INTRODUÇÃO: O SYNTAX escore avalia a complexidade da doença arterial coronária (DAC). As diretrizes de revascularização miocárdica recomendam a sua utilização para auxiliar na escolha da melhor estratégia de tratamento (cirurgia ou angioplastia) nos pacientes com DAC estável. O diabetes está associado a DAC de maior complexidade. Poucos estudos avaliaram a aplicação do SYNTAX escore em pacientes diabéticos com DAC multiarterial. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o SYNTAX escore como preditor de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) nos grupos angioplastia coronária (ATC) e cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (RM) em pacientes diabéticos com DAC multiarterial. Comparar a RM e ATC em relação aos ECAM nas categorias do SYNTAX escore baixo, intermediário e alto. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, centro único, com pacientes diabéticos com DAC multiarterial randomizados para ATC ou RM. O SYNTAX escore foi calculado post hoc por avaliador independente. Pacientes foram categorizados de acordo com o SYNTAX escore: baixo ( <= 22), intermediário ( > 22 e < 33) e alto ( >= 33). Foi avaliada prospectivamente a incidência de ECAM compostos por infarto agudo do miocárdio, acidente vascular cerebral, necessidade de nova revascularização e mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Pacientes diabéticos (n=191) com DAC multiarterial, foram randomizados para realização de RM (n=95) ou ATC com stent farmacológico (n=96). Foram excluídos da população 3 pacientes: um caso devido a desistência da RM após randomização e dois casos com coronariografias sem condições técnicas de cálculo do SYNTAX escore. Total de 188 pacientes, 96 no grupo ATC e 92 no grupo RM, foram acompanhados por tempo mediano de 6,5 anos (variando de 0,1 a 8,6 anos). Foi observada maior incidência de ECAM nos pacientes com SYNTAX escore intermediário no grupo ATC (17,6% baixo, 52,5% intermediário e 40,9% alto, p=0.02). Não foi observada diferença de ECAM entre as diferentes categorias de SYNTAX escore no grupo RM (13.5% baixo, 15.6% intermediário e 34.8% alto, p=0.10). O SYNTAX escore não foi fator de risco independente para ECAM no grupo ATC (HR=1,02; IC de 95% de 0,99 a 1,06, p=0,115). O SYNTAX escore apresentou calibração inadequada (?mid=23,25) e baixa capacidade discriminatória (área abaixo da curva ROC = 0.63) para ECAM no grupo ATC. No grupo RM o SYNTAX escore não foi preditor independente de ECAM (HR=1,03; IC de 95% de 0,99 a 1,07, p=0,14). Quando comparados os grupos ATC e RM de acordo com a categoria de SYNTAX escore foi observada maior incidência de ECAM no grupo angioplastia com SYNTAX escore intermediário (52,5% no grupo ATC vs 15,6% no grupo RM, p=0.002). Não foi observada diferença de ECAM nos pacientes com SYNTAX escore baixo (17,6% no grupo ATC vs 13,5% no grupo RM, p=0,59) e alto (40,9% no grupo ATC vs 34,8% no grupo RM, p=0.68) entre a ATC e RM. CONCLUSÕES: O SYNTAX escore não foi preditor independente de ECAM nos grupos angioplastia e cirurgia. Quando comparados os grupos ATC e RM foi observada maior incidência de ECAM no grupo ATC com SYNTAX escore intermediário / AIMS: Evaluate the SYNTAX score (SS) in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACCE) in coronary angioplasty (PCI) and surgery (CABG) groups in diabetic patients with symptomatic multivessel Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Comparing CABG and PCI according SS category. METHODS AND RESULTS: Single center study including 188 patients randomized to PCI (n=96) or CABG (n=92), followed for a median of 6.5 (0.1 to 8.6) years. There were no differences in MACCE in the CABG group regardless of the SS categories (13.5% low, 15.6% intermediate, 34.8% higher, p=0.10), while in the PCI group significant differences in MACCE were detected (17.6% low, 52.5% intermediate and 40.9% higher, p=0.02). In the PCI and CABG groups SS did not predict MACCE in the Cox regression analysis (p > 0,05). Comparing PCI and CABG according SS category there was a higher incidence of MACCE in patients with intermediate SS in the PCI group (52.5% in PCI group vs 15.6% in CABG group, p=0.002) and no difference were observed in patients with low (17.6% in PCI vs 13.5% in CABG, p=0.59) and high SS ( 40.9% in PCI vs 34.8% in CABG, p=0.68). CONCLUSIONS: In diabetic patients with multivessel CAD the SS was not an independent risk factor for MACCE in the PCI and CABG groups. Diabetic patients with intermediate SS showed higher MACCE in the PCI group versus CABG

This thesis deals with formal and syntax directed translation. This thesis contains theoretical part, which defines regular, context free, context sensitive and recursively enumerable languages a grammar. There are given examples of grammars which are able to generate languages that are not context free. Covered by this thesis are matrix grammars, random context grammars and programed grammars. Researched are also finite, pushdown, deep and regular automata, transducers and their part within format syntax directed translation. This project also defines regular transducers based as regulated automata. Thesis defines regulated methods of syntax analysis based on predictive parsers. These methods cover analysis of studied regulated grammars. The final part of this thesis describes new language capable of effective description of these grammars and compiler producing parser code for these grammars written in this new language and their graphical analyzer.

Thesis Abstract Akshay Aggarwal July 2020 This thesis attempts at correction of some errors and inconsistencies in dif- ferent treebanks. The inconsistencies can be related to linguistic constructions, failure of the guidelines of annotation, failure to understand the guidelines on annotator's part, or random errors caused by annotators, among others. We propose a metric to attest the POS annotation consistency of different tree- banks in the same language, when the annotation guidelines remain the same. We offer solutions to some previously identified inconsistencies in the scope of the Universal Dependencies Project, and check the viability of a proposed in- consistency detection tool in a low-resource setting. The solutions discussed in the thesis are language-neutral, intended to work with multiple languages with efficiency. 1

Non-standard features such as copula deletion have long been dismissed as learner errors or were interpreted as results of simplification processes in English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), and only recent publications tend to acknowledge the influence of language contact in ELF settings (cf. Schneider 2012). The present paper analyses tokens of copula deletion in the Asian Corpus of English (ACE 2014) with respect to speaker L1s, situational context and syntactic environment, with our results suggesting a correlation between copula usage patterns in the speakers’ L1s and constructions involving copula deletion found in ACE. Thus, opening up the field to ELF settings, our data confirm findings of previous studies such as Sharma (2009) that point to contact-induced copula usage in non-standard English(es).

<p>The present study aims to examine the grammar of Spanish heritage children in relation to the syntax-discourse interface by analyzing the distribution of subject pronouns in focus and topic contexts. Focus and topic are related to the information structure of a clause, the former refers to new information of the sentence and the latter indicates old or known information (Lozano-Pozo, 2003). Studies exploring this phenomenon in various combinations of languages and L2 populations have found a clear overextension and overuse of overt subject pronouns in topic contexts in pro-drop languages, where the preferred option is the null pronoun, due to cross-linguistic influence from the L1 (Pérez-Leroux & Glass, 1999; Tsimpli & Sorace, 2006; Belletti et al., 2007; Sorace et al., 2009). Considering the results of previous research, this study examines the extent to which Spanish heritage speakers exhibit knowledge of subject pronoun distribution in focus and topic contexts by comparing them to their monolingual counterparts.</p> <p>Thirteen child heritage speakers of Spanish and twenty-seven monolingual children completed a structured elicitation task which consisted of a story followed by a question asking about an embedded subject (Focus condition) or an embedded direct object (Topic condition). Results revealed no overextension of overt subject pronouns in topic contexts due to cross-linguistic influence from English. However, differences were found in the focus condition. Heritage children diverged from the monolingual group since they produced considerably fewer instances of overt subject pronouns. It is hypothesized that heritage children are opting for the null pronoun option as the default option, which suggests they are prolonging the Null Subject Stage (Hyams, 1986). This finding points to protracted development due to a lack of activation of the language. Further findings are discussed taking into consideration current approaches that examine the effects of language dominance, exposure, and use.</p>

Perceived safety is an important aspect of urban planning and is generally treated as an objective account of the personal sense of safety of each individual. The subject is inherently diffuse and therefore problematic to understand and evaluate in its entirety.This thesis builds on the practice of space syntax theory and the field of research that has sprung up around it, focused on quantifying urban qualities. A spatial syntax dedicated to perceived safety in urban environments is suggested, based on common themes in research and policy documents on the topic. Features that were considered to influence perceived safety were identified and their effects mapped with the use of standard GIS implementations. The effort aimed at introducing a quantitative approach to evaluation of perceived safety which is presently performed mainly in a qualitative manner. The features were quantified in the sense that their area of effect was mapped, which enabled measurements of the size and shape of their area of effect or number of features influencing a point in space. The mapped features have been listed below.• Field of view• Entrance locations• Active ground floors (e.g. storefronts and entrances available for public use)• Public lighting• Unclear landuseThe suggested methods were applied to the Stockholm suburb Skärholmen which currently suffers from lower perceived safety than the entire municipality and consists of an urban structure not considered to facilitate perceived safety by todays urban planning ideals.The methods were evaluated by reviewing the benefits of quantitative descriptions compared to written account, and through discussing the results with professionals at the planning office at the Municipality of Stockholm.The suggested syntax proved to have potential for concretizing the present planning process with respect to perceived safety. GIS is currently used in other aspects of urban planning and could be adapted to treat perceived safety. There would however be need for further standardization and a more user-friendly workflow. / Trygghet är en viktig aspekt inom stadsplanering och hanteras generellt som en objektiv beskrivning av enskilda upplevelser av trygghet i stadsbilden. Ämnet är diffust i sig självt och är därför problematiskt att till fullo förstå och utvärdera.Det här arbetet bygger på användandet av space syntax teori och den vetenskap som sprungit från ämnet, vilket syftar till att kvantifiera urbana kvalitéer. Ett spatialt syntax dedikerad till trygghet föreslås, som baseras på återkommande teman i forskning och plandokument som behandlar ämnet. Utformningar som anses påverka trygghet kartlades genom standardimplementering av GIS-verktyg. Syftet var att föreslå ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt för utvärdering av trygghet, vilket för närvarande generellt hanteras med kvalitativa men. De utformningar som kvantifierades gjordes så genom att det område de påverkar avbildades, vilket möjliggjorde fastställande av dessa områdens storlek och form samt hur många objekt som påverkar var punkt. De kartlagda utformningarna är listade nedan.• Öppet synfält• Entréplacering• Aktiva bottenvåningar (exempelvis skyltfönster samt entréer som inbjuder till publik användning)• Gatubelysning• Otydlig markanvändningDe föreslagna analysmetoderna applicerades på stockholmsförorten Skärholmen vilken för närvarande belastas av otrygghet jämfört men övriga kommunen och vars stadsutformning ger upphov till otrygghet enligt dagens stadsbyggnadsideal.Analysmetoderna utvärderades genom att bedöma fördelarna med resultaten jämfört med redogörelser i text samt genom diskussion med planerare på planorganet på Stockholms Stad.Det föreslagna spatiala syntaxet visade sig ha potential att konkretisera den aktuella planeringsprocessen med hänsyn till trygghet. GIS används vid behandling av andra frågor i stadsplanering och kan anpassas för att användas vid behandling av trygghet. Dock skulle viss standardisering samt ett mer användarvänligt utförande behövas.

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Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit psychologischen Verben, d.h. Verben, die dadurch charakterisiert sind, dass eines ihrer Argumente Träger eines psychischen Prozesses (Experiencer) ist. Diese ‚Psych-Verben’ nehmen seit mindestens 30 Jahren eine zentrale Rolle in linguistischen Diskussionen zu Syntax, Semantik und deren Schnittstellen ein und werden häufig als eine besondere Verbklasse mit spezifischen (Psych-)Eigenschaften angesehen. Dabei ist nicht nur die Analyse dieser Verben, sondern bereits ihre korrekte empirische Charakterisierung Auslöser starker Kontroversen in der Literatur. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit widmet sich deshalb der Untersuchung der empirischen Eigenschaften von Objekt-Experiencer-Verben wie Agentivität, aspektuelle Eigenschaften, Passiv sowie ihrem Verhalten in Bezug auf eine Reihe anderer grammatischer Phänomene. Ein Fokus liegt dabei auf dem Vergleich von Verben, die basierend auf derselben Wurzel unterschiedliche Formen bilden wie z.B. ärgern/verärgern/sich ärgern, wundern/verwundern/sich wundern etc. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung zeigen, dass weder ObjExp-Verben noch Experiencer eine homogene Gruppe mit kohärenten Eigenschaften darstellen. Folglich können Psych-Verben nicht als eine einheitliche (besondere) Gruppe von Verben analysiert werden, da ihre Eigenschaften zu unterschiedlich sind und sie vielmehr in verschiedene Verbgruppen fallen. Im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit wird deshalb eine dekompositionelle Analyse im Paradigma von Distributed Morphology vorgeschlagen, die die unterschiedlichen Gruppen von Psych-Verben als solche analysiert und ihre Eigenschaften auf der Basis allgemeiner grammatischer Prinzipien (aspektuelle Eigenschaften sowie Präsenz/Absenz eines externen Arguments) erklärt, und besonders die stativen Kausativa diskutiert. Als Resultat muss konstatiert werden, dass ‚Psych-Verben’ als grammatisch relevante Gruppe nicht existieren, sondern diese Verben vielmehr unterschiedlichen bekannten Verbmustern folgen. / This thesis is concerned with German psychological verbs, i.e. verbs characterized by the fact that one of their arguments is associated with a psychological process. These psych verbs have been prominent in linguistic discussion on syntax, semantics, and their interfaces for at least 30 years, and are often considered to form a special group of verbs with specific ‘psych properties’. Not only the theoretical analysis but also the correct characterization of their empirical properties is a matter of controversy in the literature, and no consensus has been established with respect to either. Therefore, in the first part of this thesis, the empirical properties of object-experiencer verbs such as agentivity, aspectual properties, passive, and the behaviour of these verbs with respect to a number of other grammatical phenomena are examined. Special focus is placed on alternating verbs formed on the basis of the same Root, such as e.g. ärgern/verärgern/sich ärgern, etc. The results of the empirical analysis show that neither ObjExp verbs nor experiencers form a homogeneous group with coherent properties. On the contrary, these verbs fall into several different groups of verbs with clearly different properties. Consequently, psych verbs cannot be analysed as one (special) group of verbs. The theoretical part of this thesis therefore puts forward a decompositional analysis couched in the paradigm of Distributed Morphology, which analyses the different psych verbs as different groups of verbs, and explains their properties as the consequence of general grammatical principles (their aspectual properties, and the presence/absence of an external argument), not special psych properties. The discussion of stative causative ObjExp verbs plays a major part. As a result, the conclusion has to be drawn that ‘psych verbs’ do not constitute a grammatically relevant (special) group of verbs, but that these verbs follow different general patterns known from the study of other verbs.

Thesis(M.A. (Translation and Linguistics Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The aim of this study was to examine the notion of projection, as underpinned by the Projection Principle, between the subject, the verb, the object, the adjective and the adverb in Tshivenḓa. Data were collected through participant observation, wherein the researcher collected data in the form of clauses and sentences in Tshivenḓa. This study found that verbs and subject prefixes are predicates which project arguments in sentences. These arguments are characterised both linguistically and in the form of word realities. The study further found that Tshivenḓa is a pro drop language because the adjectival argument prefix can locate the subject argument in absentia. In turn, subject arguments and adjectival arguments carry the same class nominal prefix. The projection of elements of a sentence in Tshivenḓa identifies grammatical relations between constituents. Lastly, it is recommended that studies of a similar nature should be conducted in other African languages to establish how elements of a clause or sentence cohere as informed by the Projection principle.

With time going by, urban morphological structures of Beijing and Shanghai have dramatic changes during last decades. These changes often ignored by citizen, but have big influence for human daily life. And the changes of urban morphologies should be easily recognized by citizen. There are many previous comparative studies between these two Chinese cities, and these studies focus on types of areas, such as environment, traffic, city planning and cultures etc.. There are also many comparative studies about using space syntax theory and geometrical statistics to study urban morphologies. However, there are not direct comparison urban morphological study between Beijing and Shanghai, which from multiple perspectives. In order to gain a better understanding of urban morphologies, this thesis take street networks of two Chinese cites as a research object, based on space syntax theory, as well the combination of traditional geometrical statistics, comparative analysis methods to systematic quantitative analyze and comparative study the different street networks of urban space in Beijing and Shanghai. This project work analyzes hierarchy of axial lines, which automatically generated from street networks, to do a morphological comparison from topological perspective. And it analyzes frequency distribution of axial lines’ included angles and length of axial lines to study urban morphologies from geometrical perspective. Results in the project seem to empirical study that, the well-connected streets are minority part, which all most distributed in the sample cities’ ring structures and center areas. Street networks constitute an obvious regular grid pattern of Beijing and a curves pattern of Shanghai. Based on the hierarchical levels of street networks, research samples have same hierarchical levels but without the same number of street lines. The included angles of axial lines have an exceptionally sharply peaked bimodal distribution for both cities and number of most connected street’s length do not increase so much from ring1 to ring6 for Beijing, but they have much change for Shanghai.