The Swan Peak Formation in the Bear River Range of northern Utah and southeastern Idaho varies in thickness from 0 feet to over 400 feet. It consists of three units: (1) a lower unit of interbedded quartzites, shales, and limestones; (2) A middle unit of interbedded quartzites and shales; (3) An upper unit of nearly homogeneous quartzites. The different sedimentary structures, ichnofossils, body fossils, and mineral compositions of each unit represent different environments of deposition. The lower unit probably was deposited in a shallow-shelf environment, and its sediments grade upward into probably shoreface-, tidal-flat-, and lagoonal deposits of the middle unit. The upper unit is believed to be a shallow-marine sand deposited by south-flowing currents. The lower and middle uits of the Swan Peak Formation consist of a progradational suite of nearshore lithologies formed during the regression of the sea that terminated the early Paleozoic Sauk Sequence. The formation lies disconformably beneath the Ordovician Fish Haven Dolomite, and rests conformably on the underlying Ordovician Garden City Formation. The upper and middle units thin eastward and south-eastward to a feather edge, whereas the lower unit is thickest along an east-west trending belt and thins northward and southward. The lower unit could be time-equivalent to the upper and middle units in the north. Possible estuarine deposits containing detrital hydroxyapatite suggest a local fluvial source in the southeast. The immediate source for much of the sand in the middle and upper units lay northward in Idaho. "Fucoidal markings" within the middle unit appear to be feeding burrows filled with reworked sediment that was consumed or searched for the organic content by littoral to sublittoral benthonic predators or scavengers, probably orthoconic cephalopods.

No description available.

This dissertation presents the development of a two-dimensional St. Johns River model and the coupling of hydrodynamic and wave models for the simulation of storm tides. The hydrodynamic model employed for calculating tides and surges is ADCIRC-2DDI (ADvanced CIRCulation Model for Shelves, Coasts and Estuaries, Two-Dimensional Depth Integrated) developed by Luettich et al. (1992). The finite element based model solves the fully nonlinear shallow water equations in the generalized wave continuity form. Hydrodynamic applications are operated with the following forcings: 1) astronomical tides, 2) inflows from tributaries, 3) meteorological effects (winds and pressure), and 4) waves (wind-induced waves). The wave model applied for wind-induced wave simulation is the third-generation SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore), applicable to the estimation of wave parameters in coastal areas and estuaries. The SWAN model is governed by the wave action balance equation driven by wind, sea surface elevations and current conditions (Holthuijsen et al. 2004). The overall work is comprised of three major phases: 1) To develop a model domain that incorporates the entire East Coast of the United States, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, while honing in on the St. Johns River area; 2) To employ output from the SWAN model with the ADCIRC model and produce a uni-directional coupling of the two models in order to investigate the effects of the wave radiation stresses; 3) To couple the ADCIRC model with the SWAN model to describe the complete interactions of the two physical processes. Model calibration and comparisons are accomplished in three steps. First, astronomical tide simulation results are calibrated with historical NOS (National Ocean Service) tide data. Second, overland and riverine flows and meteorological effects are included, and computed river levels are compared with the historical NOS water level data. Finally, the storm tides generated by Hurricane Floyd are simulated and compared with historical data. This research results in a prototype for real-time simulation of tides and waves for flash flood and river-stage forecasting efforts of the NWS Forecasting Centers that border coastal areas. The following two main conclusions are reported: 1) regardless of whether one uses uni-coupling or coupling, wind-induced waves result in an approximately 10 – 15 % higher peak storm tide level than without any coupling; and 2) the wave-current interaction described by the coupling model results in decreasing peaks and increasing troughs in the storm tide hydrograph. Two main corollary conclusions are also drawn from a 122-day hindcast for the period spanning June 1 – October 1, 2005. First, wind forcing for the St. Johns River is equal to or greater than that of astronomic tides and generally supersedes the impact of inflows, while pressure variations have a minimal impact. Secondly, water levels inside the St. Johns River depend on the wind forcings in the deep ocean; however, if one applies an elevation hydrograph boundary condition from a large-scale domain model to a local-scale domain model the results are highly accurate.

Coastal Louisiana U.S. is facing wetland loss caused mainly by geologic subsidence and sea-level rise. These losses are accelerated by human activities such as the creation of canals and waterways for gas and oil extraction. Wetland loss in coastal Louisiana has encouraged to the implementation of various wetland restoration techniques. Marsh terraces are a one restoration technique consisting of segmented berms of soil that are built in inland coastal ponds. They are designed to increase marsh area, dissipate wind driven waves, encourage marsh expansion, and possibly reduce shoreline erosion. Marsh terraces have been implemented for almost 30 years; however, little research has been conducted to determine their effectiveness at reducing wave energy. Therefore, the overall goal of this research is to find the most optimal terrace design at reducing significant wave height, and therefore wave energy. The specific objectives of this study are to 1) assess terrace performance and longevity over time, 2) simulate wave climates in marsh terrace sites and determine the effectiveness of marsh terraces for the reduction of wave energy, and 3) assess the effectiveness of different terrace designs at reducing significant wave height during low winds and cold front passages in coastal Louisiana. These objectives were accomplished through remote sensing and numerical wave modeling. This study found that there was more predominant deposition than erosion in 20 marsh terrace fields. The study also used a numerical model to simulate small, high frequency waves in two terrace sites, finding an agreement between modeled and observed data. Moreover, wave height was reduced in terrace sites compared to unterraced sites. Finally, it was found that the chevron design is the most optimal terrace design at reducing significant wave height in a variety of wind conditions. This study adds to our knowledge of marsh terrace performance. In this way, marsh terraces may be used as an effective restoration technique at reducing wave energy, not just in Louisiana, but throughout the Gulf Coast, the U.S., and other coasts worldwide that are facing wetland loss.

No description available.

No description available.

Dans ce mémoire, nous cherchons à poser un regard nouveau sur le miroir, cet objet apparemment anodin, dont la présence au cinéma dissimule souvent un sens caché, ainsi qu’à démontrer, à travers l’élaboration d’une typologie des différentes fonctions du miroir, que la surface spéculaire se révèle souvent une clé d’interprétation importante pour saisir le sens d’un film à l’échelle du plan, de la scène ou de l’ensemble de l’œuvre. Nous tenterons, dans un premier temps, de définir et distinguer les modes de réflexivité du miroir au cinéma – concret, métaphorique, métacinématographique – pour ensuite les associer aux différents rôles que le miroir peut prendre dans les films. Enfin, nous proposerons une analyse filmique de Black Swan de Darren Aronofsky (2010), laquelle prendra appui sur l’étude des miroirs employés dans l’œuvre.

Living shorelines and other nature-based solutions have become more widely accepted as a cost-effective, multi-functional, and sustainable approach to coastal resilience. However, in spite of growing stakeholder support, a planning-level understanding of the hydrodynamic impact of living shorelines is not well-developed. Not only do these features vary in size, shape, and structural characteristics, but the wave environment in which they exist can be quiescent or extreme. The work presented in this paper explores the hydrodynamic effects of living shoreline features in such a way that can be generalized across a range of varying physical environments. In a series of Simulation WAves Nearshore (SWAN) simulations, we investigate the effect of wave period, wave height, bed slope, living shoreline feature length in the cross-shore direction, and feature friction coefficient on wave attenuation. Results showed that higher wave period, higher wave height, milder slopes, longer feature lengths, and higher feature roughness largely correlated with higher wave attenuation. However, only on mild slopes did additional feature lengths result in appreciable additional attenuation. Characteristic lengths were thus computed to better illustrate the cost-effectiveness of additional feature lengths given a particular wave environment. These characteristic lengths provide one way to evaluate the hydraulic efficacy of proposed living shoreline projects. In this way, regardless of the particularities of individual project sites, we aim to help planners screen potential living shoreline projects before pursuing more detailed, costly analyses. / Master of Science / Living shorelines and other nature-based solutions have become more widely accepted as a cost-effective, multi-functional, and sustainable approach to coastal resilience. However, in spite of growing stakeholder support, a planning-level understanding of the hydrodynamic impact of living shorelines is not well-developed. Not only do these features vary in size, shape, and structural characteristics, but the wave environment in which they exist can be quiescent or extreme. The work presented in this paper explores the hydrodynamic effects of living shoreline features in such a way that can be generalized across a range of varying physical environments. In a series of Simulation WAves Nearshore (SWAN) simulations, we investigate the effect of wave period, wave height, bed slope, living shoreline feature length in the cross-shore direction, and feature friction coefficient on wave attenuation. Results showed that higher wave period, higher wave height, milder slopes, longer feature lengths, and higher feature roughness largely correlated with higher wave attenuation. However, only on mild slopes did additional feature lengths result in appreciable additional attenuation. Characteristic lengths were thus computed to better illustrate the cost-effectiveness of additional feature lengths given a particular wave environment. These characteristic lengths provide one way to evaluate the hydraulic efficacy of proposed living shoreline projects. In this way, regardless of the particularities of individual project sites, we aim to help planners screen potential living shoreline projects before pursuing more detailed, costly analyses.

Fundamento: medidas adjuvantes têm sido propostas para o tratamento de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, algumas não farmacológicas, como o uso do calor. Apesar dos resultados positivos para pacientes clinicamente estáveis, não existem trabalhos relacionados ao tratamento com calor na fase descompensada da insuficiência cardíaca em pacientes em uso de drogas vasoativas. Objetivos: avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos agudos do calor aplicado através da manta térmica em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada (ICD) refratária. Para isso foi estabelecido como desfechos o aumento do índice cardíaco e a redução da resistência vascular sistêmica no primeiro dia de seguimento. Como objetivo secundário, avaliar se sessões repetidas de calor por cinco dias consecutivos promoveria ou sustentaria os efeitos hemodinâmicos obtidos agudamente e, se reduziria os níveis de BNP ao longo do seguimento. Métodos: ensaio clínico randomizado aberto, prospectivo, com grupo controle em pacientes portadores de ICD. O estudo foi dividido em duas fases. Na primeira fase foram estudados pacientes em um único dia e foi avaliado o efeito agudo do calor antes e após a intervenção. Na segunda fase o calor foi avaliado através de sessões diárias por cinco dias consecutivos. Foi utilizada a manta térmica por radiação infravermelha para o aquecimento dos pacientes. As medidas hemodinâmicas foram avaliadas por método invasivo através do cateter de Swan-Ganz e de maneira não invasiva pelo método de modelflow. Os pacientes estavam em uso de inotrópico endovenoso contínuo, no perfil hemodinâmico C segundo a classificação clínico-hemodinâmica de Stevenson e foram considerados refratários após tentativa de retirada da droga vasoativa sem sucesso. A população do estudo foi dividida em 2 grupos: grupo T (termoterapia) e grupo C (controle). O grupo T foi submetido à vasodilatação térmica através da manta térmica na temperatura de 50°C por 40 minutos adicionalmente ao tratamento medicamentoso. Os pacientes do grupo C mantiveram o tratamento medicamentoso e a manta térmica foi posicionada da mesma maneira por 40 minutos, porém desligada. Análise estatística: as variáveis foram analisadas pelo teste exato de Fisher ou razão de verossimilhança. A normalidade foi avaliada com o teste de Komogorov-Smirnov. As variáveis quantitativas foram apresentadas por média e desvio padrão. As médias foram avaliadas com análise de variância para medidas repetidas (ANOVA). Quando significante, utilizou-se contrastes para discriminar as diferenças entre os momentos. As medidas avaliadas em um único momento foram comparadas com teste t-Student. Foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para a análise da correlação entre as medidas. Foram considerados estatisticamente significantes os valores de p < 0,05. Resultados: entre outubro de 2007 e abril de 2013, 165 pacientes foram avaliados para possível elegibilidade. Destes, 12 pacientes recusaram participar do estudo e 105 foram excluídos pelos critérios de exclusão. Foram incluídos 48 pacientes, entretanto, 10 pacientes foram excluídos prérandomização. Foram avaliados inicialmente 8 pacientes que foram submetidos a sessões de calor para segurança e validação do método e 30 pacientes foram randomizados até o término do estudo. No total, 38 pacientes foram estudados. Não houve diferença nas características basais entre os grupos estudados. Na primeira fase foram avaliados 38 pacientes, pré e pós-intervenção. A vasodilatação térmica foi capaz de aumentar o índice cardíaco em 24,1% e de reduzir a resistência vascular sistêmica em 16%. Na segunda fase os pacientes foram seguidos por 5 dias consecutivos conforme randomização e apresentaram melhora hemodinâmica significativa somente nos primeiros dois dias. O maior aumento do índice cardíaco foi de 23,3% e a maior redução da resistência vascular sistêmica foi de 19,3% no grupo tratado com calor. A partir do terceiro dia não houve mais benefício da termoterapia. Da mesma forma, não verificamos diferença entre os níveis de BNP dosados entre o primeiro e quinto dias de seguimento entre os grupos. Conclusões: o calor como vasodilatador foi capaz de aumentar o índice cardíaco e diminuir a resistência vascular sistêmica nos primeiros dias de tratamento na ICD. Entretanto, não houve benefício adicional em sessões repetidas por cinco dias consecutivos ou melhora dos níveis de BNP. Os dados sugerem que a termoterapia pode vir a representar uma abordagem terapêutica adjuvante para o tratamento dos pacientes com ICD. No entanto, um ensaio clínico randomizado com número maior de pacientes é necessário para explorar sua potencial efetividade clínica / Background: adjuvant measures have been proposed for the treatment of heart failure patients, some non-pharmacological, such as the use of heat. Despite the positive results for clinically stable patients, there are no studies related to use thermal therapy in patients with decompensated heart failure (DHF) and in use of vasoactive drugs. Objectives: To evaluate the acute hemodynamic effects of heat applied through the thermal blanket in patients with refractory decompensated heart failure. It was established as outcomes the increase of cardiac index and decrease of systemic vascular resistance on the first day of follow-up. Secondary objective was to evaluate whether repeated sessions of heat for five consecutive days would promote or sustain the hemodynamic effects obtained acutely, and if it would reduce BNP levels during the follow-up. Methods: open label randomized clinical trial, with control group, in patients with DHF. The study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, patients were studied in a single day and the acute effects of heat were evaluated before and after intervention. In the second phase, the effects of heat were evaluated by daily sessions for five consecutive days. An infrared thermal blanket was used to heating the patients. Hemodynamic measurements were assessed through invasive Swan-Ganz catheter and noninvasively by the method of modelflow. The patients were receiving continuous intravenous inotropic therapy and were classified in the profile C according to Stevenson´s clinical and hemodynamic classification and were considered refractory after failure in the attempted of withdraw the vasoactive drugs. The study population was divided into 2 groups: group T (thermal therapy) and group C (control). Group T was submitted to vasodilation through the thermal blanket at 50 °C for 40 minutes in addition to drug treatment. Patients in group C maintained the drug treatment and the thermal blanket was positioned in the same way for 40 minutes, but turned off. Statistical analysis: The variables were analyzed by Fisher\'s exact test or likelihood ratio. Normality was assessed with Komogorov-Smirnov test. Quantitative variables were presented as mean and standard deviation. Means were evaluated using analysis of variance for repeated measures (ANOVA). When significant, contrasts were used to discriminate the differences between times. Measurements evaluated at a single time were compared with Student\'s t test. We used the Pearson correlation coefficient to analyze the correlation between the measurements. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Between October 2007 and April 2013, 165 patients were evaluated for possible eligibility. Of these, 12 patients refused to participate in the study and 105 were excluded by the exclusion criteria. There were included 48 patients, however, 10 patients were excluded in the pre-randomization. Eight patients were initially evaluated and were submitted to heart sessions for security and validation of the method and 30 patients were randomized until the end of the study. In total, 38 patients were studied. There were no differences in the baseline characteristics between the study groups. In the first phase, 38 patients were analyzed pre and post-intervention. The thermal vasodilation was able to increase the cardiac index by 24.1% and to reduce the systemic vascular resistance by 16%. In the second phase, patients were followed up for 5 consecutive days according to randomization and showed significant hemodynamic improvement only in the first two days. The largest increase in cardiac index was 23.3 % and the greatest reduction in systemic vascular resistance was 19.3 % in the group treated with heat. From the third day there was no benefit of thermal therapy. Likewise, there was no difference in the levels of BNP measured in the first and fifth day of follow-up between groups. Conclusions: heat as a vasodilator was able to increase the cardiac index and lower the systemic vascular resistance in the first days of treatment in the DHF. However, there was no additional benefit in repeated sessions for five consecutive days or improvement in the BNP levels. The data suggest that thermal therapy may come to represent a therapeutic approach for the adjuvant treatment of patients with DHF. Nonetheless, a randomized clinical trial with a larger number of patients is needed to explore its potential clinical effectiveness

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com doenças falciformes (DF) e outras anemias hemolíticas têm prevalência aumentada de hipertensão pulmonar (HP), sendo este diagnóstico associado com maior mortalidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a prevalência desta complicação, suas características clínicas e laboratoriais e determinar o padrão hemodinâmico ao cateterismo de artéria pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo transversal 80 pacientes consecutivos com anemia falciforme e Sb0 talassemia foram submetidos à ecocardiografia por um único observador. Os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente, para verificar a presença de complicações associadas à DF, realizaram um teste de caminhada e realizaram exames hematológicos e bioquímicos referentes a parâmetros de hemólise, inflamação, função hepática e renal. Foi indicada avaliação hemodinâmica, com cateterismo de artéria pulmonar (Swan-Ganz), para os pacientes com velocidade de fluxo retrógrado pela tricúspide (VRT) ³2,5m/s, detectada ao ecocardiograma. A HP foi caracterizada por pressão média da artéria pulmonar ³ 25 mmHg. Os pacientes com HP foram comparados, com relação aos mesmos parâmetros prévios, ao restante da população estudada. RESULTADOS: 40% dos pacientes (32/80) apresentaram VRT³2,5m/s, sendo indicado avaliação hemodinâmica. O grupo com VRT³2,5m/s apresentou maior média etária, maior prevalência de úlceras de perna, de proteinúria e de hepatite C, menores valores de hemoglobina e de albumina, maiores valores de uréia, de creatinina, de ácido úrico, de desidrogenase lática, de aspartato aminotransferase e de gglutamiltranspeptidase do que os do grupo VRT<2,5m/s. O grupo VRT³2,5m/s apresentou também menor distância percorrida no teste de caminhada e saturação de oxigênio mais baixa tanto em repouso quanto após a caminhada. Ao ecocardiograma, este grupo apresentou maior volume atrial direito e esquerdo. 78% dos pacientes (25/32) com indicação de cateterismo se submeteram ao procedimento e em 8 deles foi confirmada HP. Dos 8 pacientes com diagnóstico de HP, 3 apresentaram hipertensão pré-capilar e os demais apresentaram hipertensão capilar (pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar acima de 15 mmHg). A VRT medida pelo ecocardiograma apresentou boa correlação com a medida de pressão sistólica de artéria pulmonar aferida no cateterismo (r=0,77). Os pacientes com HP confirmada apresentaram média etária maior, menores concentrações de hemoglobina e de contagem plaquetária e maiores valores de desidrogenase lática, uréia, creatinina, ácido úrico, gglutamiltranspeptidase e ferro do que o grupo sem HP. Os indivíduos com HP tiveram pior desempenho no teste de caminhada do que o grupo sem HP. Pacientes com HP apresentaram dilatação de átrio direito e esquerdo e índice cardíaco mais elevado do que o grupo sem HP. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com DF têm prevalência aumentada de HP detectada pelo ecocardiograma e confirmada pelo cateterismo pulmonar. O ecocardiograma é um bom instrumento de triagem. As populações separadas de acordo com o nível de VRT ao ecocardiograma apresentam diferenças clínicas e laboratoriais, sugerindo maior taxa de hemólise nas com VRT³2,5m/s. Estas diferenças se mantêm, na maior parte das situações, quando o diagnóstico de HP é confirmado. Indivíduos com diagnóstico de HP podem ter padrões hemodinâmicos de hipertensão capilar ou pré-capilar, denotando diferentes etiologias que podem implicar em diferentes abordagens terapêuticas. / INTRODUCTION: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and other haemolytic anaemia have increased prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) that is related to higher mortality. The aim of this stdy was to determine the prevalence of PH and, its clinical, laboratorial and hemodynamic features. METHODS: In a crosssectional study, we evaluated 80 consecutive patients with sickle cell anemia and Sb0thalassemia who were submitted to a Doppler echocardioghraphy performed by a single observer. Clinical and laboratorial data were collected for all patients in order to verify the presence of SCD complications and to evaluate haemolysis rate, inflammation, liver and renal function. All patients performed a six-minute walk test. Patients who had peak velocity of regurgitant flow of tricuspid (Vrft) of at least 2.5 m/s were referred to pulmonary artery catheterization (Swan-Ganz). PH was defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure ³ 25 mmHg. Clinical, laboratorial and hemodynamic data of patients with confirmed PH were compared to those data of patients without PH. RESULTS: Forty percent of patients (32/80) had Vrft ³ 2.5m/s and hemodynamic evaluation was recommended. The group of patients with Vrft³2.5 m/s had higher average age, higher prevalence of leg ulcers, proteinuria and hepatitis C, lower values of hemoglobin and albumin, higher values of urea, creatinine, uric acid, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and gglutamyltranspeptidase than the group with Vrft<2.5 m.s. The group with Vrft³2.5 m/s had poorer performance on the walk test and had lowest oxygen saturation at rest and post-exercise. On echocardiography, this group had greater right and left atrial volume. Only 78% of patients (25/32) underwent pulmonary artery catheterization and, in 8 patients PH was confirmed. Among the patients with PH, 3 had pre-capillary hypertension and 5 had post-capillary hypertension (pulmonary artery occlusion pressure above 15 mmHg). The Vrft measured by echocardiogram showed good correlation with the value of systolic pulmonary artery pressure, measured on Swan-Ganz(r=0,77). The patients with confirmed PH had higher mean age, lower levels of haemoglobin and platelet count and higher values of lactic dehydrogenase, urea, creatinine, uric acid, iron and gglutamyltranspeptidase than the group without PH. Individuals with PH had poorer performance on walk test than the group without PH. Patients with PH showed increased right and left atrium volume and higher cardiac index than the group without PH. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with SCD had increased prevalence of PH detected by Doppler echocardiography and confirmed by pulmonary catheterization. The echocardiogram was a good tool for screening. Patients who had Vrft ³ 2.5m/s exhibited clinical and laboratorial data consistent with a higher hemolysis rate than those with Vrft<2.5 m/s. Individuals diagnosed with PH may have post-capillary or pre-capillary hypertension, suggesting the existence of several etiologies and the need for different therapeutic approaches.