[pt] Espectroscopia de ressonância plasmônica de superfície (SPR) é uma técnica óptica amplamente utilizada para monitorizar as alterações físicas ou químicas que ocorrem em uma interface metal - dielétrico. A medição simultânea da espessura e do índice de refração de filmes finos orgânicos, adsorvidos ou depositados sobre a superfície plana de um metal, requer duas medições independentes seguindo uma metodologia designada na literatura como método de duas cores ou método de dois meios. Na primeira, as duas medições são realizadas utilizando diferentes comprimentos de onda da radiação eletromagnética interagindo com a amostra. Na segunda, o índice de refração do meio externo (gás, líquido) é alterado entre as duas medições. Enquanto o primeiro método implica no conhecimento da função de dispersão da fase orgânica, o segundo só produz resultados precisos quando as moléculas orgânicas não interagem quimicamente com o fluido externo. Ambos os métodos apresentam dificuldades quando são aplicados à caracterização de materiais luminescentes orgânicos, os quais são na maior parte do tempo altamente reativos à umidade e ao contato com solventes orgânicos. Neste trabalho foi montado um espectrômetro de SPR automatizado. Primeiramente, ele foi testado na caracterização de amostras feitas no laboratório em termos do valor absoluto, e da homogeneidade das constantes ópticas da deposição metálica que suporta a onda de plasma. Nós demonstramos que medições precisas de constantes ópticas permitem a determinação do índice de refração de filmes finos orgânicos luminescentes, evaporados termicamente utilizando o método de substrato com dois metais. Este método, que até onde sabemos é apenas teorizado na literatura, foi aplicado a uma amostra encapsulada com um filme fino de Alq3 comercial. Além disso, a interface metal/Alq3 foi exposta a ar, e a degradação foi monitorada em tempo real, indicando uma diminuição progressiva do ângulo de ressonância da amostra. / [en] Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy (SPR) is an optical technique widely used to monitor the physical or chemical changes occurring at a metal-dielectric interface. The simultaneous measurement of the thickness and the index of refraction of organic thin films adsorbed or deposited on the metal flat surface require two independent measurements following a methodology commonly named in literature as Two-Colors Method or Two-Medium Method. In the first one, the two measurements are performed using different wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation interacting with the sample. In the second one the index of refraction of the external medium (gas, liquid) is changed between the two measurements.While the first method implies the knowledge of the dispersion function of the organic layer, the second one gives accurate results only when the organic molecules don t interact chemically with the external fluid. Both of these methods present difficulties when applied to the characterization of luminescent organic materials, most of the time highly reactive to humidity and to the contact with organic solvents. In this work an automated SPR spectrometer was assembled and first tested on the characterization of home-made samples in terms of the absolute value and homogeneity of the optical constants of the metal deposition supporting the plasma wave. We demonstrate that accurate measurements of such optical constants allow the determination of the index of refraction of thermally evaporated luminescent organic thin films using a Two-Metal Substrate Method. This method, to our knowledge only theorized up to now in literature, has been applied to an encapsulated sample containing a thin film of commercial Alq3. Further, the degradation of the metal/Alq3 interface exposed to air has been real time monitored indicating a progressive drop in the angle of resonance of the sample.

La multiplication des résistances aux antibiothérapies actuelles et l’utilisation potentielle de bactéries pathogènes dans le cadre d’attentats bioterroristes rendent nécessaire la recherche de nouvelles cibles biologiques et la découverte de nouvelles stratégies antibiotiques. Dans ce contexte, les mécanismes d’assimilation du fer chez les bactéries à Gram négatif sont des cibles particulièrement prometteuses. Le fer est en effet un élément essentiel à la vie, mais peu biodisponible. Les bactéries ont donc développé des mécanismes efficaces pour subvenir à leurs besoins en fer. Ces mécanismes de transport nécessitent un apport d’énergie fourni par une machinerie bactérienne complexe, la machinerie TonB. La protéine TonB, qui joue un rôle central dans le fonctionnement de cette machinerie, est la cible de notre approche. Nous souhaitons séquestrer cette protéine dans le périplasme grâce à des composés peptidiques fonctionnalisés par des hétérocycles de type isoindole ou 1,2,4-triazine. La conception et la synthèse de ces molécules sont présentées dans ce manuscrit, ainsi que leurs perspectives de vectorisation en utilisant une stratégie dite du "cheval de Troie". Notre contribution à la mise au point d’un test d’affinité in vitro est également abordée. / The increasing resistances to the current antibiotherapies, and the potential use of pathogenic bacteria as biological weapons led us to the absolute necessity of discovering new biological targets and new antibiotic strategies. In this context, iron uptake pathways of Gram negative bacteria are promising targets. Indeed, iron is an essential nutrient, but it has a low bioavailability. Bacteria have developed efficient iron uptake pathways in order to proliferate. Iron is transported in the bacterial cell by specific outer membrane transporters and thanks to the energy provided by a complex molecular machinery, called TonB. The TonB protein, which is the keystone of this machinery, is a key target for the development of new antibiotics. We would like to sequester this protein in the periplasm thanks to molecules constituted of a peptidic moiety and a heterocyclic moiety such as isoindole or 1,2,4-triazine. The conception and the synthesis of these compounds are presented in this document, as well as their possibilities to be vectorized using a “Trojan Horse” strategy. Our contribution to the development of an in vitro test of affinity is presented as well.

No description available.

Les norovirus sont l'une des causes principales de gastroentérite. Depuis 2002, des variants de norovirus GII.4 successifs ont circulé dans la population par cycle de 2-3 ans, ce qui suscite des interrogations quant au rôle de leurs ligands, les antigènes tissulaires de groupes sanguins (HBGA), dans leur évolution. Nous avons analysé l'interaction entre des variants de GII.4 représentatifs et des HBGA, et déterminé le rôle d’acides aminés (aa) clés. Par mutagénèse dirigée, nous avons montré qu’une configuration stricte des aa directement impliqués dans l’accroche est indispensable. La suppression de la thréonine 395, caractéristique des variants après 2002, confère la capacité de se lier à Lex et Si-Lex, démontrant que les aa en dehors du site de liaison peuvent modifier les propriétés d’attachement. L'analyse de l'accroche de VLP de 6 variants isolés de 1987 à 2007 à des échantillons de salive phénotypés et des HBGA synthétiques montre que tous les variants sont capables de s’attacher à la salive des sécréteurs indépendamment du phénotype ABO et aux oligosaccharides propres au phénotype sécréteur. Deux variants récents ont pu également s’accrocher aux sucres présents dans la salive des nonsécréteurs Le(+). Nos données suggèrent que la capacité de se lier à Lex et Si-Lex serait une conséquence de la variation génétique des aa situés à proximité du site de liaison. L'analyse des propriétés d’attachement par résonance plasmonique de surface a montré que seuls les variants après 2002 présentent une affinité forte pour les antigènes A et B, suggérant que l’accélération évolutive des GII.4 pourrait être liée à une affinité accrue des variants pour les HBGA après 2002. / Noroviruses are one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. Since 2002 successive GII.4 variants have circulated in the population before being replaced every 2-3 years, which raises questions about the role of their histo-blood group antigen (HBGAs) receptors in their evolution. We analyzed the interaction between representative GII.4 variants and HBGAs and determined the role of selected amino acids (aa) in the binding profiles. By mutagenesis, we showed that there was a strict structural requirement for the aa directly implicated in HBGA bindings. The ablation of the threonine 395 residue, an epidemiological feature of the post 2002 variants, allowed to gain the capacity to bind to the Lewis x and sialyl-Lewis x antigens, demonstrating that aa residues outside the HBGA binding site can modify the binding properties. The analysis of the attachment of VLPs from 6 variants isolated from 1987 to 2007 to phenotyped saliva samples and synthetic HBGAs shows that all variants could attach to saliva of secretors irrespective of the ABO phenotype and to oligosaccharides characteristic of the secretor phenotype. Interestingly, two recent variants additionally bound to carbohydrates present in the saliva of Lewis-positive non-secretors. Our data suggest that GII.4 binding to Lex and Si-Lex antigens might be a by-product of the genetic variation of the aa located in the vicinity of the binding site. Analysis of the binding properties by surface plasmon resonance showed that only post 2002 variants presented a strong affinity for A and B antigens, suggesting that the GII.4 evolution could be related to an increased affinity for HBGAs for the post 2002 variants.

Os receptores dos hormônios da tireóide (TRs) são fatores de transcrição envolvidos na diferenciação celular, metabolismo e funções fisiológicas da maioria dos tecidos. Muitos estudos mostram que diversos efeitos farmacológicos mediados pelos TRs podem ser benéficos na farmacoterapia, especialmente aqueles mediados pelo TR que podem ser úteis em condições médicas importantes como obesidade, hipercolesterolemia e diabetes. Além disso, a descoberta que o TR é a isoforma predominante no coração, mediando a maioria dos efeitos cardiovasculares prejudiciais, estimulou a pesquisa por ligantes seletivos para o TR que poderiam ser utilizados em quadros clínicos importantes com perfil de segurança aceitável. Foi realizado um estudo das relações quantitativas entre a estrutura e atividade (QSAR) de um conjunto de compostos com atividade biológica descrita para TR e TR, que gerou modelos de Holograma QSAR com elevada consistência interna e externa, apresentando bom poder de correlação e predição das propriedades biológicas. Também foi realizado um minucioso estudo de triagem virtual, que propiciou a seleção de 7 compostos que foram adquiridos para terem suas atividades biológicas avaliadas. Ensaios de transfecção e gene repórter foram estabelecidos e utilizados na avaliação da atividade biológica dos compostos selecionados pelo ensaio virtual. Finalmente, um ensaio utilizando ressonância plasmônica de superfície (SPR) foi desenvolvido e utilizado para avaliar a atividade agonista desses compostos, e que pode ser útil para avaliar a atividade de novos ligantes. A técnica de SPR também foi empregada em um cuidadoso estudo da interação do TR com seus correguladores, que incluiu estudos cinéticos e termodinâmicos, propiciando a determinação das taxas cinéticas e parâmetros termodinâmicos para a interação do complexo TR-T3 com peptídeos derivados de dois de seus correguladores. Os resultados obtidos são relevantes e devem ser considerados no planejamento de futuros experimentos utilizando o LBD de TR e agonistas. / The thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are transcriptional factors involved in cell differentiation, development, metabolism and physiological function of most tissues. Many lines of evidence show that several pharmacological actions of TRs might be beneficial in medical therapy, specially those mediated by TR that target important medical conditions like obesity, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes. Additionally, the findings that TR is the predominant isoform in the heart and mediates most of the TRs deleterious cardiovascular effects, stimulated the research for selective TR ligands which could address important medical needs with an acceptable safety profile. In this PhD thesis, studies of the quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) of a dataset of compounds with reported biologic activity for both TR and TR were performed, and statistically significant Hologram QSAR models with good predictive ability for untested compounds were created. In parallel, a careful virtual screening procedure was executed, leading to the selection of 7 compounds which were purchased for the evaluation of their biological activities. Cell transfection and reporter gene assays were developed, validated and used to evaluate the biological activities of these compounds. Finally, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay was developed and used to assess the agonistic activity of these compounds. The SPR technique was also employed in a careful study of the interaction between the ligand binding domain of TR and peptides derived from its coregulators, which included the determination of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for this interaction. The results suggest that flexibility plays an important role in the interaction between the receptor and its coregulators, and point out important aspects of experimental design that should be addressed when using TR LBD and its agonists. Furthermore, the methodology described here may be useful for the identification of new TR ligands.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver biosensores de membranas baseados na técnica de Ressonância Plasmônica de Superfície (SPR) e aplicá-los no estudo da interação do citocromo c (cit c) com modelos de membranas. SPR é uma técnica ótica, que através de medidas de variações de índice de refração (n) próximas a uma interface mensura com alta sensibilidade a adsorção ou ligação de moléculas. Inicialmente desenvolvemos um sistema de gradiente de fluxo acoplado ao SPR, denominado FIG-SPR, e demonstramos a determinação automatizada da variação de n em função da concentração (dn/dC) de diferentes compostos e biopolímeros. O desenvolvimento dos biosensores de membranas iniciou-se com o estudo dos fatores que afetam a formação de uma membrana de bicamada híbrida (HBM). HBMs são compostas de uma monocamada de alcanotiol adsorvida sobre o ouro, e sobre esta uma camada fosfolipídica. A formação da HBM depende da fusão de vesículas em superfícies hidrofóbicas e que não é bem compreendido no nível molecular. Nossos estudos mostraram que na presença de cálcio e espermina a formação da HBM é favorecida, de tal forma que a monocamada de fosfolipídio alcança valores de espessura próximos àqueles previstos, cerca de 20 Å\'. Além disso, mostramos que em soluções de baixa força iônica a camada lipídica não é homogênea. Demonstramos também que a presença de cálcio na concentração 150 mM diminui o tempo de formação da monocamada lipídica cerca de 14 vezes quando comparado ao tempo indicado na literatura. A homogeneidade da HBM e a carga superficial da mesma foram verificadas com a adsorção e a dissociação de cit c e de albumina bovina (BSA). Utilizando HBMs de composição lipídica variada demonstramos a adsorção e a dissociação de cit c induzida por cálcio em HBMs mistas, incluindo um modelo mimético da membrana mitocondrial interna (IMM) constituído de fosfatidilcolina, fosfatidiletanolamina e cardiolipina (PC/PE/CL) na proporção (4,5:3,5:2,0). Demonstramos que a adsorção de cit c nativo segue um perfil cooperativo e padrões esperados de variação de afinidade e cooperatividade em pHs 6,8, 7,4 e 8,0. Um modelo matemático foi desenvolvido para tratar as curvas de ligação de cit c, que é uma adaptação do modelo de Hill para adsorção de proteínas em superfícies. Os resultados de SPR juntamente com dados obtidos por Microscopia de Força Atômica (AFM) sugerem que a ligação cooperativa de cit c com HBM ocorre devido à reorganização das moléculas de CL e formação de domínios fosfolipídicos. O tratamento dos resultados cinéticos da dissociação de cit c por cálcio indica a existência de duas constantes de velocidade de dissociação (kd), sendo a primeira constante (kd1) relacionada à perda das interações eletrostáticas entre a proteína e a HBM, e a segunda (kd2) à perda das interações hidrofóbicas. Além disso, a dissociação do cit c do modelo estudado requer uma concentração mínima de cálcio de 30 µM para se tornar significativa. O estudo da interação entre moléculas de cit c foto-oxidadas (citc405) e a HBM de PC/PE/CL sugerem que ela ocorre com menor afinidade, nos três pHs estudados, se comparados aos resultados com cit c nativo. Além disso, nossos resultados sugerem que o citc405 não é facilmente dissociado por cálcio devido à perda da cooperatividade na interação. Possíveis implicações em eventos celulares destas descobertas, como a liberação do cit c da IMM e a iniciação da apoptose, são discutidas / The aim of this work was to develop membrane biosensors based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and to apply them to study the interactions between cytochrome c (cyt c) and model membranes. SPR is an optical technique that provides high-sensitivity measurements of refractive index (n), allowing the characterization of the adsorption and desorption of molecules near interfaces. Initially we developed a flow gradient system connected to SPR, which was called FIG-SPR, and demonstrated the automated determination of the concentration gradient of refractive index (dn/dC) of different materials and biopolymers. The development of the membrane biosensors was initiated by studying the factors that affect the formation of a hybrid bilayer membrane (HBM). HBMs are composed of two monolayers: an alcanethiol monolayer adsorbed on gold over which is adsorbed a layer of phospholipids. The formation of an HBM depends on the fusion of phospholipid vesicles on hydrophobic surfaces, a process that is not well understood at the molecular level. Our results showed that in the presence of calcium and spermine the complete formation of an HBM is facilitated, i.e., the phospholipid monolayer reaches the expected thickness of about 20Å\'. However, in low ionic strength solutions the lipid layer that is formed is not homogeneous. We have also demonstrated that in the presence of 150 mM of calcium the time necessary for the formation of the lipid monolayer is reduced 14 times when compared to the times suggested in the literature. The homogeneity of the HBM and its superficial charge were verified with the adsorption and desorption of cyt c and bovine serum albumine (BSA). The adsorption and desorption of cyt c in different HBMs were studied including a model of the internal mitochondrial membrane (IMM), which is made of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin (PC/PE/CL) in the ratio (4,5: 3,5: 2,0). We demonstrated that the adsorption of native cyt c follows a cooperative profile showing expected changes in affinity and cooperativity in different solution pHs of 6,8, 7,4 and 8,0. A mathematical model, which is an adaptation of the Hill model for adsorption of proteins in surfaces, was developed to treat the binding curves of cyt c. The results of SPR together with those obtained by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) suggested that the cooperative binding of cyt c in HBMs occurs due to the reorganization of CL molecules and formation of phospholipid domains. The kinetic results of the dissociation of cyt c induced by calcium indicates the existence of two velocity constants (kd), being the larger (kd1) related to the dissociation of cyt c interacting electrostatically with the HBM, and the smaller (kd2) related to the dissociation of cyt c interacting hydrophobically with the HBM. Moreover, the dissociation of cyt c from the HBM requires a minimum calcium concentration of 30 µM. The study of the interaction between photo-oxidized cyt c molecules (cytc405) and the PC/PE/CL HBM suggests that it occurs with smaller affinity when compared with the results obtained with the native cyt c. Moreover, cytc405 is not easily dissociated by calcium due to the loss of the interaction cooperativity with the HBM. Possible implications of these discoveries in cellular events, such as the release of cyt c from the IMM and the initiation of apoptosis, are discussed

Cette thèse expérimentale s’est attachée à l’étude des effets induits par l’extension spatiale desplasmons de surface sur l’émission de matériaux organiques et inorganiques. Le système estformé d’un ensemble d’émetteurs localisés émettant principalement des plasmons de surfacedélocalisés. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’imagerie par microscopieplasmon, technique de plus en plus utilisée dans divers domaines, notamment la biologie. Nousavons montré que l’émission détectée en un point provient essentiellement de l’environnementet non du point observé, définissant ainsi un cercle d’influence lié à la longueur de propagationdu plasmon de surface. Quand le plasmon interagit plus fortement avec des émetteurs, ilpeut entrer en régime de couplage fort. Ce couplage fort se traduit par un changement dansles énergies du système et par l’apparition de nouveaux états hybrides excitons-plasmons, lespolaritons. Les différents émetteurs localisés (des chaines de colorants agrégés) ne sont alorsplus indépendants entre eux. Des mesures de diffusion montrent un effet collectif induit par lecouplage fort. Ces expériences ont été confirmées par des mesures de cohérence spatiale, réaliséesen ajoutant une expérience de fentes d’Young au dispositif de microscopie plasmon. Ilapparait qu’un état cohérent étendu sur plusieurs microns se forme, conformément aux prévisionsthéoriques. L’ensemble d’émetteurs se comporte alors comme une macromolécule, dontl’interaction est induite par le plasmon de surface. / This experimental thesis studies effects induced by the spatial extension of surface plasmonpolaritons on the emission properties of organic and inorganic materials. First, we focused onleakage radiation microscopy images, a technic which is now widely used in a lot of differentscientific fields, as biology for exemple. We showed that the detected emission at a given point ofthe fluorescence image of an assembly of emitters mostly comes from the environment and notfrom the observed point, defining an influence circle related to the surface plasmon propagationlength. When the surface plasmon strongly interact with emitters, the strong coupling leadsto energy modifications in the system and new hybride states excitons-plasmons appear calledpolaritons. All the different localized emitters (aggregated dye chains) are not independantanymore. Diffusion measurments showed a collective effect induced by the strong-coupling.Two Young’s slits experiment added on the optical system confirm that an extended coherentstate of several micrometers is created as predicted by theory. All emitters behave as only onemacromolecule where the interaction is mediated by the surface plasmon.

Les propriétés optiques et vibrationnelles de nanoparticules métalliques individuelles ont été étudiées par spectroscopie par modulation spatiale (SMS), avec une attention particulière aux effets de forme, composition, environnement local, ainsi que de couplage inter-particule. La réponse optique de nanoparticules (métalliques au cœur-couronne métal-diélectrique) allongées et des particules bimétalliques (hétérodimères or-argent) a été mesuré et en suite interprétée grâce à une corrélation avec la caractérisation morphologique de la même particule obtenue par microscopie à transmission électronique et avec des simulations par éléments finis prenants en compte la réelle géométrie du nano-objet et le substrat. Une technique pompe sonde résolue en temps a été en suite utilisée pour étudier le profil Fano dans l'absorption d'une particule d'or au sein d'un hétérodimères or-argent. Sur une échelle de temps des quelques dizaines de picosecondes, les vibrations acoustiques multimodales de nanobipyramides d'or individuelles ont été optiquement détectées et caractérisées par rapport à un modèle élastique classique / Optical and vibrational properties of individual metal-based nanoparticles have been investigated by spatial modulation spectroscopy (SMS), focusing on their dependence on nano-object shape, composition, environment and inter-particle coupling. Quantitative investigations of the optical response, and in particular, the surface plasmon resonance (extinction cross-section amplitude, spectral position and linewidth) of elongated metal or metal-dielectric (gold nanorods, nanobipyramids with or without silica coating) and bimetallic (gold-silver heterodimers) nanoparticles deposited on a substrate have first been performed. The same nanoparticles were characterized by electron microscopy permitting quantitative interpretation of their optical response using finite element numerical simulations, taking into account the influence of the substrate. Combining SMS microscopy with a high sensitivity femtosecond two-color pump-probe setup, the ultrafast dynamics of single nano-objects has been investigated. The Fano absorption profile of a gold nanoparticle within a single gold-silver heterodimer, a parameter not accessible by linear spectroscopy, was directly measured. On a picosecond time-scale, multimodal acoustic vibrations of single gold nanobipyramids were optically lunched and detected, and their features compared to a model based on continuum elasticity

Le développement de méthodes rapides, précises et ultra-sensibles pour la détection d'analytes cibles en solution est crucial pour la recherche et les applications potentielles en médecine ou biologie moléculaire. Une approche très prometteuse consiste à développer des nano-capteurs à partir de nano-objets métalliques (NOM) qui présentent une résonance d'extinction dans leur réponse optique. Cette résonance nommée résonance de plasmon de surface localisée (RPSL) peut être ajustée spectralement en jouant sur la nature, la morphologie et l'environnement du NOM. Mesurer des modifications sur la RPSL de nano-objets individuels en présence d'analytes cibles doit permettre de s'affranchir des effets de moyennes dans les mesures d'ensemble. De plus, cela ouvre la voie vers le développement d'échantillons micrométriques pour des tests multicibles sans étiquette (« label-free »).Dans ce travail on a développé un nouveau dispositif expérimental basé sur la technique de spectroscopie à modulation spatiale (SMS) permettant de sonder la réponse optique de NOM individuels en milieu liquide. En parallèle des méthodes de synthèse ont été mises au point pour obtenir des échantillons sondes stables permettant des mesures sur NOM unique, en particulier sur des bipyramides d'or qui présentent de nombreuses qualités intrinsèques faisant d'elles de bonnes candidates pour le « bio-sensing ».Des mesures ont été réalisées dans des environnements d'indice variable et les changements détectés sont en bon accord avec les simulations théoriques. De plus, de nombreuses études ont été réalisées pour comprendre l'influence des nombreux paramètres agissant sur la réponse optique des systèmes étudiés / Advances in the development of rapid, accurate and highly sensitive methods for detecting target analytes in solution will provide crucial tools for research and applications in medicine and molecular biology. One of the currently most promising approaches is the development of nanosensors based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of noble metal nano-objects (MNOs), which is an optical response that depends on their size, shape, composition and local environment. The ability to measure the modification of the reponse of a single MNO in the presence of a target analyte would allow each object to act as an independent probe with increased sensitivity as the signal would be isolated from the averaging effects of ensemble measurements. Furthermore it would allow the development of micrometric, functionalized multiprobe samples for multitarget label-free assays.In this work, a novel experimental setup based on the spatial modulation spectroscopy (SMS) technique has been developed to measure the optical response of individual nano-objects in a liquid environment. In parallel, a new technique has also been developed to elaborate stable probes for measurements with the new setup, with a focus on gold bipyramids due to numerous qualities that make them excellent candidates for biosensing probes. The setup has been used to measure the response of individual objects in environments of different real refractive indices and the detected changes have been shown to be in good agreement with theoretical calculations. Numerical studies have also been performed to investigate the influence on the optical response of numerous factors encountered in the studied systems

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse porte sur le développement de chimie de surface et de biocapteurs pouvant être utilisés dans le milieu hospitalier afin d’améliorer les méthodes de dépistages et de suivi de traitement de diverses maladies et cancers. Les méthodes actuelles de dépistage du cancer reposent principalement sur l’analyse histologique des cellules par des experts dans le domaine. Cela complique la transmission de l’information au patient et retarde le moment où un traitement approprié peut être entamé. Grâce à de nouvelles techniques d’analyses simples et peu coûteuses comme la spectroscopie de résonance des plasmons de surface (SPR), il est possible de développer des tests qui pourront être effectués par le personnel de l’hôpital, en peu de temps et à peu de frais. Afin de pouvoir utiliser la SPR en milieu clinique, une chimie de surface appropriée doit être développée afin d’empêcher les matrices biologiques de masquer le signal des analytes d’intérêt. En effet, qu’il s’agisse de lysat cellulaire, de sérum ou de tout autre fluide biologique, le contenu protéique et lipidique peut s’adsorber de façon non-spécifique aux surfaces d’analyse, compromettant ainsi les résultats obtenus. Afin de pallier ce problème, le développement de chimie de surface a été effectué. Des monocouches de peptides et de liquides ioniques ont été utilisées afin de réduire l’adsorption non-spécifique de lysat cellulaire non-dilué sur des capteurs SPR. Parmi les peptides, le plus efficace s’est avéré être le 3 MPA (His)2(Leu)2(Phe)2 OH, un peptide chargé positivement formé de 6 acides aminés plutôt hydrophobes. Grâce à cette surface, l’adsorption non-spécifique de lysat cellulaire a pu être réduite jusqu’à 159 ± 27 ng/cm2, par rapport à 929 ± 186 ng/cm2 sur une surface d’or non protégée. Une étude en spectrométrie de masse a permis de mieux comprendre le phénomène d’adsorption non-spécifique de lysat cellulaire et de confirmer que ce sont principalement des lipides qui s’adsorbent non-spécifiquement au capteur SPR lorsque celui-ci est exposé à du lysat cellulaire. Malgré la nette amélioration par rapport à un capteur non protégé, le phénomène d’adsorption non-spécifique était encore significativement présent avec les monocouches de peptides. L’adsorption non-spécifique de lysat cellulaire a ensuite été drastiquement réduite grâce aux liquides ioniques hydrophobes et chargés. Le liquide ionique le plus performant a montré une adsorption non-spécifique d’à peine 2 ± 2 ng/cm2. Par la suite, un biocapteur permettant la détection de HER2, un biomarqueur de cancer du sein présent dans environ 30% des cas de cancers du sein agressifs, a été développé. Cela a permis de démontrer que le liquide ionique pouvait être utilisé pour la construction d’un biocapteur, ouvrant ainsi la porte à un large domaine d’analyses en lysat cellulaire. Finalement, les défis de l’analyse SPR avec des échantillons cliniques ont été explorés par le développement d’un biocapteur pour l’anti-asparaginase, permettant de faire le suivi de traitement de patients atteints de leucémie. L’asparaginase est administrée aux patients leucémiques, en combinaison avec plusieurs autres composés chimiothérapiques, afin de combattre ce cancer. Toutefois, plusieurs patients ont une réaction allergique à cette protéine de source bactérienne, mais ne démontrent pas de symptômes physiques. Le biocapteur développé visait donc à détecter les réactions immunitaires des patients afin de modifier leur traitement lorsque cela s’avère nécessaire. Un biocapteur pour la détection de l’anti-asparaginase dans le sérum non-dilué de patients leucémiques a donc été développé. Des échantillons cliniques ont été étudiés et les résultats obtenus pour le nouveau biocapteur SPR ont montré une bonne concordance avec les résultats obtenus en ELISA. / This thesis describes the development of clinical biosensors. These biosensors were developed with the aim of improving diagnostic and treatment monitoring methods. Actual monitoring methods often rely on histological analysis performed by experts. This complicates the transmission of the information to the patient and delays the onset of an appropriate treatment. It is envisioned to develop simple experiments at low cost, which will allow untrained personnel to perform the testing on-site with biosensing technologies such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR). In order to perform SPR in clinical analysis, appropriate surface chemistry must be developed to prevent nonspecific adsorption. Nonspecific adsorption is the fouling of surfaces with biomolecules contained in the sample matrix such as proteins or lipids of biofluids. This leads to false positive signals preventing the correct measurement of the analyte concentration. Peptide and ionic liquid monolayers have been studied in this thesis to prevent nonspecific adsorption of undiluted cell lysate. The most efficient peptide was the 3 MPA (His)2(Leu)2(Phe)2 OH peptide, a 6 amino acids hydrophobic and positively charged peptide. The nonspecific adsorption of cell lysate was reduced to 159 ± 27 ng/cm2, compared to 929 ± 186 ng/cm2 on a bare gold surface. Also, mass spectrometry was performed to better understand the cell lysate nonspecific adsorption phenomenon. This study showed lipids were mostly adsorbed on the sensor when exposed to cell lysate. Despite a significant reduction of nonspecific adsorption with peptides, it remained unoptimal and should be improved. The newly developed hydrophobic and charged ionic liquids nearly eliminated the nonspecific adsorption of undiluted cell lysate, with only 2 ± 2 ng/cm2 of nonspecific material adsorbed on the surface. Then, a biosensor of an aggressive breast cancer biomarker, HER2, was developed. This proved that the ionic liquids could be used in the development of clinical biosensors. Finally, the challenges of the analysis of clinical samples with SPR sensing were explored with the development of an anti-asparaginase biosensor for leukemic patients. Asparaginase is a chemotherapeutic drug administered to patients in combination with various other drugs to treat leukemia. However, many patients suffer from silent allergic reactions due to the bacterial source of this drug. Therefore, a biosensor was developed to detect the antibodies in undiluted serum produced against the drug, which could ultimately serve to modify the patient’s treatment when necessary. Clinical samples from leukemia patients were studied and the results were in good agreement with ELISA experiments.