[pt] O Rio de Janeiro é uma cidade de alta densidade demográfica em uma situação geográfica excepcional, entre o mar, as montanhas e diversas lagoas. Uma parcela de sua população, de aproximadamente 6 milhões de habitantes, vive em edifícios de apartamentos. Em muitos bairros não há mais terrenos disponíveis para novas edificações. A construção sustentável é necessária para redução de consumos e desperdícios, assim como a fundamental atenção a aspectos de conforto ambiental e sociais (o morador). Visando a melhoria da qualidade de vida e para atingir um estágio de sustentabilidade será necessário pensar em como aperfeiçoar os edifícios e quadras existentes. Na cidade do Rio de Janeiro há diversos proprietários e locatários, sendo importante elaborar uma estratégia específica para desenvolver uma renovação do parque construído. A presente tese aborda: os edifícios residenciais no Rio de Janeiro (e a legislação), a construção sustentável, a renovação de edifícios e quadras, recomendações para projetos de acordo com as características climáticas e verificações sobre as condições existentes (físicas, ambientais e sociais). Foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso em uma quadra típica no famoso e de alta densidade demográfica bairro de Copacabana (96 porcento de seus moradores vivem em apartamentos, sendo 1/3 com mais de 60 anos) que teve praticamente todos os seus prédios e quadras construídos entre 1940 e 1960 com características semelhantes como: estrutura em concreto, edifícios de 10 e 12 pavimentos e com pouco ou nenhum afastamento entre si. / [en] Rio de Janeiro is a very dense city in an exceptional geography situation between the sea, the mountains and some lakes. The population of six million inhabitants only in the municipality area lives mainly in apartments buildings. In some neighborhoods there are no empty sites for new constructions. Sustainable construction is a necessary step to reduce the consumption and the waste, and also the focus in the comfort conditions and social aspects (the dwellers). To improve the quality of living and achieve the environmental goals it is necessary to think how to upgrade the quality of existing buildings and blocks. In Rio de Janeiro each building has different owners and dwellers, and it will be important to work in a specific strategy to develop the building stock renovation. This thesis involves: apartment buildings in Rio de Janeiro (including the legislation), sustainable construction, renovation (refurbishment) of buildings and blocks, design recommendations according to the climatic conditions in Rio de Janeiro, and the verification of apartment building conditions (physical, environmental and social). One case study in a regular block of a very dense and famous neighborhood named Copacabana (96 percent of dwellers in this neighborhood live in apartments and 1/3 is older than 60 years old) was developed. Copacabana has almost all the buildings and blocks built during the 1940 and 1960 decades with common features like: concrete structure, buildings with 10 to 12 floors, and no distance between them.

Det här examensarbetet syftar till att upprätta ett funktionsprogram för ett kretsloppshus där stadens invånare kan nås med kunskap om hållbar utveckling. Bakgrunden till detta är att Borlänge kommun 2017 godkände ett planprogram med visionen att skapa en ny, klimatneutral stadsdel och därmed bli en föregångare för hållbar stadsutveckling i regionen. Arbetet med programhandlingen innebar bland annat att undersöka den bakgrund och de förutsättningar som fanns för ett uppförande av byggnaden. I kommunens planprogram beskrivs byggnaden ha en pedagogisk funktion i stadsdelen och i Borlänge; en plats med fokus på praktisk demonstration och utbildning av elever och boende i kretsloppsfrågor för energi, vatten och avfall/material i en fattbar och intresseväckande skala. Kretsloppshuset planeras att uppföras i anslutning till en ny skola årkurs 6-9 för samverkan i detta syfte. Kommunens tanke är att kretsloppshuset ska fungera som ett nav i stadsdelen, men också att byggnaden ska bli ett besöksmål och sätta Borlänge på kartan vad gäller hållbart byggande. Ett hållbart byggande innefattar bland annat resurshushållning, minimerad energianvändning och förnybara energikällor, men också att resurser som energi, avfall och vatten cirkulerar i kretslopp. Teori har inhämtats ur litteratur som fokuserat på hur vi ska bygga våra hus och städer om vi vill vara med och skapa ett hållbart samhälle. En del av syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka hur man på ett pedagogiskt vis kan sprida information om miljö- och kretsloppsfrågor. Examensarbetet teoretiska del fokuserar därför delvis på utvalda delar av pedagogik som inhämtats från tidigare forskning inom barn och ungdomars lärande för hållbar utveckling, eftersom att studier visar att det är viktigt att barn lär sig tidigt om dessa frågor. Utbildning för hållbar utveckling är en viktig förutsättning för att nå de hållbarhetsmål som FN tagit fram till 2030. Kommande generationer måste lära sig ett hållbart levnadssätt redan från start samtidigt som den befintliga befolkningen drastiskt måste förändra sin livsstil. För att samla empiri gjordes intervjuer med personer som är eller har varit inblandade i planeringsarbetet med den nya stadsdelen. Det visade sig att det funnits eldsjälar som tidigt introducerat idén om kretsloppshuset, men att det i nuläget inte får någon större prioritet bland det pågående arbetet med ny skola och bostäder. Att involvera brukarna i ett tidigt skede ger bättre förutsättningar för att nå ett resultat som är effektivt och tillfredställande för alla parter. Teori gällande designdialoger har därför studerats, för att visa på vikten av en god dialog för att snabbt identifiera behov och utveckla idéer i designarbetet. Resultatet av examensarbetet, funktionsprogrammet, kan ses som ett förslag på konceptuell nivå med funktioner och uttryck som kan tillämpas på en byggnad av detta slag, och en inspiration till fortsatt arbete. I funktionsprogrammet gestaltar våra tolkningar hur kretsloppshuset skulle uppfylla de önskemål och funktioner som efterfrågas i planprogrammet, för att i största möjliga mån kunna vara till nytta i kommunens kommande arbete med byggnaden. Slutsatser som togs är att rena föregångare till Jakobsgårdarnas Kretsloppshus som koncept saknas. Trots ett stort antal inspirationskällor ur olika aspekter hittades inget exempel som förenar alla de aspekter som vi har ambitionen att utveckla i den aktuella byggnaden. Kretsloppshuset som koncept kan bli en viktig pusselbit för att hantera hållbarhetsfrågor i en stadsdel eller en hel stad. Ett vidare arbete krävs dock för att undersöka hur byggnaden ska komma att drivas och förvaltas, och en mer omfattande undersökning av vilka tekniska lösningar som ska appliceras. Vidare arbete krävs också för att optimera byggnaden för den framtida platsen, och hur stora ytor som är lämpliga. Det finns ett stort intresse för byggnaden från diverse aktörer i Borlänge, men för att idén om kretsloppshuset ska kunna förverkligas krävs en eller flera personer axlar det engagemang för projektet som fanns när planprogrammet upprättades. / The purpose of this thesis is to establish a functional program for an eco-cycle building where people can be reached with knowledge of sustainable development. The background to this is that the municipality of Borlänge approved a plan program with the vision of creating a new, climate neutral district and thereby become a precursor for sustainable construction in the region. For instance, the functional program is meant to investigate the background and the prerequisites that existed. In the municipality’s plan program, the building is described to have an educational function for the district and for Borlänge; a place which focuses on practical demonstrations and education for students and residents in recycling issues for energy, water and waste/material in a comprehensible and compelling way. The eco-cycle building is planned to be established near the new school, with classes from 6 to 9, to make a cooperation possible. Requests from the municipality is that the eco-cycle building can work like a hub in the new district, but also become a new place of interest and put Borlänge on the map for sustainable construction. Sustainable construction includes resource management, minimized energy use and renewable energy sources, but also that resources like energy, waste and water circulate in an eco-cycle. Theory has been obtained from literature focusing on how we should build our houses and cities if we want to join and create a sustainable society. Part of the purpose of this thesis was to explore how to disseminate information on environmental and circular issues in an educational way. The theoretical part of the thesis is therefore focusing on selected parts of education obtained from previous research in children and youth learning for sustainable development, since studies show that it is important that children learn about these issues early in life. Education for Sustainable Development is an important prerequisite for achieving the sustainability goals set by the UN until 2030. Upcoming generations must learn a sustainable way of life right from the start while the existing population must drastically change their lifestyle. In order to gather empiricism, interviews were held with people who have been involved in the planning work with the new district. It turned out that there were former driving spirits who introduced the idea of the eco-cycle building, but that it doesn’t currently are the major priority in the ongoing work with the new school and housing. Engaging the users at an early stage provides better conditions for achieving a result that is effective and satisfying for all parties. The theory of design dialogues has therefore been studied to demonstrate the importance of a good dialogue to quickly identify needs and develop ideas in design work. The result of the thesis, the functional program, can be seen as a draft on conceptual level with features and expressions that can be applied to a building of this kind, and an inspiration for continued work. In the functional program, our interpretations form how the eco-cycle building would meet the requests and functions that’s been requested in the plan program, in order to benefit as much as possible in the municipality's future work with the building. Conclusions are that there are no precursors of the eco-cycle building as a concept. Despite a large number of sources of inspiration from various aspects, no example was found that combines all the aspects we have the ambition to develop for this building. The eco-cycle building as a concept could play an important role for how to handle sustainable issues in a district or in a whole city. However, further work is required to investigate how the building should be run and managed, as well as more extensive studies of which technical solutions to apply. Further work is also required to optimize the building for the future location, and the size of the building that are appropriate. There is a great interest in the building from various participants in Borlänge, but to implement the idea of the eco-cycle building, one or more people need to embrace the project with the commitment that previously existed in the organization.

Det här examensarbetet syftar till att upprätta ett funktionsprogram för ett kretsloppshus där stadensinvånare kan nås med kunskap om hållbar utveckling. Bakgrunden till detta är att Borlänge kommun 2017godkände ett planprogram med visionen att skapa en ny, klimatneutral stadsdel och därmed bli enföregångare för hållbar stadsutveckling i regionen. Arbetet med programhandlingen innebar bland annat attundersöka den bakgrund och de förutsättningar som fanns för ett uppförande av byggnaden.I kommunens planprogram beskrivs byggnaden ha en pedagogisk funktion i stadsdelen och i Borlänge; enplats med fokus på praktisk demonstration och utbildning av elever och boende i kretsloppsfrågor för energi,vatten och avfall/material i en fattbar och intresseväckande skala. Kretsloppshuset planeras att uppföras ianslutning till en ny skola årkurs 6-9 för samverkan i detta syfte.Kommunens tanke är att kretsloppshuset ska fungera som ett nav i stadsdelen, men också att byggnaden skabli ett besöksmål och sätta Borlänge på kartan vad gäller hållbart byggande. Ett hållbart byggande innefattarbland annat resurshushållning, minimerad energianvändning och förnybara energikällor, men också attresurser som energi, avfall och vatten cirkulerar i kretslopp. Teori har inhämtats ur litteratur som fokuseratpå hur vi ska bygga våra hus och städer om vi vill vara med och skapa ett hållbart samhälle.En del av syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka hur man på ett pedagogiskt vis kan spridainformation om miljö- och kretsloppsfrågor. Examensarbetet teoretiska del fokuserar därför delvis påutvalda delar av pedagogik som inhämtats från tidigare forskning inom barn och ungdomars lärande förhållbar utveckling, eftersom att studier visar att det är viktigt att barn lär sig tidigt om dessa frågor.Utbildning för hållbar utveckling är en viktig förutsättning för att nå de hållbarhetsmål som FN tagit fram till2030. Kommande generationer måste lära sig ett hållbart levnadssätt redan från start samtidigt som denbefintliga befolkningen drastiskt måste förändra sin livsstil.För att samla empiri gjordes intervjuer med personer som är eller har varit inblandade i planeringsarbetetmed den nya stadsdelen. Det visade sig att det funnits eldsjälar som tidigt introducerat idén omkretsloppshuset, men att det i nuläget inte får någon större prioritet bland det pågående arbetet med ny skolaoch bostäder.Att involvera brukarna i ett tidigt skede ger bättre förutsättningar för att nå ett resultat som är effektivt ochtillfredställande för alla parter. Teori gällande designdialoger har därför studerats, för att visa på vikten av engod dialog för att snabbt identifiera behov och utveckla idéer i designarbetet.Resultatet av examensarbetet, funktionsprogrammet, kan ses som ett förslag på konceptuell nivå medfunktioner och uttryck som kan tillämpas på en byggnad av detta slag, och en inspiration till fortsatt arbete.I funktionsprogrammet gestaltar våra tolkningar hur kretsloppshuset skulle uppfylla de önskemål ochfunktioner som efterfrågas i planprogrammet, för att i största möjliga mån kunna vara till nytta i kommunenskommande arbete med byggnaden.Slutsatser som togs är att rena föregångare till Jakobsgårdarnas Kretsloppshus som koncept saknas. Trots ettstort antal inspirationskällor ur olika aspekter hittades inget exempel som förenar alla de aspekter som vi harambitionen att utveckla i den aktuella byggnaden. Kretsloppshuset som koncept kan bli en viktig pusselbitför att hantera hållbarhetsfrågor i en stadsdel eller en hel stad. Ett vidare arbete krävs dock för att undersökahur byggnaden ska komma att drivas och förvaltas, och en mer omfattande undersökning av vilka tekniskalösningar som ska appliceras. Vidare arbete krävs också för att optimera byggnaden för den framtida platsen,och hur stora ytor som är lämpliga.Det finns ett stort intresse för byggnaden från diverse aktörer i Borlänge, men för att idén omkretsloppshuset ska kunna förverkligas krävs en eller flera personer axlar det engagemang för projektet somfanns när planprogrammet upprättades. / The purpose of this thesis is to establish a functional program for an eco-cycle building where people can bereached with knowledge of sustainable development. The background to this is that the municipality ofBorlänge approved a plan program with the vision of creating a new, climate neutral district and therebybecome a precursor for sustainable construction in the region. For instance, the functional program is meantto investigate the background and the prerequisites that existed. In the municipality’s plan program, thebuilding is described to have an educational function for the district and for Borlänge; a place which focuseson practical demonstrations and education for students and residents in recycling issues for energy, waterand waste/material in a comprehensible and compelling way. The eco-cycle building is planned to beestablished near the new school, with classes from 6 to 9, to make a cooperation possible.Requests from the municipality is that the eco-cycle building can work like a hub in the new district, butalso become a new place of interest and put Borlänge on the map for sustainable construction. Sustainableconstruction includes resource management, minimized energy use and renewable energy sources, but alsothat resources like energy, waste and water circulate in an eco-cycle. Theory has been obtained fromliterature focusing on how we should build our houses and cities if we want to join and create a sustainablesociety.Part of the purpose of this thesis was to explore how to disseminate information on environmental andcircular issues in an educational way. The theoretical part of the thesis is therefore focusing on selected partsof education obtained from previous research in children and youth learning for sustainable development,since studies show that it is important that children learn about these issues early in life. Education forSustainable Development is an important prerequisite for achieving the sustainability goals set by the UNuntil 2030. Upcoming generations must learn a sustainable way of life right from the start while the existingpopulation must drastically change their lifestyle.In order to gather empiricism, interviews were held with people who have been involved in the planningwork with the new district. It turned out that there were former driving spirits who introduced the idea of theeco-cycle building, but that it doesn’t currently are the major priority in the ongoing work with the newschool and housing.Engaging the users at an early stage provides better conditions for achieving a result that is effective andsatisfying for all parties. The theory of design dialogues has therefore been studied to demonstrate theimportance of a good dialogue to quickly identify needs and develop ideas in design work.The result of the thesis, the functional program, can be seen as a draft on conceptual level with features andexpressions that can be applied to a building of this kind, and an inspiration for continued work. In thefunctional program, our interpretations form how the eco-cycle building would meet the requests andfunctions that’s been requested in the plan program, in order to benefit as much as possible in themunicipality's future work with the building.Conclusions are that there are no precursors of the eco-cycle building as a concept. Despite a large numberof sources of inspiration from various aspects, no example was found that combines all the aspects we havethe ambition to develop for this building. The eco-cycle building as a concept could play an important rolefor how to handle sustainable issues in a district or in a whole city. However, further work is required toinvestigate how the building should be run and managed, as well as more extensive studies of whichtechnical solutions to apply. Further work is also required to optimize the building for the future location,and the size of the building that are appropriate. There is a great interest in the building from variousparticipants in Borlänge, but to implement the idea of the eco-cycle building, one or more people need toembrace the project with the commitment that previously existed in the organization.

O tema central deste estudo refere-se à Construção Sustentável sob a ótica da preservação dos recursos naturais, perpassando pelos temas do papel da Construção Civil como agente transformador e regenerativo de seus impactos ecológicos na sociedade. Apesar dos já identificados limites planetários, no Brasil, a forma de entender a construção civil como agente de transformação social e econômica ainda não é favorável à manutenção do equilíbrio da natureza. Com características diferenciadas, o país apresenta prioridades de ação sobre o saneamento, a água, a exploração das florestas e a produção de alimentos que devem ser incorporadas em suas estratégias. Apesar do termo “construção sustentável” referir-se à preocupação ambiental no setor, a base comum do debate ainda é iniciante. Assim, objetivou-se analisar documentos publicados sobre as linhas prioritárias dos debates entre os agentes representativos do setor da construção civil brasileira para examinar os enfoques da Sustentabilidade Ecológica como base de sustentação para a vida no Planeta. Foram consideradas as contribuições das políticas públicas de “construção sustentável” para estimular a cadeia produtiva para ampliar a sustentabilidade. Acredita-se que este estudo pode promover uma análise da importância da Sustentabilidade Ecológica na “construção sustentável” por meio de produção de inovações, saberes e conhecimentos. A metodologia do estudo tem uma abordagem qualitativa, de natureza teórico-conceitual tendo como objeto de análise documentos públicos e privados. Identificou-se convergências e divergências nos debates relevantes para introduzir avanços na discussão. O conteúdo identificado nos documentos limita-se à importância da construção civil no desenvolvimento urbano e ao suprimento do consequente déficit habitacional sem referência aos grupos privilegiados, a exemplo do declarado na Agenda 21 para a construção sustentável em países em desenvolvimento. Quando se referem às ações alinhadas com o desenvolvimento sustentável, os textos abstêm-se de referências ao tema da inclusão social na habitação. As particularidades dos três documentos apresentam-se como verdadeiras e pertinentes para o setor da construção civil. Considerando o conteúdo dos documentos, as empresas que cuidarem da água, energia e do meio ambiente, podem ser mais competitivas e melhorar a sua produtividade e rentabilidade. Concluiu-se que os documentos são iniciativas de reflexões sobre o tema da Sustentabilidade Ecológica e fornecem orientações para o equilíbrio do desenvolvimento sustentável, o que pode ser alcançado mediante os princípios da economia circular aplicada à Construção Sustentável. Como sugestões para trabalhos futuros, esta Tese destacou a importância da economia circular como uma alternativa para aliar os interesses do desenvolvimento econômico e o desenvolvimento sustentável por meio da Construção Sustentável. / The central theme of this study refers to Sustainable Construction from the perspective of Ecological Sustainability, passing by themes of the role of Civil Construction as a transforming and regenerative agent of their ecological impacts in society. It is perceived a conflict between Ecological Sustainability and Sustainable Development due the later suggest economic growth with care for environment and social issues. Despite already identified planetary boundaries, in Brazil, the way to understand the Civil Construction as social and economic transformation agent is still not in favor of maintaining the nature balance. With different characteristics, the country presents action priorities on sanitation, water, forest exploration and food production that should be incorporated into their strategies. Although the term "sustainable construction" refer to environmental concern in the sector, the common basis of debate is still beginner. The objective was to analyze published documents on priority lines of discussions among representative agents of Brazilian Civil Construction sector to examine the focus of Ecological Sustainability as a support basis for life on the planet. It were considered contributions from public policies of "sustainable construction" to stimulate the production chain to increase sustainability. It is believed that this study can promote an analysis of the importance of ecological sustainability in "sustainable construction" through production of innovation, knowledge and expertise. The study methodology has a qualitative approach, theoretical and conceptual nature having as object of analysis public and private documents. It was identified convergences and divergences in debates relevant to introduce advances in the discussion. The content identified in documents is limited to the importance of civil construction in urban development and to supply resulting habitation shortage without reference to privileged groups, such as stated in Agenda 21 for sustainable development in developing countries. When referring to actions aligned with sustainable development, the texts abstain of references to the issue of social inclusion in habitation. The particularities of the three documents are presented as true and relevant to the construction sector. Considering documents content, companies that take care of water, energy and the environment, can be more competitive and improve their productivity and profitability. It was concluded that the documents are initiatives of reflections on the theme of Ecological Sustainability and provide guidance for the balance of sustainable development, which can be achieved by the principles of circular economy applied to Sustainable Construction. As suggestions for future works, this thesis emphasized the importance of circular economy as an alternative to align interests of economic development and sustainable development through Sustainable Construction.

CAPES / O estudo consiste em uma comparação da qualidade da água da chuva coletada em duas formas distintas de captação: um sistema composto por um telhado inclinado com telhas de concreto, nomeada (casa 1) e o outro composto por uma cobertura plana com telhado verde, ou seja, vegetado, nomeada (casa 2). Tem por objetivo caracterizar os sistemas utilizados nas duas formas de cobertura, analisar a qualidade da água da chuva captada nos dois sistemas e fazer o acompanhamento da qualidade da água armazenada para posterior uso ao longo do estudo com o intuito de verificar a eficiência e comportamento dos sistemas de captação. Objetiva ainda encontrar relações nas variáveis envolvidas e apresentar os resultados de forma a estabelecer uma comparação qualitativa no desempenho das duas coberturas. O estudo foi realizado em duas casas localizadas na região noroeste da cidade de Curitiba, capital do Paraná. Na casa 1, com telhas de concreto, a água da chuva que escoa pelo telhado é primeiramente coletada por uma calha, seguindo por um duto vertical até o nível do solo, no qual se encontra um filtro simples, então a água é encaminhada para uma cisterna, onde é armazenada, para posterior uso na torneira externa para onde a água é bombeada. Já na casa 2, com cobertura plana vegetada, a água da chuva após passar pelo telhado verde é conduzida por dutos verticais até a cisterna de concreto no nível do solo, então uma eletrobomba recalca a água até um reservatório localizado na cobertura, acima do nível do telhado verde, para armazenamento e posterior uso na torneira externa. As amostras coletadas em nove eventos (17/05/2013 a 03/12/2013) foram analisadas quanto à: pH, turbidez, oxigênio dissolvido e temperatura, que foram medidos no próprio local. Demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), amônia, nitrito, nitrato e fosfato foram amostrados e analisados no laboratório de Saneamento da UTFPR, Campus Ecoville. Ainda quanto à presença de coliformes totais e termotolerantes (E. Coli), foram realizados em um laboratório terceirizado. Observou-se que o telhado convencional da casa 1 apresentou maior qualidade no parâmetro turbidez e demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), já o telhado verde diminuiu a acidez natural da água da chuva. As duas coberturas se mostraram eficientes pela concentração de amônia e nitrato, contudo indicaram concentrações elevadas de fosfato. Nos parâmetros microbiológicos os dois telhados não obtiveram qualidade suficiente para atender a NBR 15.527/2007. Desta forma, tomadas as devidas precauções, se recomenda o uso da água proveniente dos telhados, vegetados e convencional, para descargas de bacias sanitárias, irrigação de gramados e plantas ornamentais, lavagem de veículos, limpeza de calçadas e ruas, limpeza de pátios, espelhos d'água e usos industriais, conforme estabelecido na norma. / The study consists of a comparison of the quality of rainwater collected in two distinct ways of catchments: a system composed of a pitched roof with concrete tiles and another consisted of a vegetated flat coverage, as known as green roof. It aims to characterize the systems used in both forms of coverage, to analyze the quality of rainwater captured in the two systems and to monitor the quality of water stored for later use throughout the study in order to verify the efficiency and performance of catchment systems. It also aims to find relations in the involved variables and to present the results in order to establish a qualitative comparison in the performance of two coverages. The study was conducted in two houses located in the northwest region of the city of Curitiba, capital of Paraná. The appointee, house 1, has a pitched roof with concrete tiles, the rainwater that seeps through the roof is first collected by a trough, followed by a vertical duct to the ground level, with a simple filter, then the water is sent into a tank where it is stored for later use in the external faucet where the water is pumped. However, at house 2, with vegetated flat roof, after passing through the green roof the rainwater is driven by vertical ducts to the concrete tank at ground level, then an electric pump represses the water to a reservoir located on the roof, above the green roof ́s level for storage and later use on the external tap. Samples collected in nine events (17/05/2013 to 03/12/2013) were analyzed for pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and temperature, they were measured in situ. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate were sampled and analyzed in the laboratory of Sanitation UTFPR Campus Ecoville. Nevertheless, for the presence of total and fecal coliforms (E. coli), tests were performed on an outsourced laboratory. As for the results obtained, the conventional roof house 1 rainwater had higher quality in turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter, whereas in house 2 the green roof reduced the natural acidity of rainwater. The two covers were effective in the concentration of ammonia and nitrate, though indicated high concentrations of phosphate. Microbiological parameters in neither roofs met the NBR 15.527/2007 quality. Thus, taken due precautions, it is recommend the use of water from roofs, vegetated and conventional, to flush toilets, to irrigate lawns and ornamental plants, to wash vehicles, to clean sidewalks and streets, to clean patios, water mirrors and to industrial uses, as defined in the standards.

O tema central deste estudo refere-se à Construção Sustentável sob a ótica da preservação dos recursos naturais, perpassando pelos temas do papel da Construção Civil como agente transformador e regenerativo de seus impactos ecológicos na sociedade. Apesar dos já identificados limites planetários, no Brasil, a forma de entender a construção civil como agente de transformação social e econômica ainda não é favorável à manutenção do equilíbrio da natureza. Com características diferenciadas, o país apresenta prioridades de ação sobre o saneamento, a água, a exploração das florestas e a produção de alimentos que devem ser incorporadas em suas estratégias. Apesar do termo “construção sustentável” referir-se à preocupação ambiental no setor, a base comum do debate ainda é iniciante. Assim, objetivou-se analisar documentos publicados sobre as linhas prioritárias dos debates entre os agentes representativos do setor da construção civil brasileira para examinar os enfoques da Sustentabilidade Ecológica como base de sustentação para a vida no Planeta. Foram consideradas as contribuições das políticas públicas de “construção sustentável” para estimular a cadeia produtiva para ampliar a sustentabilidade. Acredita-se que este estudo pode promover uma análise da importância da Sustentabilidade Ecológica na “construção sustentável” por meio de produção de inovações, saberes e conhecimentos. A metodologia do estudo tem uma abordagem qualitativa, de natureza teórico-conceitual tendo como objeto de análise documentos públicos e privados. Identificou-se convergências e divergências nos debates relevantes para introduzir avanços na discussão. O conteúdo identificado nos documentos limita-se à importância da construção civil no desenvolvimento urbano e ao suprimento do consequente déficit habitacional sem referência aos grupos privilegiados, a exemplo do declarado na Agenda 21 para a construção sustentável em países em desenvolvimento. Quando se referem às ações alinhadas com o desenvolvimento sustentável, os textos abstêm-se de referências ao tema da inclusão social na habitação. As particularidades dos três documentos apresentam-se como verdadeiras e pertinentes para o setor da construção civil. Considerando o conteúdo dos documentos, as empresas que cuidarem da água, energia e do meio ambiente, podem ser mais competitivas e melhorar a sua produtividade e rentabilidade. Concluiu-se que os documentos são iniciativas de reflexões sobre o tema da Sustentabilidade Ecológica e fornecem orientações para o equilíbrio do desenvolvimento sustentável, o que pode ser alcançado mediante os princípios da economia circular aplicada à Construção Sustentável. Como sugestões para trabalhos futuros, esta Tese destacou a importância da economia circular como uma alternativa para aliar os interesses do desenvolvimento econômico e o desenvolvimento sustentável por meio da Construção Sustentável. / The central theme of this study refers to Sustainable Construction from the perspective of Ecological Sustainability, passing by themes of the role of Civil Construction as a transforming and regenerative agent of their ecological impacts in society. It is perceived a conflict between Ecological Sustainability and Sustainable Development due the later suggest economic growth with care for environment and social issues. Despite already identified planetary boundaries, in Brazil, the way to understand the Civil Construction as social and economic transformation agent is still not in favor of maintaining the nature balance. With different characteristics, the country presents action priorities on sanitation, water, forest exploration and food production that should be incorporated into their strategies. Although the term "sustainable construction" refer to environmental concern in the sector, the common basis of debate is still beginner. The objective was to analyze published documents on priority lines of discussions among representative agents of Brazilian Civil Construction sector to examine the focus of Ecological Sustainability as a support basis for life on the planet. It were considered contributions from public policies of "sustainable construction" to stimulate the production chain to increase sustainability. It is believed that this study can promote an analysis of the importance of ecological sustainability in "sustainable construction" through production of innovation, knowledge and expertise. The study methodology has a qualitative approach, theoretical and conceptual nature having as object of analysis public and private documents. It was identified convergences and divergences in debates relevant to introduce advances in the discussion. The content identified in documents is limited to the importance of civil construction in urban development and to supply resulting habitation shortage without reference to privileged groups, such as stated in Agenda 21 for sustainable development in developing countries. When referring to actions aligned with sustainable development, the texts abstain of references to the issue of social inclusion in habitation. The particularities of the three documents are presented as true and relevant to the construction sector. Considering documents content, companies that take care of water, energy and the environment, can be more competitive and improve their productivity and profitability. It was concluded that the documents are initiatives of reflections on the theme of Ecological Sustainability and provide guidance for the balance of sustainable development, which can be achieved by the principles of circular economy applied to Sustainable Construction. As suggestions for future works, this thesis emphasized the importance of circular economy as an alternative to align interests of economic development and sustainable development through Sustainable Construction.

CAPES / O estudo consiste em uma comparação da qualidade da água da chuva coletada em duas formas distintas de captação: um sistema composto por um telhado inclinado com telhas de concreto, nomeada (casa 1) e o outro composto por uma cobertura plana com telhado verde, ou seja, vegetado, nomeada (casa 2). Tem por objetivo caracterizar os sistemas utilizados nas duas formas de cobertura, analisar a qualidade da água da chuva captada nos dois sistemas e fazer o acompanhamento da qualidade da água armazenada para posterior uso ao longo do estudo com o intuito de verificar a eficiência e comportamento dos sistemas de captação. Objetiva ainda encontrar relações nas variáveis envolvidas e apresentar os resultados de forma a estabelecer uma comparação qualitativa no desempenho das duas coberturas. O estudo foi realizado em duas casas localizadas na região noroeste da cidade de Curitiba, capital do Paraná. Na casa 1, com telhas de concreto, a água da chuva que escoa pelo telhado é primeiramente coletada por uma calha, seguindo por um duto vertical até o nível do solo, no qual se encontra um filtro simples, então a água é encaminhada para uma cisterna, onde é armazenada, para posterior uso na torneira externa para onde a água é bombeada. Já na casa 2, com cobertura plana vegetada, a água da chuva após passar pelo telhado verde é conduzida por dutos verticais até a cisterna de concreto no nível do solo, então uma eletrobomba recalca a água até um reservatório localizado na cobertura, acima do nível do telhado verde, para armazenamento e posterior uso na torneira externa. As amostras coletadas em nove eventos (17/05/2013 a 03/12/2013) foram analisadas quanto à: pH, turbidez, oxigênio dissolvido e temperatura, que foram medidos no próprio local. Demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), amônia, nitrito, nitrato e fosfato foram amostrados e analisados no laboratório de Saneamento da UTFPR, Campus Ecoville. Ainda quanto à presença de coliformes totais e termotolerantes (E. Coli), foram realizados em um laboratório terceirizado. Observou-se que o telhado convencional da casa 1 apresentou maior qualidade no parâmetro turbidez e demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), já o telhado verde diminuiu a acidez natural da água da chuva. As duas coberturas se mostraram eficientes pela concentração de amônia e nitrato, contudo indicaram concentrações elevadas de fosfato. Nos parâmetros microbiológicos os dois telhados não obtiveram qualidade suficiente para atender a NBR 15.527/2007. Desta forma, tomadas as devidas precauções, se recomenda o uso da água proveniente dos telhados, vegetados e convencional, para descargas de bacias sanitárias, irrigação de gramados e plantas ornamentais, lavagem de veículos, limpeza de calçadas e ruas, limpeza de pátios, espelhos d'água e usos industriais, conforme estabelecido na norma. / The study consists of a comparison of the quality of rainwater collected in two distinct ways of catchments: a system composed of a pitched roof with concrete tiles and another consisted of a vegetated flat coverage, as known as green roof. It aims to characterize the systems used in both forms of coverage, to analyze the quality of rainwater captured in the two systems and to monitor the quality of water stored for later use throughout the study in order to verify the efficiency and performance of catchment systems. It also aims to find relations in the involved variables and to present the results in order to establish a qualitative comparison in the performance of two coverages. The study was conducted in two houses located in the northwest region of the city of Curitiba, capital of Paraná. The appointee, house 1, has a pitched roof with concrete tiles, the rainwater that seeps through the roof is first collected by a trough, followed by a vertical duct to the ground level, with a simple filter, then the water is sent into a tank where it is stored for later use in the external faucet where the water is pumped. However, at house 2, with vegetated flat roof, after passing through the green roof the rainwater is driven by vertical ducts to the concrete tank at ground level, then an electric pump represses the water to a reservoir located on the roof, above the green roof ́s level for storage and later use on the external tap. Samples collected in nine events (17/05/2013 to 03/12/2013) were analyzed for pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and temperature, they were measured in situ. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate were sampled and analyzed in the laboratory of Sanitation UTFPR Campus Ecoville. Nevertheless, for the presence of total and fecal coliforms (E. coli), tests were performed on an outsourced laboratory. As for the results obtained, the conventional roof house 1 rainwater had higher quality in turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter, whereas in house 2 the green roof reduced the natural acidity of rainwater. The two covers were effective in the concentration of ammonia and nitrate, though indicated high concentrations of phosphate. Microbiological parameters in neither roofs met the NBR 15.527/2007 quality. Thus, taken due precautions, it is recommend the use of water from roofs, vegetated and conventional, to flush toilets, to irrigate lawns and ornamental plants, to wash vehicles, to clean sidewalks and streets, to clean patios, water mirrors and to industrial uses, as defined in the standards.

The eco-friendly alternatives use is increasing momentum in a conscious effort towards sustainability. In this regards, the relevance and the economic value of using copper slag as a concrete aggregate are explored in this study in order to contribute towards metallurgical waste recycling. Emphasis is placed on the evaluation of the concretes strengthening prepared with copper slag contents and produced under four curing methods: water immersion, water spraying, plastic sheet covering and air-drying. In each curing case excluding for water immersion, was duplicated in indoors (i.e. in the laboratory) and outdoor exposure (so was prone to varying environmental conditions). This was specifically aimed at capturing the effects of tropical weather conditions typical of the Lualaba province in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The control mix was designed to reach 25 MPa of compressive strength. Copper slag was successively incorporated as sand replacement at the following mass fractions: 20 %, 40 % and 60 %. Freshly mixed concrete samples were evaluated for workability. Cube specimens were cast accordingly, cured for 28 days and then tested for density and compressive strength. Results indicated an increase in strength up to 20 % of replacement rate for all the curing methods. Further additions resulted in reduction in the strength, but the rate of reduction depended on curing conditions. The increase in strength was mainly credited to the physical properties of copper slag that could have contributed to the cohesion of the concrete matrix. It has been found that appropriate ways of curing can still achieve greater results than that of the control mix since 80 % of humidity is ensure. The two-way ANOVA test performed on the 28-days compressive strength values confirmed the significant influence of the curing methods, of copper slag content and the interaction between them. It has been found that considerable influence is attributed to copper slag content and that warm environmental conditions further extend the concrete strengthening. / College of Engineering, Science and Technology / M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)

In an age where the sharing economy has proliferated as a preferred means of travel in the tourism industry, and the accommodation sharing platform Airbnb has risen to the forefront, there is much criticism and discussion about the need for such nascent platforms to operate in alignment with sustainable development. Currently, economic benefits for the host and guest lie at the core of Airbnb’s sustainability appeal, while few concrete steps have been taken to advance environmental and social values. Many have proposed a green rating system and sustainability-oriented search filters as a means to propagate these values and catalyze a necessary paradigm shift within the sharing economy. Through the lens of green architecture and construction, this study analyzes the extent and manner in which sustainability features and amenities are promoted by hosts on Airbnb in the high-desert mountain town of Taos, New Mexico. This case study approach selects and intriguing destination that is not only characterized by a long history of earthen building traditions by the Tiwa people, but was also the birthplace of the world-renowned, off-the-grid Earthship concept. An analysis of all active Airbnb listings was compared with a more targeted analysis of off-the-grid listings to reveal that hosts more often than not frame their sustainability features and amenities in terms of visitor comfort, convenience, and enjoyment. For instance, the valorization of earthen adobe building for its authenticity and cultural appeal in lieu of its energy efficient and natural qualities. This indicated a high level of unexploited potential, wherein hosts could enhance their listing’s sustainability appeal and educational value through reframing these features to potential guests, and off-the-grid listings could benefit from implementing and promoting sustainable practices and emphasizing the local culture. Most importantly, after quantitively analyzing the features that arose, this study assembled the content basis for a theoretical green rating system and sustainability search filters that could be applied to Taos as a localized system, or merely provide insight to other destinations and the Airbnb platform as a whole.

Människans negativa miljöpåverkan har orsakat att jordens temperaturökning har fördubblats på kort tid och vars åtgärd kräver omgående förändringar i samhället. Ett hållbart förhållningssätt är väsentligt för att inte äventyra kommande generationers förutsättningar på jorden. En omställning till en cirkulär ekonomi är nödvändigt för att gynna en hållbar utveckling. Byggsektorns resursanvändning och avfall orsakar en stor andel av samhällets miljöpåverkan och har en betydelsefull roll i den cirkulära övergången. Återbruk av bygg- och rivningsavfall är en viktig del av cirkulära strategier, men som sektorn varit långsamma på att implementera. Kandidatarbetet undersöker möjligheterna att utforma en mindre trävilla med hänsyn på återbruk. Syftet med studien är att framställa en förslagshandling för en trävilla som tar hänsyn på cirkulära strategier som möjliggör återbruk av de ingående komponenterna. Studien baseras på en kvalitativ metod som inledningsvis bestod av en litteraturstudie, därefter hölls workshop med aktörer i byggbranschen för att ta del av deras kunskaper inom ämnesområdet. I konsultation med aktörerna diskuterades möjligheter och svårigheter vid utformning av småhus med hänsyn till återbruksbara byggnadskomponenter. Studiens resultat visar att byggsektorn i största allmänhet är medvetna om de ekologiska fördelarna av cirkulära strategier som att projektera för demontering, men att dessa inte nyttjas i någon större utsträckning. Det beror delvis på byggsektorns okunskap om hur byggnaders utformning påverkar komponenternas möjlighet till återbruk och dels på osäkerheterna kring den ekonomiska lönsamheten. För att öka återbruk i byggsektorn kommer sektorn behöva ekonomiska incitament som nya avgifts- och beskattningsstrukturer. För att främja återbruk av ingående byggkomponenter är det viktigt att tidigt planera för komponenternas åtkomlighet, reparation och demontering. För att förenkla förändringsarbete och underhåll bör byggnaden utformas med stora öppna ytor och med en så stor andel prefabricerade moduler och komponenter. Byggnadens komponenter bör väljas med hänsyn på att de ska vara hållbara och lätta att hantera vid montering och demontering.