This research examines the role of geospatial and ancillary technologies in the erosion of privacy in contemporary society. The development of Remote Sensing, GIS, and GPS technologies are explored as a means of understanding both their current and predicted uses and capabilities. Examination is also made of the legal basis and current status of privacy rights in the United States. Finally, current and predicted uses and capabilities of geospatial and ancillary technologies are critically examined in light of existing privacy protections as a means of determining the ways in which these technologies are impacting privacy currently and what their effects may be in the future.

Introdução: A malária autóctone no Estado de São Paulo (ESP) caracteriza-se por surtos esporádicos na região oeste e transmissão persistente na região leste onde ocorrem casos oligossintomáticos com baixa parasitemia pelo Plasmodium vivax. Objetivos: Analisar a completitude das fichas de notificação de malária autóctone; estimar a tendência da incidência de casos autóctones no ESP de 1980 a 2007; analisar o comportamento clínico e epidemiológico dos casos em duas regiões de autoctonia neste período. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo com 19 variáveis das fichas de notificação de malária do ESP, analisadas em duas regiões e em dois períodos (1980-1993 e 1994-2007). Fontes de dados: SUCEN/SES/SP, SINAN/CVE/SES/SP e DATASUS. Resultados: A completitude foi superior a 85% em 11 variáveis. A tendência da incidência de malária autóctone no ESP foi decrescente. Foram notificados 821 casos de autoctonia, 91,6% na região leste, predominando P. vivax. A infecção assintomática teve maior porcentagem no segundo período (p<0,001). Discussão: A completitude das informações foi satisfatória. As diferenças clínicas encontradas merecem atenção da vigilância epidemiológica que deve lidar com o desafio da infecção assintomática por Plasmodium. / Introduction: Autochthonous malaria in São Paulo State is characterized by sporadic outbreaks in the west region and by persistent transmission with oligoassymptomatic cases in the east region, with low parasitemia by Plasmodium vivax. Objectives: To assess the completeness of autochthonous malaria reporting forms; to estimate autochthonous malaria incidence trends in São Paulo State from 1980 to 2007; to analyze the clinical and epidemiological patterns in two distinct regions of autochthony in this period. Methods: This was a descriptive study that analysed 19 report form variables, comparing the east and the west in two periods (1980-1993 and 1994-2007). Sources of secondary data: SUCEN/SES/SP, SINAN/CVE/SES/SP e DATASUS. Results: The completeness was over 85% on 11 variables. The autochthonous malaria incidence trend was decreasing. There were 821 cases of autochthony, 91.6% occurred in the east, predominantly caused by P. vivax. The asymptomatic infection had higher percentage in the second period (p <0.001). Discussion: The completeness of the information was satisfactory. The clinical differences observed deserve attention from surveillance that must deal with the challenge of asymptomatic infection by Plasmodium.

RESUMO Introdução. O tabaco é, mundialmente, uma relevante causa prevenível de morte. O hábito de fumar, na maioria das vezes, estabelece-se na adolescência. Considerando-se a prevalência de tabagismo e o potencial de seu crescimento, entre os jovens brasileiros, justifica-se o presente estudo que visa a embasar programas abrangentes de controle do tabagismo. Objetivo. Identificar fatores associados ao tabagismo em estudantes de 13 a 15 anos de idade, nas capitais dos três estados da Região Sul do Brasil. Métodos. Foram utilizados dados secundários provenientes do Inquérito de Tabagismo em Escolares, relativos a Curitiba, Florianópolis e Porto Alegre, em 2002 e 2004. A população compreendeu adolescentes de 13 a 15 anos, cursando as 7a. e 8a. séries, do ensino fundamental, e primeira, do ensino médio, de escolas públicas e privadas. Coletou-se a informação por meio de um questionário auto-aplicável e anônimo. Consideraram-se tabagistas os que informaram ter fumado em um ou mais dias, nos últimos trinta dias. Para análise, foram estimados proporções ponderadas e os respectivos intervalos com 95% de confiança e aplicadas técnicas de regressão logística múltipla por meio do programa computacional SPSS?, para detectar os principais fatores associados ao vício de fumar. O nível de significância adotado foi de 10% (? <= 0,10). Resultados. A prevalência de fumantes entre esses escolares variou de 10,7% em Florianópolis a 17,7% em Porto Alegre e foi sempre mais elevada, entre as meninas. Observou-se, nas três capitais, que as proporções entre estudantes fumantes foram maiores na presença de pai fumante, mãe fumante ou ambos fumantes, amigo fumante, exposição à fumaça ambiental em casa e fora de casa, de possuidores de objetos com o logotipo de marca de cigarros e que receberam mais freqüentemente oferta gratuita de cigarros, comparativamente às dos não fumantes. Conclusões. Entre escolares residentes nas capitais do Sul do Brasil, a prevalência de tabagismo é elevada, e os fatores comuns associados ao tabagismo, estatisticamente significantes, foram possuir indivíduos fumantes como melhores amigos e estar exposto à fumaça ambiental, fora de casa. / ABSTRACT Introduction. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide and adolescents are at a great risk to initiate the smoking habit. The prevalence of tobacco use and its potential growth among Brazilian school youth justify this work, which intends to subside a comprehensive tobacco control program. Objective. To identify relevant factors associated with the tobacco use among students aged 13 to 15 years, in the capital cities of the three States of the Brazilian South Region. Methods. Sample data was obtained in the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, related to Curitiba, PR, Florianópolis, SC, and Porto Alegre, RS, in 2002 and 2004. Adolescents 13 to 15 years, attending the 7th, the 8th grades and the 1st grade of highschool of private and public schools, have composed the study population. Data was collected through an anonymous and self-administered questionnaire. Those who smoked at least one day within the last 30 days were considered smokers. For the statistical analysis of the results, weighted proportions and their respective confidence intervals of 95%, as well as multinomial logistic regression model were applied through the SPSS?, a computer statistical program. The level of significance adopted was 10% (? <= 0.10). The smoking prevalence among the students varied from 10.7% in Florianópolis, SC, to 17.7% in Porto Alegre, RS, and was higher among girls. In the three capitals, the proportion of smokers was higher among those whose mother, father, both parents or best friends had the smoking habit; also, the occurrence of smokers was higher among students exposed to tobacco smoke environment (at home or outside); the same situation was detected among the students who owned objects with a cigarette brand logo, or if more often were offered free cigarettes. Conclusions. Among school youths living in the three capitals of the states of the South of Brazil, it was estimated high prevalence of smokers and the factors statistically associated with the tobacco use were presence of best peer friends addicted to the smoking habit and environmental exposition to the smoke outside home.

The ability to analyse and predict the movement of people in crowded scenarios can be of fundamental importance for tracking across multiple cameras and interaction localisation. In this thesis, we propose a person re-identification method that takes into account the spatial location of cameras using a plan of the locale and the potential paths people can follow in the unobserved areas. These potential paths are generated using two models. In the first, people’s trajectories are constrained to pass through a set of areas of interest (landmarks) in the site. In the second we integrate a goal-driven approach to the Social Force Model (SFM), initially introduced for crowd simulation. SFM models the desire of people to reach specific interest points (goals) in a site, such as exits, shops, seats and meeting points while avoiding walls and barriers. Trajectory propagation creates the possible re-identification candidates, on which association of people across cameras is performed using spatial location of the candidates and appearance features extracted around a person’s head. We validate the proposed method in a challenging scenario from London Gatwick airport and compare it to state-of-the-art person re-identification methods. Moreover, we perform detection and tracking of interacting people in a framework based on SFM that analyses people’s trajectories. The method embeds plausible human behaviours to predict interactions in a crowd by iteratively minimising the error between predictions and measurements. We model people approaching a group and restrict the group formation based on the relative velocity of candidate group members. The detected groups are then tracked by linking their centres of interaction over time using a buffered graph-based tracker. We show how the proposed framework outperforms existing group localisation techniques on three publicly available datasets.

Robot swarms are envisioned in applications such as surveillance, agriculture, search-and-rescue operations, and construction. The decentralized nature of swarm intelligence has three key advantages over traditional multi-robot control algorithms: it is scalable, it is fault tolerant, and it is not susceptible to a single point of failure. These advantages are critical to the task of persistent surveillance - where a number of target locations need to be visited as frequently as possible. Unfortunately, in the real world, the autonomous robots that can be used for persistent surveillance have a limited battery life (or fuel capacity). Thus, they need to abandon their surveillance duties to visit a battery swapping station (or refueling depot) a.k.a. €˜depots€™. This €˜down time€™ reduces the frequency of visitation. This problem can be eliminated if the depots themselves were autonomous vehicles that could meet the (surveillance) robots at some point along their path from one target to another. Thus, the robots would spend less time on the 'charging' (or refueling) task. In this thesis we present decentralized control algorithms, and their results, for three stages of the persistent surveillance problem. First, we consider the case where the robots have no energy constraints, and use a decentralized approach to allow the robots choose the €˜best€™ target that they should visit next. While the selection process is decentralized, the robots can communicate with all the other robots in the swarm, and let them know which is their chosen target. We then consider the energy constraints of the robots, and slightly modify the algorithm, so that the robots visit a depot before they run out of energy. Lastly, we consider the case where the depots themselves can move, and communicate with the robots to pick a location and time to meet, to be able to swap the empty battery of a robot, with a fresh one. The goal of persistent surveillance is to visit target locations as frequently as possible, and thus, the performance measurement parameter is chosen to be the median frequency of visitation for all target locations. We evaluate the performance of the three algorithms in an extensive set of simulated experiments.

The ubiquitous nature of CCTV Surveillance cameras means substantial amounts of data being generated. In case of an investigation, this data must be manually browsed and analysed in search of relevant information for the case. As an example, it took more than 450 detectives to examine the hundreds of thousands of hours of videos in the investigation of the 2011 London Riots: one of the largest the London's MET police has ever seen. Anything that can help the security forces save resources in investigations such as this, is valuable. Consequently, automatic analysis of surveillance scenes is a growing research area. One of the research fronts tackling this issue, is the semantic understanding of the scene. In this, the output of computer vision algorithms is fed into Semantic Frameworks, which combine all the information from different sources and try to reach a better knowledge of the scene. However, representing and reasoning with imprecise and uncertain information remains an outstanding issue in current implementations. The Demspter-Sha er (DS) Theory of Evidence has been proposed as a way to deal with imprecise and uncertain information. In this thesis we use it for the main contributions. In our rst contribution, we propose the use of the DS theory and its Transferable Belief Model (TBM) realisation as a way to combine Bayesian priors, using the subjectivist view of the Bayes' Theorem, where the probabilities are beliefs. We rst compute the a priori probabilities of all the pair of events in the model. Then a global potential is created for each event using the TBM. This global potential will encode all the prior knowledge for that particular concept. This has the bene t that when this potential is included in a knowledge base because it has been learned, all the knowledge it entails comes with it. We also propose a semantic web reasoner based on the TBM. This reasoner consists of an ontology to model any domain knowledge using the TBM constructs of Potentials, Focal Elements, and Con gurations. The reasoner also consists of the implementations of the TBM operations in a semantic web framework. The goal is that after the model has been created, the TBM operations can be applied and the knowledge combined and queried. These operations are computationally complex, so we also propose parallel heuristics to the TBM operations. This allows us to apply this paradigm on problems of thousands of records. The nal contribution, is the use of the TBM semantic framework with the method to combine the prior knowledge to detect riots on CCTV footage from the 2011 London riots. We use around a million and a half manually annotated frames with 6 di erent concepts related to the riot detection task, train the system, and infer the presence of riots in the test dataset. Tests show that the system yields a high recall, but a low precision, meaning that there are a lot of false positives. We also show that the framework scales well as more compute power becomes available.

This thesis discusses the role of e-textiles as user-interfaces and their properties in differenc to common interfaces such as buttons or touch-screens for example. A view on society and on our relation to nature and technical devices will be given. As a theoretical background Foucault‘s panopticism will be mentioned. The researchquestion &quot;what could be the role of analogue, textile, user-interfaces in the digital age?&quot;and aim will be explained, the research outline will be drawn also regarding other projects and investigations in my field. The field of critical design and interdisciplinary critical actionism will frame the position of the final project of the thesis. The final project will be presented with the scenario of my project. The reports closeswith a reflection on outcome, the design process and a perspective of future research. / Program: Master Programme in Fashion and Textile Design

I dagens kunskapssamhälle är arbetstagaren en investering i tid och pengar för arbetsgivaren. Det har medfört att det inte är lika lätt för arbetsgivaren att ersätta arbetare som tidigare, utan det läggs större vikt vid att hitta ”rätt person”. Enligt politiska beslut har arbetsgivarna tillförts ett växande ansvar för arbetstagarna i form av sjuklön, rehabiliteringsutredningar samt att organisera rehabiliteringsverksamhet på arbetsplatsen. Detta ansvar har gjort arbetsgivarna mer angelägna att veta så mycket som möjligt om arbetssökande och anställda, vilket har rest en fråga om integritet i arbetslivet. På grund av teknologisk utveckling kan arbetstagare övervakas på flera olika sätt. Dessa nya teknologier har även medfört en diskussion om etisk och laglig oro över integritetsrättvisa på arbetsplatsen.Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att illustrera de faktorer som påverkar legitimering av övervakning på arbetsplatsen. Vi har betraktat fenomenet utifrån ett managementperspektiv, där risk management och integritet har varit i fokus.Vi valde att använda oss av agentteorin och panoptikon då de är etablerade teorier inom vårt valda ämne. Risk management valde vi eftersom det används för att motivera övervakningsåtgärder. Vi har inriktat oss på riskbedömning då det är i denna fas som riskidentifieringen sker. För att läsaren ska förstå begreppet integritet, har vi valt att förklara det i den teoretiska referensramen samt presentera tre principer för att förenkla definitionen av vad dess rättighet innebär.Övervakning kan tillgodose olika intressen från arbetsgivarens sida för att till exempel upprätthålla god produktivitet och skydda tillgångar. Arbetsgivaren har även en skyldighet att bistå med en säker arbetsplats vilket gör att vissa övervakningsåtgärder legitimeras. Övervakning kan ogillas av arbetstagaren utav flera anledningar, bland annat har forskning visat att överdriven övervakning kan leda till missnöje, stress samt minskad motivation. Arbetstagarens negativa inställning till övervakning kan även bero på illegalt beteende vilket bland annat kan vara stöld eller missbruk. Vissa övervakningsåtgärder kan dock även tillgodose arbetstagarens intresse i form av exempelvis en säker arbetsmiljö.Uppsatsens studie visar att legitimering påverkas av ett flertal faktorer och att det inte finns något klart och tydligt svar på hur hantering av motsättningen mellan övervakning och personlig integritet ska behandlas. Det beror på hur arbetsgivaren motiverar övervakning samt om arbetstagaren är villig att godta de motiven. Vi anser att det är viktigt att båda parter för en kontinuerlig dialog över frågan.

This dissertation investigates how the development and circulation of technologies of surveillance helped refashion institutional structures, systems of representation, and conceptions of nature and society in the Ottoman Empire and Syria throughout the transition from empire to nation-states. While militarization amplified the capabilities of modern states to discipline human perception through conscription and schooling, the notion of an all-seeing perspective - materialized in the aerial view - was incorporated in the apparatus of state power. The account moves between sites across the imperial territory and as the French mandate replaced Ottoman rule in Syria. These include ventures to propagate the map as an instrument of argumentation and discovery in the capital Istanbul, attempts by Jesuit geographers and earth scientists at inculcating new forms of sight upon the public in Beirut and the Beqaa Valley, the building of post-imperial scientific institutions in Damascus, and the optics of aerial warfare as devised by French strategists and subverted by Arab guerrilla commanders. Environmental representations such as maps and aerial photographs sustained competing social and institutional structures by inculcating upon their targeted audience concrete procedures for disciplining perception, which refashioned the subjectivity, social function, and epistemic virtues of the ideal commander and citizen. In the Middle East, as elsewhere, technologies of surveillance were integrated with existing political and philosophical currents such as Ottomanism, Arabism, and French colonialism, while simultaneously refashioning them from within. The coming of aerial warfare was an integral part of this ongoing process of cultural and technological transformation, which reconfigured political, epistemic, and ethical norms of war and peace.

Resumo: O estudo descreve a municipalização das ações de vigilância sanitária, em Marília, São Paulo, e identifica determinantes políticos, técnicos e administrativos que conformaram o processo, segundo a percepção dos sujeitos envolvidos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, sendo a entrevista escolhida como técnica para coleta dos dados. A entrevista foi orientada por um roteiro composto por questões específicas, previamente formuladas. Foram entrevistados doze sujeitos oriundos do serviço de vigilância sanitária do município de Marília, da divisão de vigilância sanitária da DIR-XIV-Marília e da direção do sistema de saúde local e regional. Para a análise dos dados, foi adotada a técnica de análise de conteúdo que possibilitou a construção de cinco categorias empíricas: a) movimento de mudança; b) qualificação dos recursos humanos; c) perda de espaço e poder na municipalização; d) conflito nas relações de trabalho; e) organização gradativa do serviço de vigilância sanitária municipal. A análise permitiu compreender que as determinações legais não foram suficientes para garantir a municipalização, de fato, da vigilância sanitária, e ainda, que o processo foi gradativo e pontuado de conflitos e indefinições. O processo de municipalização das ações de vigilância sanitária se deu sem que estivessem claramente definidas atribuições, fluxos, responsabilidades, coordenação, regulamentação. Como conseqüências surgiram entre os servidores da área, reações negativas de perda, desinteresse pelo trabalho, rejeição, inferioridade, insegurança e revolta. As conseqüências das mudanças, ocasionadas pela municipalização, foram evidenciadas nas falas dos sujeitos como: conflitos nas relações de trabalho, insegurança, resistência, falta de qualificação para o trabalho, perda do poder, divisão... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The study describes the municipalization of the actions of the health surveillance in Marília, SP, and identifies political determinants, technicians and administrators who have set up the process, according to the perception of the health professionals involved. It is a qualitative research, being the interview chosen as a technique for the collection of data. The interview was guided by a set made up of specific questions previously formulated. Twelve health professionals from the health surveillance of the municipality of Marília, the division of health surveillance of the DIR-XIV-Marília and the management of the local and regional health care system were interviewed. For data analyses, the technique of content analyses used brought about a construction of five empirical categories: a) movement of change; b) qualification of the human resources; c) loss of influence and power of the municipalization; d) work related conflicts; e) gradual organization of the municipal services of the health surveillance. The analyses permitted a comprehension that the legal determinations were not enough to guarantee the municipalization, in fact, of the health surveillance, and yet, the process was gradual and full of conflicts and uncertainties. The process of municipalization of the health surveillance happened without clear definite attributions, flows, responsibilities, coordination, regulations. As a consequence, among the workers of the area, there was a negative reaction of loss, lack of work-related interest, rejection, inferiority, lack of work-related security and revolt. The consequences of the changes caused by municipalization were evidenced in the words of the health professionals involved, such as: work-related conflicts, lack of security, resistance, lack of qualification for the job, loss of power, sharing workplace, gradual rise of... (Complete abstract click electronica access below) / Orientador: Antonio Luiz Caldas Junior / Coorientador: Roseli Ferreira da Silva / Mestre