Wireless communication has seen a tremendous growth in the last decades. Continuing on this trend, wireless multi-hop networks  are nowadays used or planned for use in a multitude of contexts, spanning from Internet access at home to emergency situations. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable and ordered delivery of a data and is used by major Internet applications such as web browsers, email clients and file transfer programs. TCP traffic is also the dominating traffic type on the Internet. However, TCP performs less than optimal in wireless multi-hop networks due to packet reordering, low link capacity, packet loss and variable delay. In this thesis, we develop novel proposals for enhancing the network and transport layer to improve TCP performance in wireless multi-hop networks. As initial studies, we experimentally evaluate the performance of different TCP variants, with and without mobile nodes. We further evaluate the impact of multi-path routing on TCP performance and propose packet aggregation combined with aggregation aware multi-path forwarding as a means to better utilize the available bandwidth. The last contribution is a novel extension to multi-path TCP to  enable single-homed hosts to fully utilize the network capacity. / <p>Opponent changed. Prof. C. Lindeman from the University of Leipzig was substituted by Prof. Zhang.</p>

Inom vården utförs ofta schemaläggning av personal manuellt, vilket kräver mycket tid och resurser. Att planera arbetet för en grupp läkare, med dess ofta mycket komplexa sammansättning vad gäller exempelvis arbetsuppgifter och kompetenser, är ingen lätt uppgift. Detta examensarbete studerar huruvida en automatiserad taktisk bemanningsplanering med en tidshorisont på ett halvår till ett år, skulle kunna underlätta denna uppgift. I rapporten presenteras en måloptimeringsmodell som implementerats i AMPL för att med CPLEX som lösare generera förslag till bemanningsplaner. För att utveckla en matematisk modell som väl representerar de förutsättningar som råder vid bemanningsplanering av läkare har alternativa formuleringar provats och utvärderats. Den mest lovande av modellerna, som baseras på måloptimering, har i en pilotstudie testats på data från Onkologiska kliniken vid Linköpings universitetssjukhus. Flexibiliteten i modellen gjorde att den enkelt kunde användas på de data som erhölls därifrån. Resultatet från pilotstudien indikerar att den utvecklade modellen har kapacitet att ge förslag till rimliga bemanningsplaner. / Scheduling of staff in the health care industry is typically done by hand, thus consuming a lot of time and effort. To plan the work for a group of physicians is a complex task, having to take into account factors like individual preferences and competences among the physicians. This thesis studies whether an automated tactical workforce planning, with a time horizon of half a year to a year, could facilitate this task. This thesis presents a goal programming model for generating suggestions to workforce plans for physicians. The model has been implemented in AMPL and is solved using CPLEX. During the development of the mathematical model for workforce planning, alternative model formulations have been tested and evaluated, and some of these are presented in the report. The most promising of them is one based solely on goal programming, and it has been tested in a pilot study on data from the Oncology Clinic at the University Hospital in Linköping. The flexibility of the model made it easy to use on the data provided by the clinic. The result of the pilot study indicates that the developed model has the capacity to give reasonable suggestions for workforce plans.

A training method utilized in a few martial arts was found to agree strongly with current cognitive psychology theory. Further study extracted a procedural model for learning a complex set of whole-body, dyadic motor skills involving high-speed, interactive, continuous situation assessment and decision making. A broader literature survey found relevance in several fields of research, supporting the definition of four performance dimensions in the activity. Data collected from one experienced student partnering with each of ten students of various experience levels was analyzed on these four dimensions. These dimensions were found sufficient to show both individual differences and changes across an instructional intervention. Strong correlations found under linear regression were supportive of anecdotal evidence from the model??s long empirical history in training. Data provided evidence of a self-organizing dynamic emerging from the interaction of a dyad participating in this activity, and of individual differences in cognitive resource management dynamically setting allocation priorities among specific aspects of a complex motor/cognitive activity. Highly individual responses demonstrate a mechanism for insight into students that are difficult to read. Numerous comparisons and contrasts show interactivity of performance dimensions. Impact is foreseen for research, training and testing in motor learning fields, as well as situation awareness, decision making and military tactical training. Further research is recommended to replicate these findings, test hypotheses derived from them, and to extend testing of the drill-network model into other fields of learning.

<p>Modern information technology increases the use of computers in training systems as well as in command-and-control systems in military services and public-safety organizations. This computerization combined with new threats present a challenging complexity. Situational awareness in evolving distributed operations and follow-up in training systems depends on humans in the field reporting observations of events. The use of this observer-reported information can be largely improved by implementation of models supporting both reporting and computer representation of objects and phenomena in operations.</p><p>This thesis characterises and describes observer model-based data collection in distributed tactical operations, where multiple, dispersed units work to achieve common goals. Reconstruction and exploration of multimedia representations of operations is becoming an established means for supporting taskforce training. We explore how modelling of operational processes and entities can support observer data collection and increase information content in mission histories. We use realistic exercises for testing developed models, methods and tools for observer data collection and transfer results to live operations.</p><p>The main contribution of this thesis is the systematic description of the model-based approach to using observers for data collection. Methodological aspects in using humans to collect data to be used in information systems, and also modelling aspects for phenomena occurring in emergency response and communication areas contribute to the body of research. We describe a general methodology for using human observers to collect adequate data for use in information systems. In addition, we describe methods and tools to collect data on the chain of medical attendance in emergency response exercises, and on command-and-control processes in several domains.</p>

Förhållandet mellan teknik och taktik är svårt att fastställa. Klart är dock att de påverkar varandra. Uppsatsen syftar till att pröva Öhrns teori om förhållandet mellan ny teknik och taktikutvecklingen, som består av tre slutsatser som skall uppfyllas för att gynnsamma förutsättningar för taktikutveckling ska äga rum. Prövandet genomfördes genom att ställa teorin mot införandet av Stridsfordon 90 i svenska armén som slutfördes under 1990-talet. Genom att skapa hypoteser baserat på Öhrns teori har stridsfordonets roll som tekniksystem på kompani- och bataljonsnivå i svenska armén undersökts. Studien resulterade i att Öhrns teori i hög grad var tillämpbar på det valda markfallet. Stridsfordon 90 kunde konstateras vara ett för kompaniet större tekniksystem och hade en taktik som anpassats för sina speciella förmågor, kombinerat med att organisationen, Försvarsmakten, hade förutsättningar att genomföra en medveten taktikutveckling. På bataljonsnivå  kunde inte stridsfordonet klassificeras som ett större tekniksystem i förhållande till bataljonens andra tekniksystem och en märkbar taktikförändring kunde heller inte kopplas till dess införande, vilket är i enlighet med teorins resonemang. Det föreslogs att teorin specificerades i en av sina tre slutsatser för att tydliggöra att större tekniksystem är relativt i förhållande till förbandsnivå. / The connection between technology and tactics is hard to define. Although it is clear that they affect each other. The aim of this stydy is to try Öhrn’s theory about the connection between new technology and tactical development, which consists of three conclusions that must be fulfilled for favourable conditions of tactical development to exist. The trying of the theory was executed by applying it on the introduction of Stridsfordon 90 (Combat Vehicle 90) in the Swedish army that concluded in the 1990’s. By making hypotheses based on Öhrn’s theory the combat vehicle’s role as a technical system at company and battalion level in the Swedish army has been researched. The study resulted in the conclusion that Öhrn’s theory was highly applicable on the chosen case. Stridsfordon 90 was found to be a larger technical system and it used tactics adapted for its special abilities, combined with the fact that the organisation, the Swedish Armed Forces, had prerequisites for conducting an intentional development of tactics. At battalion level the combat vehicle could not be found to be a larger technical system in relation to the battalion’s other technical systems and a noticeable tactical evolvement could not be connected to its introduction, which is in accordance with the theory. It was suggested that the theory was specified in one of its conclusions to clarify that a larger technical system is relative to the unit level.

[pt] As atividades que envolvem problemas muito complexos e imprevisíveis continuam se baseando em tomada de decisão por humanos e ferramentas manuais como formulários. Este ainda é o caso para tomada de decisão no planejamento tático em um grane incidente, onde o conhecimento coletivo de especialistas em múltiplas especialidades é essencial para tomada de decisões urgentes e efetivas. Especialistas tendem a rejeitar ferramentas que comprometem a agilidade de decisão exigida, uma vez que elas podem colocar vidas humanas sob risco e causar grandes danos ao meio ambiente e propriedades. Comunicação e gestão são desafios, considerando que cada especialista possui sua própria linguagem especializada. Esta tese propõe um modelo de planejamento que mantém as decisões com os especialistas e permite que eles utilizem suas próprias expressões para planejamento tático, mas faz o rastreamento do contexto de cada expressão, faz o controle da autoridade sobre cada expressão, e armazena as expressões para permitir seu reuso. Essas funcionalidades foram implementadas numa ferramenta Web que visa dar maior poder aos especialistas tomadores de decisão, procurando preservar os atributos dos formulários em papel. A ferramenta Web foi avaliada em cenários de emergência na indústria de óleo e gás, e os resultados das avaliações da ferramenta indicaram que a abordagem do modelo viabiliza importantes melhorias em termos de comunicação e gestão do planejamento tático neste contexto. / [en] Activities that involve very complex and unpredictable problems are still relying on human decision-making and manual tools like paper forms. This is still the case for decision-making within tactical planning in a major incident, where the collective knowledge of multi-expertise specialists is essential to make urgent and effective decisions. Specialists tend to reject tools that jeopardize the decision agility required, as it can put human lives at risk and cause major damages to the environment and property. Communications and management are challenges, as these specialists have each their own expert language. This thesis proposes a planning model that keeps decisions with specialists and allows them to use their own expressions for tactical planning, but incorporates expressions context traceability, authority control over these expressions, and expressions storage for reuse. These features were implemented in a Web tool that aims at empowering decision-making specialists, but tries to preserve the attributes of paper forms. The Web tool was evaluated in oil and gas industry emergency scenarios, and evaluation results indicated that the model s approach enables important improvements in tactical planning communications and management within this context.

The current development of transport involves lots of pros, but also lots of cons includ-ing real risks. On one hand, there is a need to transport many people at reduced time and costs and on the other hand there is a risk of incidents. New and modern motorways and I. class roads plus using most updated means of transportation allow us transport more people more quickly, in even more convenient and safe way. Car accidents interventions are considered as routine procedures of the integrated rescue system in domestically as well as worldwide and their coordination is not a big deal for emergency teams. However, complications may occur when performing the intervention on the road with more lanes and with a center dividing strip as well as when there is a higher number of injured or a greater area of intervention, such as in the case of a chain accident. Sections of the integrated rescue systems are trained to handle such extraordinary events and follow new methodology, which is step by step put into practice. Within the process of its application, a major role plays the synergy trainings of the integrated rescue sys-tem, which require the approach to the actual conditions simulation. This thesis was produced to serve the needs of the intervention commander and pro-vides a comprehensive view on the issue of managing interventions where a higher number of casualties and injured occurs and related rescue systems on motorways and I. class roads. The thesis also brings information on new trends in training rescue teams for this type of events. It focuses on South Bohemia, D3 motorway is under construc-tion and on its first part Mezno {--} Tabor, which was opened in December 2007.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Carvalho Farias - 2018.pdf: 29542893 bytes, checksum: 53b0284234a19e601a1df1bf59490dc0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Cities are formed by a set of official practices supported by their normative institutions, and also by unofficial practices, that escape the norms and that bring other possibilities, other urgencies. The term tactical urbanism began to be used in the first decade of the 21st century to designate such practices in urbanism, referring generally to temporary, informal and somewhat contentious urban interventions in official practices and contemporary cities. However, the theoretical, artistic and political references of the practitioners of Tactical Urbanism refer to a much broader and complex role of practices that are often presented as an alternative to the Neoliberal Urbanism, currently hegemonic in the production of cities. However, there is still a certain theoretical and methodological gap regarding the tactical movements of urban production, which make it difficult to understand their capabilities and analyze their effects. In this sense, this research tried to construct a conceptual panorama on the Tactical Urbanism, exemplified with several practitioners and practices, sometimes called as such, sometimes indifferent to the term but within it. For this, a Taxonomy of Tactical Urbanism was elaborated, which brings eleven categories of analysis, elaborated in eighty-four subcategories, with the purpose of providing a reading for such practices and facilitating the articulation between their ideas, agents and objectives. For the elaboration of the Taxonomy, forty practices were charted and cataloged, exemplifying the various narratives that compose the discourse of urban tactics, representative of the work of great exponents of this discourse and also of the urban realities of the five continents. The Taxonomy is available on online platform, which allows the processing of complex data and collaborative data feeding. In this study, we demonstrate several ways of using the Taxonomy of Tactical Urbanism, among them, the triangulation between specific categories with the objective of verifying how Tactical Urbanism contributes in the fight for the right to the city, in the constitution of urban commons and in the confrontation with Neoliberal Urbanism. This articulation allowed us to conclude that the tactical self-denominated practices, closer to what was popularized with the label of Tactical Urbanism, present generally fragile arrangements as alternative possibilities to the neoliberal city, while the practices that are better able to promote the right to the city and to experience the constitution of commons, are those that take the tactic beyond the tactic, combining it in strategic movements, more aligned with the traditional struggles for urban justice. Such a conclusion reveals the need for critical thinking to better subsidize such actions, helping to circumvent the pitfalls and enhance the capacities of collaboration, participation and empowerment of multitude, which Tactical Urbanism can bring as contributions to the construction of more just cities. / As cidades são formadas por um conjunto de práticas oficiais sustentadas por suas instituições normativas e, também, por práticas não oficiais, que escapam às normas e que trazem outras possibilidades, outras urgências. O termo Urbanismo Tático passou a ser utilizado na primeira década do Século XXI para designar tais práticas em urbanismo, referindo-se, geralmente, a intervenções urbanas temporárias, informais e de certa forma contestadoras às práticas oficiais e às cidades contemporâneas. Porém, as referências teóricas, artísticas e políticas dos praticantes do Urbanismo Tático remetem a um rol muito mais amplo e complexo de práticas que se colocam, frequentemente, como alternativa ao Urbanismo Neoliberal, atualmente hegemônico na produção das cidades. No entanto, há ainda um certo vazio teórico e metodológico no que diz respeito aos movimentos táticos da produção urbana, que dificultam compreender suas capacidades e analisar seus efeitos. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa buscou construir um panorama conceitual sobre o Urbanismo Tático, exemplificado com diversos praticantes e práticas, ora autodenominadas como tal, ora indiferentes ao termo mas enquadráveis a ele. Para tanto, foi elaborada uma Taxonomia do Urbanismo Tático, que traz onze categorias de análise, esmiuçadas em oitenta e quatro subcategorias, com o objetivo de fornecer uma leitura para tais práticas e facilitar a articulação entre suas ideias, seus agentes e objetivos. Para a elaboração da Taxonomia foram cartografadas e catalogadas quarenta práticas, exemplificativas das várias narrativas que compõem o discurso das táticas urbanas, representativas do trabalho de grandes expoentes desse discurso e, também, das realidades urbanas dos cinco continentes. A Taxonomia encontra-se disponível em plataforma on line, que permite o tratamento de dados complexos e a alimentação colaborativa de dados. Neste estudo, são demonstradas várias formas de utilização da Taxonomia do Urbanismo Tático, dentre elas, a triangulação entre categorias específicas com o objetivo de verificar como o Urbanismo Tático contribui na luta pelo direito à cidade, na constituição de comuns urbanos e no enfrentamento ao Urbanismo Neoliberal. Tal articulação permitiu concluir que as práticas autodenominadas táticas, mais próximas daquilo que se popularizou com a etiqueta do Urbanismo Tático, apresentam arranjos geralmente frágeis como possibilidades alternativas à cidade neoliberal, enquanto as práticas que reúnem maiores condições de promoverem o direito à cidade e de experimentarem a constituição de comuns, são aquelas que levam a tática para além da tática, combinando-a em movimentos estratégicos, mais alinhados com as tradicionais lutas por justiça urbana. Tal conclusão revela a necessidade de o pensamento crítico melhor subsidiar tais ações, ajudando a contornar as ciladas e a potencializar as capacidades de colaboração, participação e empoderamento da multidão, que o Urbanismo Tático pode trazer como contribuições para a construção de cidades mais justas.

O presente trabalho aborda o Problema de Coleta Domiciliar Urbana (PCDU) de resíduos sólidos, tratado no nível tático de planejamento, em que zonas de coleta são definidas para cada dia da semana e designadas aos veículos coletores, cuja frota deve ser dimensionada. O problema estudado é baseado em um caso real, o qual possui como particularidades: cada zona de coleta é formada por regiões adjacentes e será representada por um nó-semente; a demanda de cada zona deverá ser atendida dentro do período de uma semana, conforme múltiplos programas possíveis de coleta; em um turno de um dia de trabalho um veículo poderá realizar múltiplas viagens; e há uma garagem para a frota e uma estação de transbordo, a qual possibilita que o veículo seja esvaziado para realizar outras viagens. A literatura apresenta alguns métodos heurísticos para a resolução de variantes deste problema, sendo os métodos exatos utilizados somente na resolução de instâncias pequenas, dado que o problema de VRP (Vehicle Routing Problem) é classificado como NP-hard. A imposição de adjacência é uma característica particular, a qual é justificada pela possível melhoria na utilização dos veículos em posterior planejamento operacional. São propostos um modelo matemático e um método heurístico para resolver o problema, sobre os quais são realizados experimentos computacionais. O método heurístico é aplicado sobre um estudo de caso de um problema de escala real, sendo obtida solução heurística como resultado. / The present work addresses the Urban Household Solid Waste Problem (UHSWP) on a tactical planning level, wherein collection zones are assigned to every week daywork and collection vehicles, which fleet is to be sized. The studied problem is based on a real case, such peculiarities as: each collection zone is a set of adjacent areas and a seed node represents it; the demand each zone must attended within a week, according to the several possible collection schedule; on a work day shift a vehicle can be assigned to multiple trips; and there is a base depot for the fleet and a transfer station, where the vehicles are unloaded, restoring their load capacity for the next trips. Literature presents heuristic methods for the solving of its problem variants, in which exact methos are only applied to small instances, due to the VRP (Vehicle Routing Problem) NP-hard property. The adjacency imposition is a peculiar feature, which is justified by the potential improvement on vehicle usage considering a posterior operational planning. A mathematical model and a heuristic method are proposed for the problem solving and evaluated by computational experiments. A real scale problem case study is solved by the heuristic method and the results are presented.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Specific knowledge of soccer players consists in solving capacity of problems arising from the complex interplay of environment, unpredictable and chaotic, emerging from the interaction between tactics and technique. The tactic is the game space management capabilities from tactical behaviors come from tactical principles. The technique consists of specific motor skills primarily made with the ball and that materialize the player's game intelligence. Psychosocial and biological factors may influence in a direct way the formation and development of specific knowledge of football players. Thus, this thesis consisted of four studies, although independent, sought in association verify the effects of these factors on manifestation of specific knowledge in young footballers. Briefly, the studies aimed at answering the following questions: a) Wich is the leadership profile of football coaches of Aracaju youth teams? b) Do players born in the first months of the year have different tactical behavior of those born in recent months? c) Somatic maturation and motor age influence the tactical behavior in young players? d) The proportion of use of preferred and non-preferred foot (technical functional asymmetry) in the technical actions affects the tactical behavior in young players. We evaluated the tactical behavior, the use of preferred and non-preferred foot, and releases by analyzing game. Coaches from Aracaju feature profile of autocratic leadership, positive reinforcement and training-education. The tactical performance was not influenced by month of birth, level of maturity, the motor age or technical functional asymmetry, although the tactical efficiency was partially influenced. A sample of 22 coaches and a total of 152 players from teams that competed in the Youth Championships in 2015, promoted by Sergipe Football Federation. The leadership profile of the coaches was determined by the Revised Leadership Scale for Sport. Tactical behavior and technical functional asymmetry were assessed by match-analysis, under FUT-SAT and SAFALL-FOOT protocols, respectively. The relative age was stratified into four-month periods based on month of birth. Somatic maturation was identified from the distance (in years) of each player from peak growth rate. Finally, the motor age was established by battery Lincoln-Oseretsky tests. Coaches from Aracaju feature predominantly autocratic style of decision, and high positive reinforcement and training-education. Tactical performance was not influenced by the relative age, somatic maturation level, the motor age nor technical functional asymmetry, although the tactical efficiency was partially influenced. / O conhecimento específico dos jogadores de futebol consiste na capacidade de solução dos problemas advindos de um ambiente de jogo complexo, imprevisível e caótico, emergindo da interação entre a tática e a técnica. A tática consiste na capacidade de administração do espaço de jogo a partir de comportamentos táticos oriundos de princípios táticos. A técnica consiste em habilidades motoras específicas realizadas prioritariamente com a bola e que materializam a inteligência de jogo do jogador. Desta forma, é possível que fatores biopsicossociais influenciem de maneira direta a formação e o desenvolvimento do conhecimento específico de jogadores de futebol. São exemplos desses fatores, o perfil de liderança dos treinadores, a idade relativa, a maturação somática, a idade motora, e a assimetria funcional técnica. Sendo assim, esta dissertação foi composta por quatro estudos que, embora independentes, buscaram de forma associada verificar os efeitos desses fatores sobre a manifestação do conhecimento específico de jovens futebolistas. Sucintamente os estudos visaram responder as seguintes questões: a) Qual o perfil de liderança dos treinadores de futebol das categorias de base de Aracaju/SE? b) Jogadores nascidos nos primeiros meses do ano apresentam comportamento tático diferenciado daqueles nascidos nos últimos meses? c) Em que medida a maturação somática e a idade motora influenciam o comportamento tático em jovens jogadores? e d) A proporção de uso dos pés preferido e não preferido (assimetria funcional técnica) nas ações técnicas afeta o comportamento tático em jovens jogadores? Foram avaliados 22 treinadores e um total de 152 jogadores de equipes que disputaram os Campeonatos de Base 2015, promovidos pela Federação Sergipana de Futebol. O perfil de liderança dos treinadores foi determinado pela Escala de Liderança Revisada para o Esporte. O comportamento tático e a assimetria funcional técnica foram avaliados por meio da análise de jogo, sendo aplicados os protocolos FUT-SAT e SAFALL-FOOT, respectivamente. A idade relativa foi estratificada em quadrimestres referentes ao mês de nascimento. A maturação somática foi identificada a partir da distância (em anos) de cada jogador do pico de velocidade de crescimento. Por fim, a idade motora foi estabelecida pela bateria de testes de Lincoln-Oseretsky. Os treinadores de Aracaju apresentam estilo de decisão predominantemente autocrático, e de elevado reforço positivo e treino-instrução. O desempenho tático não sofreu influência da idade relativa, do nível de maturação somática, da idade motora ou da assimetria funcional técnica, muito embora a eficiência tática fosse parcialmente influenciada.