Sepé possui bom rendimento de sementes, o qual é positivamente influenciado pela fertilização nitrogenada e aplicação de corte precoce. / The present work was developed at the INIA La Estanzuela Experimental Station, in Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay, from November 2015 to March 2017, with the objective of evaluating the parameters related to the production and quality of seeds of the specie Paspalum notatum INIA Sepé. We aimed understanding of the components of the seed yield under different levels of nitrogen fertilization and cutting management. A completely randomized block design with four replications was used. The treatments consisted of twelve factorial combinations of nitrogen fertilization doses (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg of N.ha-1) and three cutting times: early cut, late cut and no cut, totaling a factorial arrangement 4x3. The standard for cutting was the fraction of the photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the plants (50% for early cutting and 80% for late cutting). For each year of study, different locations were used within the same experimental station in order to evaluate the seed production of plants with similar age (3 years old), which were named environment 2016 and environment 2017, wherein in the environment 2016 occurred greater soil water deficit The application of N promoted the increase in forage mass, crude protein content, nitrogen nutrition index and the number of tillers. The maximum seed yield reached was close to 1000 kg.ha-1, yield reached with 150 kg of N.ha-1 in the environment 2016 and at dose 75 in the environment 2017. Such productivity was obtained by performing two harvests annually, which was possible by the use of early cutting and uncut treatments. However, with late cutting was possible to perform only one annual harvest, which resulted in lower total seed yield, but with a higher yield in only one harvest. Regarding to the seed germination, we observed that in situations of water deficit, plants with N supply compromise their seed quality in detriment of vegetative growth in the case of early harvests. On the other hand, the germination was improved when N was associated with late cut. In this way, we concluded that Paspalum notatum INIA Sepé ecotype has a good seed yield, which is positively influenced by nitrogen fertilization and early cut application.