Nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių prisipažinimas buvo daugiausiai tiriamas teisine, kriminologine kryptimis. Tačiau svarbu suprasti ir prisipažinimo psichologinius aspektus, jų sąsajas su asmens vidine darna bei nusikaltimo motyvacija. Tik supratus nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių prisipažinimą psichologiniu lygmeniu, galima išvengti manipuliavimo įrodymais bei išorinio ir vidinio spaudimo darymo apklausos metu. Taip pat svarbu svarbus rodiklis prisipažinimo procese yra vidinės darnos stiprumas bei nusikaltimo motyvacijos veiksniai. Atliekant tyrimą buvo siekiama ištirti nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių, lietuvių ir kitų tautų įtariamųjų, prisipažinimo veiksnių ypatumus bei sąsajas su nusikaltimo motyvacija ir vidine darna, išanalizuoti psichologinę mokslinę literatūrą apie jaunuolių prisipažinimo dažnį, jo veiksnių tarpusavio ryšį, atlikti nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių įtariamųjų prisipažinimo statistinę analizę bei pateikti praktines rekomendacijas. Tyrimo metu buvo ištirta 83 Kalėjimų departamento prie Lietuvos Respublikos teisingumo ministerijos Vilniaus regiono pataisos inspekcijos Vilniaus miesto ir rajono pataisos inspekcijos įskaitoje esančių nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių bei Lukiškių tardymo izoliatoriuje kalėjime esančių nepilnamečiai. Anketavimo metodais gauti duomenys atskleidžia, jog nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių prisipažinimo dažnis yra panašus, prisipažinimui turi įtakos nusikaltimo motyvacijos motyvai bei vidinės darnos stiprumas. Šis darbas atskleidžia nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių prisipažinimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This master paper primarily deals with the confession of under-aged and young adults, which was research from legal and criminological aspects. Although, it could be stated, that psychological aspects as well as the connection with the sense of coherence and motivation for crime commitment, are none the less important. It could only be possible to avoid the manipulation of evidence and inner as well as outer pressure during the interrogation, if psychological aspects of under-aged and your adults are well understood. Other important indices in the process of confession are the strength of sense of coherence and crime motivation factors. During the research it was determined to find out what are the major specifications of confession of under-aged and young adults and the correlation between this factor, crime motivation and sense of coherence; to analyze scientific psychological literature regarding frequency of the confession of juveniles; to determine the inner correlation between these factors; to perform the statistical analysis of suspects, who are under-aged and young adults; and to make practical recommendations. During the research we analyzed 83 research subjects, who were under-aged and young adults, and whose information was found in the suspect books at Vilnius District Correction Inspection, The Prison Department under The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania and The Lukiskes Remand Prison. Using the methods of questionnaire, we found out the... [to full text]

The research in this thesis is the first of its kind to describe in a significant level of detail the actual police interviewing of serious crime suspects, with a specific focus on who is being interviewed. The principal information source was 407 real-life audio-tape recordings of interviews with 56 different suspects. Suspects were interviewed for offences that included murder (and attempted murder), sexual assault and serious assault. Tape recordings were obtained from 11 Police Services across England and Wales and were analysed using a specially designed coding frame that captured a range of interviewer and suspect behaviour. The research described how suspects respond during police interviews and examined the interactions between suspect response, interviewer behaviour and case characteristics. Finally, the research assessed the presence and contribution of legal advisors, Appropriate Adults and interpreters. Based on this novel research, the thesis brings out some key findings, highlights where the work is limited and where further exploration is needed, and suggests where interviewing practice might be strengthened. This research is intended to be of interest and practical value to both the research community and the police service.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Pharmaceuticals are environmental contaminants causing steadily increasing concern due to their high usage, ubiquitous distribution in the aquatic environment, and potential to exert adverse effects on the ecosystems. After being discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), pharmaceuticals can undergo transformation processes in surface waters, of which microbial degradation in river sediments is considered highly significant. In spite of a substantial number of studies on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems, a comprehensive understanding of their environmental fate is still limited. First of all, very few consistent datasets from lab-based experiments to field studies exist to allow for a straightforward comparison of observations. Secondly, data on the identity and occurrence of transformation products (TPs) is insufficient and the relation of the behavior of TPs to that of their parent compounds (PCs) is poorly understood. In this thesis, these knowledge gaps were addressed by integrating the TP identification using suspect/non-target screening approaches and PC/TP fate determination. The overarching objective was to improve the understanding of the fate of pharmaceuticals in rivers, with a specific focus on water-sediment interactions, and formation and behavior of TPs. In paper I, 11 pharmaceutical TPs were identified in water-sediment incubation experiments using non-target screening. Bench-scale flume experiments were conducted in paper II to simultaneously investigate the behavior of PCs and TPs in both water and sediment compartments under more complex and realistic hydraulic conditions. The results illustrate that water-sediment interactions play a significant role for efficient attenuation of PCs, and demonstrate that TPs are formed in sediment and released back to surface water. In paper III the environmental behavior of PCs along stretches of four wastewater-impacted rivers was related to that of their TPs. The attenuation of PCs is highly compound and site specific. The highest attenuation rates of the PCs were observed in the river with the most efficient river water-pore water exchange. This research also indicates that WWTPs can be a major source of TPs to the receiving waters. In paper IV, suspect screening with a case-control concept was applied on water samples collected at both ends of the river stretches, which led to the identification of several key TPs formed along the stretches. The process-oriented strategies applied in this thesis provide a basis for prioritizing and identifying the critical PCs and TPs with respect to environmental relevance in future fate studies. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Fréquemment utilisé en droit pénal et procédure pénale mais également présent dans d’autres domaines de la matière juridique, le soupçon en droit n’a pourtant jamais fait l’objet d’une étude juridique transversale. Présent mais non encadré, le soupçon en droit laisse dans son sillage un certain nombre de dérives et d’atteintes à des principes ou droits fondamentaux. Cette constatation parachève l’idée d’une nécessaire conceptualisation juridique de la notion à travers notamment l’élaboration d’une définition. Partant du recensement des différentes manifestations du soupçon en droit la thèse a cherché à dégager les points convergents mais aussi les différences découlant de ces différentes utilisations du soupçon afin de la caractériser. La détermination du soupçon étant ainsi achevée, la question de son traitement s’est posée. D’un point de vue actuel, le constat a été celui d’une certaine subjectivation engendrée par l’utilisation du soupçon que ce soit de la part du législateur ou de celle du juge. Il en découle un certain nombre d’atteintes à des éléments pourtant essentiels tel que le principe de la présomption d’innocence mais également le principe de la légalité des délits et des peines ou plus généralement la nécessité d’une stabilité et d’une sécurité juridique. La volonté affichée par la thèse a alors été de proposer un encadrement juridique futur du soupçon qui permettrait de parer à ce risque de subjectivisme. Pour cela un travail définitionnel de la notion a été opéré. De cette définition, des propositions de réécriture de certains articles du Code de procédure pénale se sont imposées / Frequently used in criminal law and proceedings but also present in all the other Law matters, the suspicion has never been the subject of a legal study as it will here. Although the suspicion is closely linked to the legal matter as a whole, the first observation that can be made is that there is no legal definition of it. Present, but not clearly defined, the suspicion is an open door to all kind of abuses and could infringe fundamental rights and principles. This observation lead to the idea to make headway in the conceptualization of this notion, its delimitation and its definition. Therefore, beginning with the different legal appearances of the Suspicion - in the criminal law and above - the thesis tried to expose all the converging points and the differencies coming from all the uses of the suspicion in order to synthesise and define it clearly. We thus had to deal with the question within the following observations. From today’s point of view, the suspicion stay a subjective term whether it is use by the legislators or the judges. The main purpose of this thesis has been to suggest a futur legal framework for the notion of suspicion which could eliminate, or at least severely reduce the possibility of bias due to the subjectivism. For this to happen, we had to define, first of all, the notion distinctly from the twin notions of doubt, presumption, and then to propose a genuine legal definition of the suspicion. From this definition came some proposals to rewrite certain articles of the Criminal Code

Au-delà des fantasmes persistants qui entourent la police napoléonienne et son ministre Fouché, aucune étude d'ensemble n'avait encore été consacrée à la «haute police» entre 1799 et 1814. La période du Consulat et de l'Empire est capitale. Elle voit en effet la naissance d'une «haute police», qui ne constitue pas une entité policière spécifique, mais une mission : assurer la survie de l'État et de son chef, par la mise à l'écart des individus perçus comme dangereux. Les «mesures de haute police» prennent une triple forme : surveillance préventive, détention sans jugement, et envoi en «surveillance spéciale» (résidence surveillée). Les discours des autorités justifient l'existence de ces mesures extrajudiciaires et extralégales par la mise en scène d'une menace présentée comme exceptionnelle, et par la nécessité de rassurer, stabiliser et unifier. La «haute police» prend alors une place centrale dans le processus de contrôle de l'esprit public et de renforcement du pouvoir. Napoléon occupe ainsi un rôle croissant dans le contrôle et l'orientation d'une action policière tout entière tournée vers la sauvegarde de sa propre personne. L'élaboration policière de critères de dangerosité en partie nouveaux, imbriquant contrôle politique et contrôle social, permet de construire une surveillance à l'intention panoptique. Cette recherche croise histoire des représentations et histoire «par le bas», au plus près du terrain. Elle remet en cause la vision verticale d'un régime policier, puisque la surveillance préventive s'appuie aussi sur une participation populaire, et que, d'autre part, son efficacité peut être nuancée, à l'échelle de l'Empire. / Beyond the enduring fantasies surrnunding the Napoleonic police and its Minister Fouché, no overall study had yet been devoted to the "high police" between 1799 and 1814. The period of the Consulate and the Empire is crucial, with the birth of a "high police", which did not consist in a specific police entity, but a mission: to ensure the survival of the State and its leader by removing individuals seen a dangerous. "High police measures" took three forms: preventive surveillance, detention without trial, and placing under "special surveillance" (house arrest). The authorities' speeches justified the existence of these extrajudicial and extra-legal measures by staging a threat - presented as exception. - and by introducing the need to reassure, stabilize and unify people. The "high police" then took a central place in the process of controlling the public mind and strengthening the power. Napoleon thus occupied an increasing role in the control and orientation of a police action entirely aiming at protecting his own person.The police development of partially new criteria on dangerousness, intertwining both political and social control, made it possible to build a surveillance with a panoptic purpose. This research combines history of representations and history "from below", studied at ground level. It challenges the vertical interpretation of a police regime, since preventive surveillance is also based on popular involvement, and its effectiveness can be qualified, on the scale of the Empire.

abstract: Prior ethnographic research has found some relatively consistent factors that influence an officer’s use of force (e.g., organizational and suspect and officer characteristics). However, very little research has explored the effect department size in and of itself may have on force displayed during a police/citizen encounter. This study used data from the 2010 – 2013 Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) to examine the relationship between departmental size and officer use of force. Participants in this data collection cycle were limited to adult male and female arrestees (N = 2,273). AARIN personnel conducted confidential interviews and used a Police-Contact Addendum to document the type of forced employed by police during their current arrest. This study sought to answer the following research question: does the likelihood of an officer employing use of force increase (or decrease) in relation to department size the officer is nested in? The results indicate that citizens who are arrested by officers from a larger agency are more likely to report experiencing use of force during their arrest when compared to those arrested by officers from small and medium sized agencies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:18:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 terra_lm_me_arafcl.pdf: 2179133 bytes, checksum: 28ea5bc2fc61d45c90661c7f632a1ce4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em fins do século XIX algumas idéias são incorporadas ao pensamento social do Brasil. O positivismo, o social evolucionismo e o social-darwinismo, associados à criminologia consolidaram modelos explicativos da sociedade e do Estado brasileiros. A partir do suporte racialista, a intelectualidade construiu teoricamente as chamadas “classes perigosas”, ou a naturalização da periculosidade e da criminalidade, resultando na discriminação do negro e do mestiço. Com o aspecto de polidez e sob a égide da ciência, os modelos explicativos se difundiram, entre a intelectualidade e as classes economicamente favorecidas, por meios que vão desde a academia, até a literatura e a imprensa oficial. No aparelho policial, tais idéias chegaram através dos adeptos do positivismo e de intelectuais com grande participação na vida social do país, como o médico Nina Rodrigues. Com isso, o estudo que apresentamos na forma desta dissertação, objetivou compreender a formação de uma identidade bandida sobre a imagem do negro e a manifestação da idéia de suspeição pela instituição pública, que a nosso ver, mantém um maior contato com a população em geral, ou seja, a Polícia Militar, em especial, no estado de São Paulo. Para a realização do que propomos aqui, utilizamos como procedimentos de pesquisa a interpretação sociológica e histórica tanto da Polícia Militar como das políticas do Estado, da intelectualidade e dos processos desencadeados pelas relações dos mesmos. Do mesmo modo, associamos a essa interpretação, entrevistas concedidas por policiais militares, o que possibilitou captar os empregos atuais das idéias sugeridas, ainda, em fins do século XIX. / In the late nineteenth century some ideas are incorporated into the social thought of Brazil. Positivism, social evolutionism and social-darwinism, associated with criminology consolidated explanatory models of society and the brazilian State. With the support racialist, intellectuals built theoretically so-called dangerous classes or the naturalization of danger and crime, resulting in the discrimination of black and mestizo. With the appearance of politeness and under the aegis of science, explanatory models have spread among the intelligentsia and the Affluent, by means ranging from academia, literature and even the official press. In the police apparatus, such ideas came through supporters of positivism and intellectuals with strong participation in social life of the country, as the doctor Nina Rodrigues. With this, the study presented in the form of this thesis, aimed at understanding the formation of an identity on the thuggish image of the black and the manifestation of the idea of suspicion by the public institution, which in our view, it maintains a greater contact with the general population, ie, military police, especially in São Paulo. For the realization of what we propose here, we use as research tools to both historical and sociological interpretation of the Military Police and state policies, the intelligentsia and the processes triggered by the same relations. Similarly, we associate with this interpretation, interviews by military police, which enabled to capture the current job of the ideas suggested, even in the late nineteenth century.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第22617号 / 地環博第196号 / 新制||地環||38(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 滋穂, 教授 梶井 克純, 准教授 田中 周平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM