Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Purpose: This in vitro study aims to analyze the effect of combining two ADA-recommended professionally applied 1:1 Chlorhexidine/Thymol varnish ((Cervitec Plus)) and professionally prescribed 5,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste ((PreviDent 5000 Plus)) on reducing lesion depth and increasing mineral content Materials & Methods: Forty-eight dentin specimens were randomly distributed into four treatment groups (n=12 per treatment). Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans were created on the polished surfaces of bovine root dentin specimens (n=12 per treatment). 1:1 Chlorhexidine/Thymol varnish was applied once then the tested 5,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste was applied for 120 seconds twice daily over the course of 2 days. Tested groups were: (1) 1:1 Chlorhexidine/Thymol varnish ((Cervitec Plus)) (C/T). (2) 5,000 ppm F toothpaste ((PreviDent 5000 Plus)) (F). (3) Combination of 1:1 Chlorhexidine/Thymol varnish ((Cervitec Plus)) & 5000 ppm F toothpaste ((PreviDent 5000 Plus)) (C/T+F). (4) Deionized water (DIW) as control group. Biofilms were analyzed for biofilm dry weight. Dentin specimens were analyzed using transversal microradiography (TMR) for mineral content change and lesion depth. PH data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Total biofilm dry weight data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Integrated mineral loss and lesion depth data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA All pair-wise comparisons from ANOVA analysis were made using Fisher’s Protected Least Significant Differences to control the overall significance level at 5%. Results: Treatment with (C/T+F) resulted in higher mean pH values compared to the control group (DIW) and (F) group. The average pH values of group (C/T) were not statistically different than group (C/T+F). the biomass of the combined S. mutans & C. albicans biofilm among all the groups were not significantly different. (DIW) presented significantly deeper lesions for both surfaces (sound &demineralized) when compared to (F) (P=0.0118), (C/T) (P=0.0002), and (C/T+F) (P<.0001). The sound surfaces for the specimens for group (C/T) and Group (F) showed superficial lesion depth. However, the sound surfaces of specimens treated with (C/T+F) showed the most superficial depth. Due to mineral gain, the demineralized surfaces of the specimens of both (C/T) & (C/T+F) showed a decrease in the lesion depth. Conclusion: Within the limitations of our study. The combination of 5,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste and CHX/Thymol had no significant effect on mineral content. However, the combination had a considerable effect on lesion depth reduction.

Purpose: Today two of the biggest problems within the construction industry in Sweden is the exceeding of budgets and that the projects do not finish in time. One of the reasons is the use of alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work that occurs during the project. The purpose is therefore to study the variations that can be related to the documents that are used during public procurement as well as provide some suggestions on how the procurement documents can be improved for future projects. Hence trying to decrease the use of variations in projects. Method: The study consists of a multiple case study with three similar projects. The methods that are used are a literature study that provides the base of the intended study. A study of documents is also a crucial element to be able to draw the connections between the procurement documents and the alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work. There will also be semi structured interviews that will strengthen the case study and increase the knowledge within the area. Findings: the study shows that 60 percent of the alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work can be connected to the procurement documents. There are a few causes that leads to the use of alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work in a project for example coordination between the different technical areas within the projects that can lead to contradictions in the documents. Too much material in the procurement documents can leads to conflicting information which leads to the use of alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work. With greater accuracy and greater coordination between the different technical areas, drawings, and other documents. Coordination between the areas would also improve if it is implemented in the early stages of design. It is important to be clear in the technical description which work is expected from the project which would lead to fewer the alterations, supplementaryand withdrawn work. Implications: the overall problem is in this study is how you can reduce the use off alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work connected to the procurement documents. Most of the alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work in a project can be connected to these documents. To be able to reduce the cost there should be a system implemented regarding the review and coordination of the procurement documents. Limitations: This study is limited to three different projects from different municipalities, to secure a more certain result there should be more equivalent projects included in the study. The interviews are limited to the project managers that where responsible for the specific projects in this study. Keywords: alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work, procurement documents, public procurement, specifications, regulations, technical specifications

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Objective: This study aimed to evaluate surface microhardness changes in early, incipient, non-cavitated white-spot, enamel caries lesions treated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) longitudinally. The utilization of silver nitrate and potassium fluoride test groups served as additional controls to assist in evaluating if the remineralization effects were due to the silver or fluoride component in SDF. Hypotheses: 1. SDF treatment will result in increased surface microhardness of early, incipient, non-cavitated white-spot, enamel caries lesions compared to all other tested interventions. 2. Specimen storage for 2-weeks in artificial saliva will result in greater surface rehardening in lesions treated with SDF compared to other tested interventions. Design: This laboratory study had 5 intervention groups (SDF, silver nitrate (AgNO3), potassium fluoride (KF), 5.0-percent sodium fluoride varnish (FV), deionized water (DI)) × 2-time intervals after intervention (immediate & delayed pH-cycling), resulting in 10 groups (n = 18). Early, incipient, non-cavitated white-spot, enamel caries lesions were created in bovine enamel and extent of demineralization was determined using Vickers surface microhardness (VHNlesion). Intervention treatments were applied. Half the specimens from each group underwent immediate 5-day pH-cycling and half were stored in an incubator with artificial saliva for two weeks before undergoing 5-day pH-cycling. After pH-cycling, lesion hardness was evaluated using VHNpost. Specimens were then exposed to a second demineralization challenge and lesion softening was evaluated using VHNsecdem. Surface rehardening was calculated: ΔVHN =VHNpost - VHNlesion. Surface softening was calculated: ΔVHNsecdem =VHNsecdem – VHNpost. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Results: Immediately cycled, SDF had significantly (p < .0001) greater remineralization than DI, AgNO3, and FV. All delayed cycling groups had significantly (p < .0001) greater remineralization than FV. Significantly greater remineralization was noted in delayed AgNO3 (p < .0001), DI (p = .0003), and FV (p = .0006) compared to immediately cycled. After the second demineralization challenge, FV had significantly less surface softening than AgNO3 (p = 0.0002), DI (p = 0.0003), KF (p = 0.0225), and SDF (p = 0.0388) intervention groups. No significant difference was found between the pH-cycle timings. Conclusion: Based on our findings, FV maybe better suitable than SDF to treat early, incipient, non-cavitated white-spot, enamel caries lesions. Longitudinally, SDF exhibited greater remineralization than both FV and DI groups, though not statistically significant. However, upon a second demineralization challenge, FV significantly outperformed SDF in preventing surface softening. / 2021-09-30

[pt] A presente dissertação busca colaborar para o estudo da insatisfação de consumo, principalmente para áreas de saúde suplementar e mercados regulados por órgão governamental, contribuindo para estudos acadêmicos e ações empresariais. Para isso, buscou compreender os fatores envolvidos na formação de insatisfação com os serviços de gerenciamento das ações de saúde de uma operadora de saúde suplementar brasileira. O levantamento se baseou em uma pesquisa qualitativa com vinte entrevistas em profundidade com beneficiários da operadora em questão, que formalizaram reclamação em canais da própria organização, do órgão regulador do setor (ANS) ou repercutiram negativamente com conhecidos. A partir dos dados coletados, foi possível encontrar cinco categorias de análise: expectativa do consumidor antes do uso do serviço, o conhecimento prévio do consumidor, os aspectos da prestação de serviço de maior influência na insatisfação de consumo, a forte presença de sentimentos dos consumidores sobre o serviço e as influências nos comportamentos pós-insatisfação. / [en] The present dissertation aims to contribute to the study of consumption dissatisfaction, mainly to supplement the areas of health and markets regulated by government agency, contributing to academic studies and business actions. To do so, it sought to understand the factors involved in the formation of dissatisfaction with the management services of health actions of a Brazilian supplementary health care provider. The survey was based in a qualitative research with 20 in-depth interviews with the beneficiaries from the chosen health care provider, which have formalized complaint in the organization s own communication channels or industry regulator (ANS). From the collected data, it was possible to find five categories of analysis: consumer expectation before usage of the service, prior knowledge of the consumer, the service s aspects that influence the most on consumer dissatisfaction, the strong presence of consumers feelings on the perception of the service and the influence on post-dissatisfaction behaviors.

I det svenska undervisningslandskapet har extraundervisning, från både privata och offentliga aktörer, under senaste decenniet fått en mer och mer betydelsefull och naturlig plats. Där både ideella och vinstdrivande organisationer under de senaste årtionden erhållit statliga subventioner eller bidrag. Det blir därför viktigt att skapa en förståelse för vilken typ av matematikundervisning som ges av dessa organisationer. Av särskilt intresse för denna studie är de ideella organisationerna, och dess volontärer, som erbjuder kostnadsfri undervisning i form av räknestugor i matematik för elever från gymnasieskolan. Tidigare forskning om de svenska ideella räknestugornas undervisning och dess volontärer lyser med sin frånvaro. Syftet med detta arbete är att skapa förståelse för verksamheten inom de ideella räknestugorna, dess volontärer och vilken matematikundervisning som där ges. För att undersöka volontärernas undervisning så genomfördes dels intervjuer med volontärerna, om deras föreställning om matematik som ämne och om matematikundervisning, dels observationer av volontärernas undervisning inom räknestugans verksamhet. Analys och tolkning av observationer och intervjuer tar utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning om lärares föreställning om matematik, lärande och dess undervisning. De intervjuade och observerade volontärerna gav en samstämmig bild, där föreställningen av matematik som kom till uttryck i intervjuer stämde väl överens med vad som observerades i undervisning. Av den tidigare forskningens tre föreställningar av matematiken gav de intervjuade och observerade volontärerna uttryck för två av de tre föreställningarna. Matematik som verktyg var ett förhållningssätt som uttrycktes av samtliga volontärer i både intervju och undervisning. Perspektivet matematik som problemlösning uttrycktes inte av någon av volontärerna i undervisning, och hade en tämligen tillbakaskjuten roll i den föreställning om matematik som uttrycktes i intervjuer. Slutsatsen är att utifrån vilka föreställningar av matematik som synliggörs inom undervisning kan räknestugor medföra vissa begränsningar sedda som undervisningsform, då den observerade undervisningen primärt gav uttryck för en föreställning om matematik som verktyg. Medan de platonska synsätten förekom till viss del och föreställningen av matematik som problemlösning ej kom till utryck i undervisningen. / In the Swedish educational landscape, supplementary tutoring, from both private and public organizations, has in the last decade gained a more and more significant and natural place. Where both non-profit and for-profit organizations have received government subsidies or grants in recent decades. It is therefore of important to gather an understanding of the type of mathematics education provided by these organizations. Of particular interest for this study are the non-profit organizations, and its volunteers, offering free tutoring in mathematics for student in the upper secondary school.Previous research on the non-profit supplementary tutoring in Sweden, and its volunteers, is lacking. The purpose of this work is to create an understanding of the activities in the non-profit supplementary tutoring, its volunteers and the mathematics teaching that is there provided. In order to investigate the volunteer’s educational practice, both interviews with the volunteers regarding their beliefs about mathematics as a school subject and their beliefs about mathematical education where conducted, and also on observations of the volunteer’s educational practice where done. Analysis and interpretation of observations and interviews are based on previous research about teachers’ beliefs of mathematics, learning and its teaching. The volunteers gave a coherent picture, where the beliefs of mathematics expressed in interviews was in agreement with what was observed in teaching practice. Of the previous research’s three beliefs of mathematics, the interviewed and observed volunteers, expressed two of the three beliefs. The Instrumentalists beliefs, mathematics as a tool, was expressed by all volunteers in both interview and teaching. The perspective of mathematics as problem solving was not expressed by any of the volunteers in their tutoring practice, and was almost invisible in the beliefs of mathematics expressed in interviews. The conclusion is that, from the beliefs of mathematics expressed in tutoring practice, the supplementary tutoring can be seen to have certain limitations as a form of education, since the observed practice primarily expressed the belief of mathematics as a tool. The platonic perspective appeared to some extent and the notion of mathematics as problem solving was not expressed in teaching.

Zementklinker ist der Hauptbestandteil von Zement und verbraucht zu dessen Herstellung signifikante Mengen von natürlichen Ressourcen und trägt gleichzeitig zu seiner sehr ungünstigen Treibhausgasbilanz bei. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass Zementersatzstoffe mit spezifischen Eigenschaften aus Abfallstoffen wie Kieswaschschlämmen, Strassenwaschschlämmen und Gipskartonplatten ohne Leistungseinbußen auf Produktseite, bei geringeren Temperaturen und geringerer CO2 Emission hergestellt werden können. Entsprechend den angestrebten Eigenschaften solcher zum Teil anthropogener Zementbestandteile wurden lokal verfügbare geeignete Abfallstoffe ausgewählt und thermisch aktiviert. Eine industriell anwendbare Methode zur Aktivierung solcher Stoffe bei Temperaturen von 700 °C – 850 °C wurde entwickelt und patentiert. Es basiert auf einem neu entwickelten Trocknungsverfahren und der Kombination von zwei Produktionslinien, um durch die Verknüpfung der Gasströme beider Systeme eine energieeffiziente thermische Behandlung von Abfallstoffen zu ermöglichen sowie auf umweltfreundliche Weise einen Zementersatzstoff herzustellen.:Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations Glossary Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Research hypotheses and objectives 1.3 Research methodology 1.4 Thesis outline Chapter 2: State of the art in SCM production 2.1 Supplementary cementitious materials 2.2 Classification of SCMs 2.2.1 Classification according to origin 2.2.2 Classification according to reaction behaviour 2.3 Chemical composition of SCMs 2.4 Formation of hydraulic or pozzolanic minerals in thermal processes 2.4.1 Cement clinker 2.4.2 Burnt oil shale 2.4.3 Fly ash 2.4.4 Calcined clay 2.5 Performance of composite cements 2.6 Calcining technologies 2.6.1 Flash calciner 2.6.2 Rotary calciner 2.7 Comparison of process technologies 2.8 Summary of Chapter 2 Chapter 3: Alternative SCMs and a new method for activation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Target of alternative SCM 3.3 Waste materials 3.3.1 Aggregate washing sludge 3.3.2 Road cleaning sludge 3.3.3 Deconstruction gypsum 3.4 Producing alternative SCMs 3.5 Thermal activation of alternative SCMs 3.6 Limitations in current calcining technology 3.6.1 Difficult emission control 3.6.1.1 Particulate emission 3.6.1.2 Gaseous emission 3.6.2 Challenging material preparation 3.6.3 Demand for noble fuels 3.6.4 Difficult colour control 3.6.5 Strict temperature control 3.6.6 CO2 footprint of calciners 3.7 Proposed new method of calcination 3.7.1 Feed material handling 3.7.2 Thermal heat-exchange system 3.7.3 Clay calciner design 3.7.4 Grinding 3.8 Summary Chapter 3 Chapter 4: Theoretical Considerations 4.1 Material considerations 4.1.1 Composition of alternative SCM 4.1.2 Anticipated products and characteristics 4.2 Process considerations 4.2.1 System capacity 4.2.2 Material characteristics 4.2.3 Material receiving, crushing and handling 4.2.4 Thermodynamic modelling 4.2.4.1 Mass balance 4.2.4.2 Drying and cooling heat balance 4.2.4.3 Calcination heat balance 4.2.4.4 Gas balance 4.2.4.5 Impact on clinker kiln line 4.2.4.6 Impact of calcite on the gas balance 4.2.5 Calciner design 4.2.6 Colour control 4.2.7 Emission prediction 4.2.7.1 Emission during drying 4.2.7.2 Emission during calcination 4.2.8 CO2 footprint of produced material 4.2.9 Grinding requirements 4.3 Summary of Chapter 4 Chapter 5: Experimental tests and proof of concept 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sampling and characterization 5.2.1 Kaolinitic AWS from France 5.2.2 Non-kaolinitic AWS from Switzerland 5.2.3 Road cleaning sludges from Switzerland 5.2.4 Deconstruction gypsum from Switzerland 5.2.5 Sample preparation and shipping 5.3 Drying screw conveyor testing 5.4 Calcination testing 5.4.1 Mineralogy of activated products 5.4.1.1 Non-kaolinitic SCM 5.4.1.2 Kaolinitic AWS from France 5.4.2 Colour 5.5 Crushing tests 5.6 Grinding tests 5.7 Mortar compressive strength testing 5.8 Water demand testing 5.9 Summary of Chapter 5 Chapter 6: Experimental results 6.1 Characteristics of activated materials 6.2 Concrete performance and colour 6.2.1 Thermally activated kaolinitic AWS from France 6.2.2 Thermally activated non-kaolinitic alternative SCM from Switzerland 6.3 Equipment dimensioning 6.3.1 Process mass flow 6.3.2 Heat-exchanging screws and thermal oil system 6.3.3 Rotary calciner dimensioning 6.3.4 Ball mill dimensioning 6.4 CO2 reduction 6.5 Summary of Chapter 6 Chapter 7: Conclusion and outlook 7.1 Conclusions 7.2 Outlook. Literature

<p>Cohabiting with a partner, rather than living in a legal marriage, has been documented as a significant risk factor for intimate partner homicide. This study used national U.S. homicide data from 1990-2005 to examine changes in risk patterns. The results showed that both male and female cohabiting victims experienced a steep decline in intimate partner homicide rates. Such was the strength of this decline that by 2005 cohabiting couples were no longer at higher risk than married couples. A similar, though weaker, trend was found in Canada between 1991 and 2006. It was hypothesised that this convergence of cohabiting and married homicide rates was due to cohabiting and married populations becoming more similar in terms of socio-demographic variables. Contrary to expectation, over time, the U.S. and Canadian cohabiting populations remained younger, poorer, less educated, and less conventional, than their married counterparts. This suggests that demographic changes were not responsible for the decline in cohabiting homicide rates. Further research is required to determine whether changes in union characteristics may have driven the decline in cohabiting homicide risk.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Concrete is the most widely used man-made material in the world. Its versatility, strength, and relative ease of construction allow it to be used in the majority of civil infrastructure. However, concrete production plays a significant role in greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for around 8% of CO2 emissions worldwide. This thesis aims to reduce the demand for cement in concrete construction, thus reducing the carbon footprint of the concrete, by focusing on classifying and determining the effectiveness of seven different quarry by-products as partial replacements of cement. Several methods were utilized in this study to characterize the quarry by-products: particle size distribution, helium pycnometry, X-Ray diffraction, X-Ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and a modified ASTM C1897 Method A that utilizes isothermal calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. These various methods allowed for the determination of the physical properties (e.g., gradation, specific gravity, and morphology) and the chemical properties (e.g., mineralogy and reactivity in a cementitious system). The quarry by-products were classified as four granites, two limestones, and one greenstone. These quarry by-products were found to be non-pozzolanic and non-hydraulic. However, there are indications that there may be reactions with the various clays and feldspars in the quarry by-products with calcium hydroxide, which suggests a degree of reactivity that is not necessarily pozzolanic or hydraulic. / Master of Science / Concrete is the most widely used man-made material in the world. Its versatility, strength, and relative ease of construction allow it to be used in the majority of civil infrastructure. However, concrete production plays a significant role in greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for around 8% of CO2 emissions worldwide. This thesis aims to reduce the demand for cement in concrete construction, thus reducing the carbon footprint of the concrete, by focusing on classifying and determining the effectiveness of seven different quarry by-products as partial replacements of cement. Several methods were utilized in this study to determine the physical properties (e.g., gradation, specific gravity, and morphology) and the chemical properties (e.g., mineralogy and reactivity in a cementitious solution) of the materials. The quarry by-products were classified as four granites, two limestones, and one greenstone. In general, these quarry by-products were not found to be reactive as a supplementary cementitious material, although the data may suggest some degree of reactivity between calcium hydroxide and the clays and/or feldspars in the quarry by-products.

Résumé : L’utilisation des cendres volantes générées par la combustion de biomasse présente une solution très prometteuse pour la conception de bétons écologiques de haute performance. Cependant, leur comportement dans un milieu cimentaire est encore peu étudié. Ce projet est concentré sur la compréhension des processus d’hydratation d’un système cimentaire contenant les cendres volantes de biomasse disponibles localement. Lors du programme expérimental, la caractérisation physico-chimique des cendres volantes étudiées a d’abord été réalisée. Ensuite, leur effet sur les propriétés rhéologiques, la cinétique d’hydratation, l’évolution des hydrates avec le temps et le développement des résistances ont été examinés. Les systèmes étudiés sont des pâtes et des mortiers avec différents taux de remplacement de ciment par les cendres volantes et deux rapports eau/liant de 0,5 et 0,4 en absence et en présence de superplastifiant. La variation des propriétés physico-chimiques de différents échantillons des cendres volantes (finesse, teneur en chaux libre, en sulfates et en calcite) a été utilisée pour déterminer l’effet de chacun de ces paramètres sur les performances des mélanges. Le remplacement partiel du ciment par les cendres volantes de biomasse entraine des changements sur la rhéologie, la cinétique d’hydratation, la composition des hydrates et la microstructure des pâtes hydratées. De plus, certains problèmes de compatibilité entre les cendres volantes et les superplastifiants sont observés. En se basant sur l’analyse des résultats obtenus, les explications des phénomènes qui se produisent dans les systèmes cimentaires contenant les cendres volantes de biomasse sont proposées. / Abstract : The use of wastepaper sludge ash (WSA) represents a very promising solution for ecological high performance concrete design. However, the effect of WSA on cementitious systems properties is still insufficiently studied. The present project intends to understand the hydration process in Portland cement systems containing locally available WSA. The experimental program begins with characterization of WSA physico-chemical properties. Then, the effect of WSA on rheology, hydration kinetics, hydration products evolution over time and strength development in cement blends is investigated. The systems discussed here are cement pastes and mortars with different cement replacement by WSA ratio and two water to binder ratio (0,5 and 0,4) with and without superplasticizer. The variation of physico-chemical properties (fineness; free lime, sulphate and calcite content) between different WSA samples was used to determine the effect of each of these parameters on blended cement performances. Partial cement replacement by WSA leads to changes in rheology, hydration kinetics, composition of the hydrates and microstructure of hydrated pastes. Moreover, some incompatibility problems between WSA and superplasticizers used are observed. Based on experimental results analysis, the explanations of the phenomena taking place in cement systems containing WSA are proposed.

Vertical transmission of HIV is still a growing concern in South Africa. Breastfed infants are still at risk as HIV is present in breast milk, leaving HIV-positive mothers unsure of the best feeding option for their infants. However, there are various infant feeding techniques that HIV-positive mothers can use to supplement breastfeeding and flash-heat is one of them. Flash-heat is heat treating expressed breast milk to deactivate HIV for infant feeding. This study explored the possibility of HIV-positive mothers to practice flash-heating method for their infants exclusively for four months as a strategy to prevent vertical transmission of HIV. A descriptive, explorative and contextual design using a mixed method was used to obtain data from mothers in a post natal ward at Tembisa hospital. The mixed method used was useful in identifying the number of HIV-positive mothers who would adopt the flash-heat technique, the characteristics of mothers whom the technique could be promoted to, the factors that influence/affect the choice of infant feeding for these mothers, as well as their feelings associated with the feeding technique. Most (74%) mothers had a positive response to the flash-heat technique compared to 10% who were uncertain. They believed that heat treating their breast milk would result in their infants being HIV-free. In addition they believed that this method was cheaper than formula feeding and expressed positive feelings about touching their breast milk while expressing with no adverse feelings of expressing into a glass jar. Furthermore, findings of this study indicated that HIV-positive mothers in a public health facility would adopt flash-heat as an alternative infant feeding method. Thus practical guidelines to promote this feeding method were proposed. The proposed draft guidelines which promote the use of the flash-heat infant feeding method for HIV-positive mothers in public sector facilities will be communicated to relevant authorities such as the National Department of Health. These guidelines support the new policy shift to exclusive breastfeeding as a child survival strategy in South Africa. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)