Résumé: Ce mémoire consiste en une étude du récit de rêve chez deux auteurs qui ont fait partie du mouvement surréaliste dans leur jeunesse littéraire : Michel Leiris et Raymond Queneau. Dans ce travail, on tente d’une part de décrire la poétique du rêve chez Leiris et Queneau, par diverses analyses qui empruntent surtout à la narratologie et à la linguistique textuelle. D’autre part, nous mesurons la part d’influence du surréalisme dans la conception du rêve de chacun des deux auteurs. Le premier chapitre présente la conception surréaliste du rêve, plus particulièrement celle d’André Breton, telle qu’elle est exposée dans le premier Manifeste du surréalisme et dans les Vases communicants. Cette synthèse est suivie de l’analyse de quelques récits de rêve de Breton issus du recueil Clair de terre, et du périodique la Révolution surréaliste. Les deuxième et troisième chapitres abordent l’écriture du rêve chez Leiris et Queneau. On étudie d’abord les récits de rêve écrits alors que ces auteurs appartenaient au mouvement surréaliste (1924-1929). Ces textes se trouvent dans leurs journaux intimes et dans la revue la Révolution surréaliste. Sont ensuite étudiées certaines œuvres écrites après la période surréaliste qui contiennent des récits de rêve ou qui exploitent le rêve comme structure narrative. Par ces analyses, ce mémoire tente de montrer la contribution du travail sur le rêve à l’élaboration de la poétique personnelle des auteurs Leiris et Queneau. Mots clefs : récit de rêve, Michel Leiris, Raymond Queneau, surréalisme, littérature française. / Abstract: This memoir consists in a study of dream narratives made by two authors who belonged to the surrealist movement in their youth : Michel Leiris and Raymond Queneau. For one, we will describe the dream poetics by Leiris and Queneau, with different analyses on narrative styles and textual linguistics. Secondly, we will determine how much the surrealism influenced each author in his conception of the dream. The first chapter presents the surrealist conception of the dream, particularly with André Breton, as detailed in the first Manifeste du Surréalisme and in Les Vases Communicants. This synthesis is followed by the analysis of some dream narratives by Breton from Clair de Terre and from La Révolution Surréaliste. The second and third chapters are devoted to Leiris and Queneau’s writing of dreams. We will first study their dream narratives as they were part of the surrealist movement (1924-1929). These texts are found in their personal journals and in the publication La Révolution Surréaliste. After, we go through and compare some texts written after the surrealist period that contain dream narratives or use the dream as a narrative structure. With these analyses, this memoir tries to demonstrate the contribution of the dreams and the elaboration of the poetics styles of Leiris and Queneau. Key words : dream narrative, Michel Leiris, Raymond Queneau, surrealism, french litterature.

Tikro, programinio, siurrealizmo Lietuvoje nebuvo tarpukariu, t. y. istorinio siurrealizmo laikais, nebuvo jo ir XX a. II pusėje. Negalime kalbėti apie siurrealizmą Lietuvoje, tačiau neabejotina, kad siurrealumo apraiškų yra mūsų XX a. II pusės dailėje. Šiame darbe terminas siurrealumas naudojamas kaip estetinė kategorija, nurodanti sąsajas su kai kuriais siurrealizmo, kaip modernizmo judėjimo, bruožais, vaizdo kūrimo principais. Disertacijoje svarbi sąvokų siurrealumas ir siurrealistiškumas skirtis: pirmasis terminas nebūtinai susijęs su istoriniu siurrealizmu. Pirmiausia mėginama išgryninti aktualius XX a. II pusės Lietuvos dailei siurrealumo bruožus, išnagrinėti siurrealumo bruožų turinčią lietuvių dailininkų kūrybą kaip savitą meninį reiškinį. Siurrealūs kūriniai dažnai priklauso XX a. antrosios pusės Lietuvos dailės istorijos „paraštėms“, jos mažajam naratyvui, ir gali būti traktuojami kaip dalinė opozicija didžiajam, kanoniniam naratyvui, ekspresionistinės krypties dominavimui. Nors siurrealumo apraiškos Lietuvos dailėje nesuformavo savarankiškos dailės krypties, siekta XX a. antrosios pusės pagrindinį Lietuvos dailės istorijos naratyvą papildyti mažuoju siurrealumo naratyvu. / There was no real, programmatic Surrealism in Lithuania between the two wars, when the historical Surrealist movement was at its peak; nor was there any influence of Surrealism here in the second half of the twentieth century. In this work the term the surreal is used as an aesthetic category pointing to the links with some of the features of Surrealism as a modernist movement and its principles of image creation. The divide between the concepts of the surreal and the surrealist aspect is important in this dissertation: the former term is not necessarily related to historical Surrealism. In this dissertation an attempt is made to crystallize the features of the surreal which were topical for Lithuanian art in the second half of the twentieth century. The thesis aims to single out the concept of the surreal and develop its content; to examine the artwork of Lithuanian painters that contains the features of the surreal as an original artistic phenomenon. Surreal artwork belongs to the 'margins' and 'the small narrative' of Lithuanian art in the second half of the twentieth century, and can be treated as a partial opposition to the big canonical narrative and the predominance of the expressionist trend. Although the manifestations of the surreal in Lithuanian art did not shape an independent trend in art, an attempt has been made to expand the main narrative of the Lithuanian art of the second half of the twentieth century with the a small narrative of the surreal.

Tikro, programinio, siurrealizmo Lietuvoje nebuvo tarpukariu, t. y. istorinio siurrealizmo laikais, nebuvo jo ir XX a. II pusėje. Negalime kalbėti apie siurrealizmą Lietuvoje, tačiau neabejotina, kad siurrealumo apraiškų yra mūsų XX a. II pusės dailėje. Šiame darbe terminas siurrealumas naudojamas kaip estetinė kategorija, nurodanti sąsajas su kai kuriais siurrealizmo, kaip modernizmo judėjimo, bruožais, vaizdo kūrimo principais. Disertacijoje svarbi sąvokų siurrealumas ir siurrealistiškumas skirtis: pirmasis terminas nebūtinai susijęs su istoriniu siurrealizmu. Pirmiausia mėginama išgryninti aktualius XX a. II pusės Lietuvos dailei siurrealumo bruožus, išnagrinėti siurrealumo bruožų turinčią lietuvių dailininkų kūrybą kaip savitą meninį reiškinį. Siurrealūs kūriniai dažnai priklauso XX a. antrosios pusės Lietuvos dailės istorijos „paraštėms“, jos mažajam naratyvui, ir gali būti traktuojami kaip dalinė opozicija didžiajam, kanoniniam naratyvui, ekspresionistinės krypties dominavimui. Nors siurrealumo apraiškos Lietuvos dailėje nesuformavo savarankiškos dailės krypties, siekta XX a. antrosios pusės pagrindinį Lietuvos dailės istorijos naratyvą papildyti mažuoju siurrealumo naratyvu. / There was no real, programmatic Surrealism in Lithuania between the two wars, when the historical Surrealist movement was at its peak; nor was there any influence of Surrealism here in the second half of the twentieth century. In this work the term the surreal is used as an aesthetic category pointing to the links with some of the features of Surrealism as a modernist movement and its principles of image creation. The divide between the concepts of the surreal and the surrealist aspect is important in this dissertation: the former term is not necessarily related to historical Surrealism. In this dissertation an attempt is made to crystallize the features of the surreal which were topical for Lithuanian art in the second half of the twentieth century. The thesis aims to single out the concept of the surreal and develop its content; to examine the artwork of Lithuanian painters that contains the features of the surreal as an original artistic phenomenon. Surreal artwork belongs to the 'margins' and 'the small narrative' of Lithuanian art in the second half of the twentieth century, and can be treated as a partial opposition to the big canonical narrative and the predominance of the expressionist trend. Although the manifestations of the surreal in Lithuanian art did not shape an independent trend in art, an attempt has been made to expand the main narrative of the Lithuanian art of the second half of the twentieth century with the a small narrative of the surreal.

Weird fiction criticism has been largely focused on either analyzing texts via the biographies of weird fiction authors, or concentrating on the words on the page to a degree that ignores all outside context. Although these approaches are valuable, more utility is to be found in analyzing weird fictions via their specific historical locations. This dissertation demonstrates the validity of this approach by surveying the works of five American weird fiction authors from the Twentieth Century (Lovecraft, Smith, Howard, Bloch, and Ligotti), and giving new interpretations that are based on an understanding of their placement within specific historical milieus (respectively, anti-WWI sentiment, surrealism and the problem of representation, Southern and Southwestern regionalism, pastiche and publishing culture, and metafiction and genre fiction). This survey supports the need for a new critical approach to weird fiction as described in this dissertation, and furthers our understanding of weird fiction by investigating hitherto unexplored perspectives on weird texts.

This thesis sets out to analyze the work of Helga Schubert, Helga Königsdorf and Monika Maron. It concentrates on their neglected short prose, undertaking an in-depth analysis of the authors’ themes as well as examining their responses to reality. The overwhelming sense of entrapment in a ‘stagnant’ society is the primary pre-occupation of all three authors; yet they each communicate this in different ways. Schubert endeavours to remain apolitical, although her criticism is aimed increasingly directly at the GDR. Königsdorf is party-loyal and sees society’s ills as a product of a distortion in values linked to industrialization. Maron, the dissident, consciously attacks the regime in her writing, using literature itself as means to expose the corruption of the state. By focusing on women, this study intends to further the establishment of female writers in mainstream academic discourse. The thesis reflects not just the political concerns of GDR writers, but also their philosophical and social approaches to life. An analysis of their short fiction provides a more complete overview of the authors’ development, thereby complementing studies of their novels. These women’s writings have become valuable documents of an era which is irrevocably past. Such studies as mine, therefore, provide a useful key to understanding post-Wende literature.

L’ethnographie, dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, a influencé l’écriture des poètes surréalistes, ou proches du mouvement de Breton, et ceux de la Beat Generation. Comme les ethnographes, Michaux, Césaire et Ginsberg ont rejeté la tentation de l’exotisme, et ont tenté, chacun à leur façon, de décrire des phénomènes culturels, de chercher “l’âme” d’un peuple, et de “traduire le monde” par la poésie. Nourris de lectures ethnographiques, ils ont voyagé, utilisé des documents dans leurs journaux et leurs poèmes, et ils ont exploré des cultures différentes à partir des marges sociales. Inspirés par l’ethnographie, ils l’ont aussi parodiée, en montrant ses limites, ses ambitions et ses ambiguïtés, en proposant aussi des ethnographies imaginaires, satiriques, pour inventer d’autres mœurs, d’autres logiques, d’autres possibilités de vivre ensemble. En interrogeant les méthodes et les enjeux éthiques et politiques de l’ethnographie dans l’écriture des poètes, nous posons aussi la question de l’existence d’un genre littéraire : peut-on parler de “poésie ethnographique” ? / That thesis examines the influence of anthropology on the poetics of Henri Michaux, Aimé Césaire and Allen Ginsberg. In studying their writing methods, I question their poetic insights and the limits of their observations to “translate a world” so far and different from “ours.” Surrealist and Beat poets shared common ethical and political views with many ethnographers, placing value on cultures (and cultural margins) often denigrated by industrialized western countries. Like ethnographers, poets work with metaphors and documents to interpret their experience and understanding of the world. Their interest in (and parodies of) ethnography not only propose a healthy way to criticize ethnographers’ ambitions, but also can help us understand each other’s cultures: poetic license and relative brevity of form sometimes reveal accurately or more vividly a cultural pattern that researchers struggle to explain. In the midst of an interconnected world where cultural misunderstandings escalate frequently and sometimes violently, poetry can help us gain or cultivate an awareness of social and cultural prejudice, and at the same time reveal the beauty in things once thought to be irrelevant, ignoble, or even despicable

L'étude intitulée Salvador Dali et la photographie: portraits du surréalisme (1927-/942) montre comment l'image photographique se situe chez l'artiste au carrefour entre théorie et pratique, entre création et vie quotidienne. Elle propose de réévaluer la place du médium dans l'élaboration et la pratique de la théorie surréaliste en décrivant comment ce projet de libération de l'homme est utilisé pour exacerber l'individualisme. Dans un premier temps, Dali utilise l'image photographique comme une instance médiatrice qui lui permet de contrôler ses pulsions et de définir précisément les objets. Elle alimente ensuite son activité paranoïaque-critique et favorise son exploitation du concept de comestibilité. Elle assure enfin la réification de l'artiste et la diffusion de son image théâtralisée dans la presse. Les photographies, au service de la construction de l'identité comme de l'art de Dali, acquièrent ainsi une valeur, concrète ou métaphorique, de portraits. / The entitled study Salvador Dali and the photography : portraits of surrealism (1927-1942) show how, for this artist, the photographic image is placed at the crossroads of theory and practice, of creation and everyday life. It offers a reassessment of the role of the medium in the elaboration and in the practice of the surrealist theory by describing how the project of man’s liberation is used to intensify individualism. Dali starts by using the photographic image as a mediatory authority which allows him to control its drives and to define objects with accuracy. Then, it feeds his paranoiac-critical activity and serves his use of the edibility concept. Finally, it ensures the artists reification and his theatrical images spread in the press. The photographs, put to work for the construction of Dali’s identity and art, thus acquire a portrait value, concrete or metaphoric.

J’avais dix ans. C’était après la guerre et l’Iran était sous embargo. A l’école je n’avais que deux crayons pour écrire mes devoirs, un noir et un rouge. Les deux étaient ornés du symbole d’une marque, un crocodile noir. Cela était aussi un gage de qualité. Mes crayons crocodiles écrivaient bien. J’étais habituée à les voir, mes crocodiles. Puis je passais beaucoup de temps avec ma tante. Elle faisait de la couture. Je jouais avec les restes des tissus. J’étais fascinée par les couleurs et par des formes que je créais avec ces bouts de tissu. J’ai sans doute commencé mes premiers collages à ce moment-là. Plus tard quand je suis devenue peintre, les animaux et les couleurs étaient la base de mes peintures. Parmi ces animaux le crocodile surgissait sans que je sois consciente de la raison de cette apparition. Un jour en réfléchissant je me suis souvenue de mes crayons d’enfance ! Quand j’ai commencé à peindre, les limites et les contraintes en Iran ne me permettaient pas de m’exprimer librement. Alors le jeu d’enfance que j’avais repris dans le style de ma peinture, me rendait celle-ci agréable et ludique. J’avais mes couleurs et le jeu, et j’exprimais ce que je voulais ; j’avais réussi à trouver un langage d’expression ludique et fort et j’en étais ravie. Je n’étais pas la seule à prendre le jeu comme moyen de contourner les limites et la censure. Déjouer les limites par le jeu était le centre de notre travail. La réflexion sur l’irruption du jeu dans l’art visuel contemporain et en particulier en Iran est devenu le sujet central de ma réflexion et de mon interrogation sur les raisons qui nous ont conduit à nous exprimer ainsi. Je l’ai donc choisie comme le sujet de ma thèse. [...] / I was ten years old. It was after the war and Iran was embargoed. At school I only had two pencils to write my homework, one black and one red. Both were decorated with the symbol of a brand, a black crocodile. It was also a guarantee of quality. My crocodile pencils wrote well. I was used to seeing them, my crocodiles. Then I spent a lot of time with my aunt. She was sewing. I played with the remains of the fabrics. I was fascinated by the colors and shapes that I created with these pieces of fabric. I probably started my first collages at that time. Later when I became a painter, animals and colors were the basis of my paintings. Among these animals the crocodile arose without my being aware of the reason for this apparition. One day while thinking I remembered my childhood pencils! When I started painting, the limits and constraints in Iran did not allow me to express myself freely. Then the childhood game that I had taken in the style of my painter, made me this one pleasant and playful. I had my colors and the game, and I expressed what I wanted; I had managed to find a language of playful and strong expression and I was delighted. I was not the only one to take the game as a way to get around the limits and the censure. Breaking the boundaries through play was the center of our work. The reflection on the irruption of the game in the contemporary visual art and in particular in Iran became the central subject of my reflection and my interrogation on the reasons which led us to express ourselves thus. I chose it as the subject of my thesis. [...]

Através do estudo da obra de Salvador Dali, pontuamos algumas questões importantes que envolvem a conexão da arte com a psicanálise. Os pontos assinalados da teoria freudiana sobre a temática da angústia e sua relação com a arte praticada por Dali se baseiam no ensaio O estranho (1919) e no Seminário lacaniano, livro 10. Dali escreveu vários artigos e um ensaio teórico sobre o que ele entendeu por método paranóico-crítico de conhecimento da realidade. Por conta disso, revisamos alguns dos textos freudianos que tocam no tema da paranóia e da realidade psíquica. Esse método aplicado à sua própria arte nos ensinou que uma obra de arte pode funcionar como objeto pequeno a para o observador cuja realidade psíquica tenha sido tocada por uma dada tela. Outro tema importante refere-se ao que resolvemos chamar de o Outro Geográfico de Dali. Baseamos essa pesquisa na noção lacaniana do grande Outro como tesouro dos significantes e a relação disso com a região nordeste da Catalunha, na Espanha. Notamos que os lugares onde Dali viveu e onde construiu suas casas-museu foram extremamente importantes para ele, o que fica claro pelo fato dele repetir insistentemente partes da natureza dessa região ao longo de toda sua obra, como significantes que insistem em ser reescritos. Conhecido como o triângulo daliniano por seus biógrafos, os lugares que compõem essa estrutura são: Figueres, sua cidade natal; Cadaqués, no litoral nordeste da Catalunha onde o menino Dali passava as férias de verão e onde construiu sua morada conjugal com sua adorada Gala; e Púbol, no interior da Catalunha, onde restaurou um Castelo para sua mulher morar. Supomos que esses três lugares, tal qual o tempo para o psiquismo, funcionaram, para Dali, dentro da lógica própria do inconsciente. Além disso, falaremos sobre a influência dos pintores favoritos de Dali, em especial daqueles que funcionaram para ele como grandes mestres. / The study of the art of Salvador Dali enables us to highlight some important points involving the connection between art and psychoanalysis. The points related to the Freudian concept of anguish and its relation to the art practiced by Dali are based on the essay The uncanny (1919) and on Lacans Seminar, book 10. Dali also wrote some articles and an essay about what he called paranoiac-critical method of knowing reality. Due to this, we revised some points related to the Freudian concept of paranoia and its relation to the reality of the unconscious. Dalis critical method and its application to his own art has taught us that a work of art can function as an object little a for the observers whose unconscious reality are touched by a given picture. Another important theme dealt with in this paper has to do with what we called Dalis Geographic Other. We based such research on the Lacanian notion of the big Other as the treasure of significants and its relation to the northeastern region of Catalunia, in Spain. We could notice that the places where Dali lived and built his museum-houses were extremely important to him. This is clearly noticed in his works of art, as some parts of the nature belonging to these regions are repeatedly depicted in his paintings, just like significants that insist on being rewritten. Regarded as the Dalinian triangle by his biographers, the places that compose such structure are: Figueres, his birth-place; Cadaqués, on the northeastern coast of Catalunha, where, as a boy, he spent his summer holidays with his family, and where he built his matrimonial home with his beloved Gala; and, finally, Púbol, in the interior of Catalunha, where he rebuilt a castle for his wife to live. We assume that, just like the notion of time, these three places also worked, for Dali, within the same logic of the unconscious. Besides this, we also highlight the influence of some of Dalis favorite painters, mainly the ones who operated to him as big masters.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:26:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardo_jf_me_ia.pdf: 3000865 bytes, checksum: cc405d86a49347b33bc4455a9cdb0a4f (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo a análise da colagem como procedimento artístico. Para isto, foi traçado um histórico da colagem que englobou o Cubismo, o Dadaísmo, o Surrealismo e a Arte Pop. Em cada um destes momentos históricos, percebemos o significado do emprego da colagem como linguagem artística. Em um segundo momento, analisamos o processo da colagem nas imagens técnicas, sobretudo naquelas decorrentes da fotografia, como, por exemplo, nas fotomontagens, no cinema e na colagem digital. E, finalmente, realizamos entrevistas com artistas brasileiros e visitamos museus e galerias com o intuito de verificar como a colagem tem feito parte da arte contemporânea / This study aims at analyzing the collage as artistic process. For this, we traced a history of collage that passed trough Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism and Pop Art. In each of these historical moments we could perceive the meaning of the use of collage as an artistic language. After that, we analyzed the collage’s process in imaging techniques, resulted from photography such as in the photomontages, movie and digital collage. And finally, we conducted interviews with Brazilian artists and visited to museums and galleries to see how the collage has been part of contemporary art