Denna uppsats är skriven som en studie i fyra delar. Första delen består utav redogörelser för syfte, metod och källmaterial samt hur jag skapat det analysverktyg som används i arbetet. I andra delen belyses krigföringens grundprinciper såsom de är definierade i litteraturen. Här redogörs även för de faktorer som kommer att användas vid identifikationen. Tredje delen av min studie inleds utav en historisk återblick, där jag återberättar händelserna som utspelar sig i Norge under 1942-1943. Detta case som ligger till grund för min studie är en av andra världskrigets mest kända specialoperationer, som trots sin berömmelse väldigt få har djupare information om. Operationerna är kantade av motgångar och dödsfall, men framförallt av målmedvetenhet och stor vilja. Genom att använda mitt analysverktyg mot detta case vill jag se huruvida samtliga av krigföringens grundprinciper kan identifieras. Slutsatserna som är dragna är att samtliga av krigföringens grundprinciper kan identifieras med hjälpav de faktorer jag använt. / This paper is written as a study in four parts. The first part consists of statements of purpose, methodology and source materials, and how I created the analysis tools used at work. The second section highlights the basic principles of warfare as defined in the literature. This also presents the factors that will be used for identification. The third part of my study starts out a historical review, which I am recounting the events that take place in Norway during 1942-1943. This case, which is the basis for my study is one of WWII's most famous Special Operations, who, despite its fame, very few have deeper information. These operations are marked by misfortune and death, but above all the determination and eagerness. By using my analysis tool of this case I want to see whether all of the basic principles of warfare can be identified. The conclusions that are drawn are that all of the basic principles of warfare can be identified by the factors I used.

The Battle of Breitenfeld took place in 1631, during the 30-year war. It was the biggest battle the Swedish army has participated in. The essay analyses the battle from a Swedish-Saxon perspective, using the basic skills, ground tactical principles and management philosophy of decentralized command. The essay is based on a case study stemming from a qualitative text analysis, and is as such divided into three parts. The first part of the essay describes my theory, and explains what the different terms stand for. The second part narrates the battle and the participating armies. Finally, in the third part, I analyze the Battle of Breitenfeld with the theories. The main question the essay aims to answer is: How can the Battle of Breitenfeld be explained with the help of the basic skills, ground tactical principles and decentralized command? To answer that question two research questions were used:Which of the basic skills and ground tactical principles were crucial for the Swedish-Saxon side to achieve victory? Can traces of decentralized command in the Swedish army be found? The essay concludes that Gustavus Adolphus built the Swedish armed forces with a sharp increase in the number of self-thinking officers and non commissioned officers which indicates that decentralized command, to some extent, was used.The also derives at the conclusion that effective use of a combination between firepower, maneuver and concentration of mass were crucial to the Swedish-Saxon victory. / Slaget vid Breitenfeld utspelades under 30-åriga kriget, år 1631, och var det största slag som en svensk armé har deltagit i. I detta arbete analyseras slaget ur ett svensksachsiskt perspektiv medhjälp av de grundläggande förmågorna, marktaktiska grundprinciperna och ledningsfilosofin uppdragstaktik. Arbetet bygger på en fallstudie baserad på en kvalitativ textanalys och är i stort uppdelat i tre delar. I den första delen beskriver jag min teori och redogör för vad de olika begreppen står för. I andra delen återberättar jag kortfattat slaget och hur de deltagande arméerna såg ut. Slutligen i tredje delen analyserar jag slaget vid Breitenfeld utifrån mina teorier. Mina forskningsfrågor är: Hur kan utgången av slaget vid Breitenfeld förklaras med hjälp av de grundläggande förmågorna, de marktaktiska grundprinciperna och uppdragstaktik? Var några av de grundläggande förmågorna eller marktaktiska grundprinciperna avgörande för den svensk-sachsiska sidans seger? Kan man se spår av uppdragstaktik hos den svenska armén? Gustav II Adolfs uppbyggnad av den svenska krigsmakten med det kraftiga ökandet av antalet självtänkande officerare och underbefäl påvisar att uppdragstaktik till viss del användes. Det effektiva användandet av en kombination mellan verkan, rörelse och kraftsamling av eld var de förmågor och principer som jag anser var avgörande för den svensk-sachsiska sidans seger.

Complex socio-technical systems, like command and control work in military operations and rescue operations, are becoming more and more common in the society, and there is a growing urge for more useful and effective systems. Qualitative data from complex socio-technical systems can be challenging to analyse. This thesis probes one way of enhancing existing analysis methods to better suit this task. Our case study is carried out at FOI (the Swedish Defence Research Agency). One of FOI’s tasks is to analyse complex situations, for example military operations, and they have developed an approach called the Reconstruction – exploration approach (R&E) for analysing distributed tactical operations (DTOs). The R&E approach has a rich contextual approach, but lacks a systematic analytic methodology. The assignment of this thesis is to investigate how the R&E approach could be enhanced and possibly merged with other existing cognitive analysis methods to better suit the analysis of DTOs. We identified that the R&E approach’s main weaknesses were the lack of structure and insufficient way of handling subjective data, which contributed to difficulties when performing a deeper analysis. The approach also needed a well-defined analysis method for increasing the validity of the identified results. One way of improvement was to integrate the R&E approach with several cognitive analysis methods based on their respective individual strengths. We started by analysing the R&E approach and then identified qualities in other methods that complemented the weaknesses in the R&E approach. Finally we developed an integrated method. The Critical Decision Method (CDM) appeared to be the most suitable method for integration with the R&E approach. Nevertheless, the CDM did not have all the qualities asked for so we chose to use functions from other methods included in our initial analysis as well; ETA and Grounded theory. The integration resulted in a method with a well-defined method for analysis and the possibility to handle subjective data. This can contribute to a deeper analysis of DTOs.

Did the terrorist attacks of September 11th change the way the United States ought to contain, confront, or neutralize threats abroad? Or, can the US use the same set of tools and responses in crafting a response to terrorist threats, present and future? These are the questions that underlie the debates, discussions, critiques, and conclusions throughout this work on the US war on terror. After Al Qaeda attacked the US on September 11th 2001, the US launched its war on terror. This global war builds upon the premises of the just war tradition while using the policies of the American neoconservative movement. In essence, the neoconservative movement takes a piecemeal approach to just war theory in order to meet its various goals. This is embodied by politicians from both the left and right that represent this movement, particularly those that run the current American administration. The reason is that the neo-conservative agenda has become a pervasive part of American foreign policy and any discussion of the US execution of the war on terror must necessarily include a discussion of neoconservative practices within its literature review. The question posed with regard to the war on terror as it is currently executed is whether it is just against measures of just war theory and other normative measures. The measurement of the successes and failures of the war on terror is grounded in the overarching framework of just war theory because it represents the prevailing norms and the international community understandings with regard to the conduct of war and armed conflict. The thesis of this work believes that the US, despite its policy of preemption, has been successful in working within just war theory on the short term (tactical) level. However, in the long term (strategic) sense, where the goal is to ferret out the root causes of terrorism, the US has failed in the four years since September 11th.

The development of high quality software the first time, greatly depends upon the ability to judge the potential quality of the software early in the life cycle. The Software Engineering Research Center design metrics research team at Ball State University has developed a metrics approach for analyzing software designs. Given a design, these metrics highlight stress points and determine overall design quality.The purpose of this study is to analyze multiple software releases of the Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS) using design metrics. The focus is on examining the transformations of design metrics at each of three releases of AFATDS to determine the relationship of design metrics to the complexity and quality of a maturing system. The software selected as a test case for this research is the Human Interface code from Concept Evaluation Phase releases 2, 3, and 4 of AFATDS. To automate the metric collection process, a metric tool called the Design Metric Analyzer was developed.Further analysis of design metrics data indicated that the standard deviation and mean for the metric was higher for release 2, relatively lower for release 3, and again higher for release 4. Interpreting this means that there was a decrease in complexity and an improvement in the quality of the software from release 2 to release 3 and an increase in complexity in release 4. Dialog with project personnel regarding design metrics confirmed most of these observations. / Department of Computer Science

What happens when an online community moves to a real space? Take the case of Anonymous. For several years now, this, loosely connected, entirely internet based group has been known for online pranks and griefing, often being labeled by the media as "hackers on steroids" or "the Internet Hate Machine". However, recently a significant portion of the group has taken up the cause of protesting what it sees as criminal injustices of the Church of Scientology. This move into the real world sparked various discussions which are relevant for online communities as a whole. What negotiations, compromises, and changes took place in order to move into the real world space? In what ways has the group succeeded (or failed) in maintaining the momentum needed for long term real-world protest and what can other online communities gain from this history?

The development, the education and the capacity of learning become indispensable to employability of people, to organizations and to society, considering the present context increasingly dynamic, interdependent and unexpected, marked by only one certainty, a permanent change. The main focus of this dissertation is to analyze how the processes which relate to the management of knowledge happen in a metal-mechanical industry, in the vision of the components of the tactical and operational level of the metal-mechanical sector, situated in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The theoretical presuppositions which have given basis to this dissertation have dealt with the relation between the management of knowledge and the organizational environment, regarding as focus the model of Spiral of Knowledge (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1997) which worries about the ways of conversion of knowledge and the process of learning, fruit of social interactions which establish in the work environment. In order to implement the present research one has adopted a qualitative method, developed in a study of simple case of an exploratory type. The data have been collected through semistructured individual interviews with managers, and workers of operational level of the metal-mechanical industry, object focus of this study, and documental sources. To the systematization and interpretation of data, an analysis of content has been adopted, trying to understand the theme of research from the speech of the participants. The results of the research evidence that the contacts and the interrelationships between people constitute a key factor which allows the process of learning in the individual, organizational and group levels. These premises are put into effect by the company, where it is possible to affirm that the tactical level of the company differs from the operational level in what concerns the processes of dissemination of new knowledge. In the variables externalization, combination, internalization and management of knowledge, it is visible the greater participation of it, having only in the process of socialization of new knowledge a balance between the tactical and operational levels. One also characterizes that the informal processes are more effective in the company than the formal processes of dissemination of new knowledge. The study points out to the necessity of recognizing explicitly that the organization has a fundamental role in the process of creation of its knowledge, facilitating the accomplishment of group activities, in a way that permits the recreation and the storing of individual knowledge because the processes of creation of organizational knowledge happen with the action of supporting the creative individual and to cultivate an adequate environment to its creation / O desenvolvimento, a educação e a capacidade de aprendizagem se tornam imprescindíveis para a empregabilidade das pessoas, para as organizações e para a sociedade, face ao contexto atual cada vez mais dinâmico, interdependente e imprevisível, marcado por uma única certeza, a permanente mudança. O principal foco desta dissertação é analisar como ocorrem os processos que se relacionam com a gestão do conhecimento em uma indústria metal-mecânica, na visão dos integrantes do nível tático e operacional do setor metal-mecânico, situado na região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os pressupostos teóricos que deram base à dissertação abordaram a relação entre a gestão do conhecimento e o ambiente organizacional, tendo como foco o modelo da Espiral do Conhecimento (Nonaka e Takeuchi, 1997) que se preocupa com os modos de conversão do conhecimento e o processo de aprendizagem como fruto de interações sociais que se estabelecem no ambiente de trabalho. Para implementar a presente pesquisa adotou-se o método qualitativo, desenvolvido em um estudo de caso do tipo exploratório. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com gerentes, e trabalhadores do nível operacional da indústria metal-mecânica, foco objeto deste estudo, e fontes documentais. Para a sistematização e interpretação dos dados foi adotada a análise de conteúdo, buscando entender a questão de pesquisa a partir das falas dos participantes. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam que os contatos e as inter-relações entre as pessoas constituem-se num fator-chave que permite o processo de aprendizagem nos níveis: individual, grupal e organizacional. Estas premissas são levadas a efeito pela empresa, onde pode-se afirmar que o nível tático da empresa se diferencia do nível operacional no que tange aos processos de disseminação de novos conhecimentos. Pois nas variáveis externalização, combinação, internalização e gestão do conhecimento, é visível a maior participação do mesmo, havendo somente no processo de socialização de novos conhecimentos um equilíbrio os níveis tático e operacional. Caracteriza-se também que os processos informais são mais efetivos na empresa do que os processos formais de disseminação de novos conhecimentos. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de se reconhecer explicitamente que a organização tem um papel fundamental no processo de criação do seu conhecimento, facilitando a realização de atividades em grupo, de forma a permitir a recriação e o armazenamento do conhecimento individual. Pois os processos de criação do conhecimento organizacional acontecem com a ação de apoiar o indivíduo criativo e cultivar um ambiente adequado à sua criação

Quick and professional action by the units of the Integrated Rescue System at the scenes of road traffic accidents is essential primarily for saving people´s lives and health, of secondary importance is the protection of property and the environment. If there is a road traffic accident which by its scope and nature requires units of the Integrated Rescue System to be called out, the individual intervening entities do what they can to reduce or eliminate the consequences of these exceptional events not only for the individuals concerned but also for the wider vicinity. The goal of this thesis is to analyse the tasks of the units of the Integrated Rescue System, and the Police Force of the Czech Republic within their framework, at the scenes of road traffic accidents and to summarise theoretical approaches to this question with references to valid legal standards. The theoretical part addresses acccident rate trends in the Czech Republic, it defines the term traffic accident and the term Integrated Rescue System. It maps the activities of the units of the Integrated Rescue System at the scenes of road traffic accidents and specifies procedures of the individual units at the scene of intervention with emphasis on the role and tasks of the Police Force of the Czech Republic. It provides a complex overview of the issue with an account of the related legal standards and documents. The empirical section contains an analysis and comparison of the call outs of the units of the Integrated Rescue System, using as its base theoretical approaches, joint tactical exercises and the interventions themselves at the scenes of accidents. The results and the conclusion provide information about the importance and essential nature of coordinated cooperation between the individual units of the Integrated Rescue System, they evalute the current level of interaction and the need for joint exercises in order constantly to perfect interventions, in the interest of the goal of saving the lives and health of people and protecting property and the environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardes_mr_dr_bauru.pdf: 8043715 bytes, checksum: 6e04a4deeb3e1cd047495dc72deef883 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A expectativa deste estudo é exercitar possibilidades de análise no campo da Educação a partir de um dispositivo estratégico que além de despontar como um caminho teórico possível para o estudo sistemático das formas de poder que controlam, exploram, devastam e exaurem as possibilidades da Educação, ao mesmo tempo permite perceber como estas formas de poder vinculam-se a uma lógica de poder global. Para isso, optamos por utilizar entrevistas com professores de Matemática que possuem posições de comando em instituições de ensino superior na cidade de Maringá (PR). A História Oral, utilizada como método dessa nossa investigação, possibilitou a utilização da memória mais como meio para a análise das ações por ela governadas e menos pelo conhecimento que, pela memória, foi possível registrar. A interconexão entre as opções metodológica e teórica presentes neste estudo possibilitaram a articulação de três elementos que julgamos fundamentais para compreender a Educação como instrumento de distribuição de poderes e saberes: o controle da natureza, o controle social e o autocontrole dos indivíduos / The expectation of this study is to exercise possibilities of analysis in the field of Education based on a strategic approach that, in addition to pointing to a possible theoretical path for the systematic study of forms of power that control, exploit, devastate, and exhaust the possibilities of education, make it possible to perceive how these forms of power are linked to a logic of global power. We opted to use interviews with mathematics professors who are in positions of authority in higher education institutions in the city of Maringá (PR). The method used was oral history, which enabled us to use memory more as a means of analyzing the actions governed by memory, and less for the knowledge it allows us to record. The interconnection between the theoretical and the methodological options in the study made it possible to articulate three elements we judge to be fundamental for understanding education as an instrument of distributing power and knowledge: the control of nature; social control; and individual self-control

O objetivo da presente dissertação foi verificar os efeitos de 22 semanas de treinamento com ênfase na capacidade técnica-tática sobre o comportamento das capacidades motoras, indicadores indiretos de dano muscular [creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH)] e o desempenho em campo de jovens futebolistas (Capítulos 2 e 3). Além disso, objetivou-se comparar o primeiro com o segundo tempo de um jogo simulado de futebol no que se refere aos padrões de deslocamento e variáveis táticas e; identificar possíveis associações entre a CK e a LDH com os padrões de deslocamento em um jogo simulado (Capítulo 4). Participaram do estudo 20 voluntários (idade 15,1 ± 0,3 anos, estatura 171,5 ± 6,1 cm, massa corporal 60,4 ± 5,5 kg, % gordura 11,5 ± 2.8, pico de velocidade de crescimento 1,42 ± 0,5 anos, VO2máx 48,68 ± 4,67 ml.kg-1.min-1). As capacidades motoras foram acompanhadas por meio dos testes motores: salto vertical e salto horizontal; T-40; Shuttle Run Test e o Running Anaerobic Sprint Test. Para determinação da atividade plasmática das enzimas CK e LDH foram realizadas coletas de sangue venoso (10ml). O desempenho em campo foi verificado por meio de análises cinemáticas bidimensionais dos padrões de deslocamento (distância total, velocidade média, número de sprints, % nas zonas de intensidade) e variáveis táticas (área de ocupação da equipe, espalhamento dos jogadores) em um jogo simulado filmado por duas câmeras captando toda a área do jogo. O desempenho nas partidas da competição alvo foi analisado por meio do aproveitamento de pontos. Todas as avaliações supracitadas foram realizadas em quatro momentos distintos: pré etapa preparatória (T0); pós etapa preparatória (T1); pós etapa competitiva I (T2); pós etapa competitiva II (T3). Para todos os resultados obtidos por meio dos testes motores foram encontradas diferenças significantes (p 0,05) quando comparado os momentos T0 (pré-treinamento) com T3 (pós-treinamento), no sentido de ganho/melhora (Capítulo 2). No desempenho das partidas foi verificado um aproveitamento de 83,33% nos pontos disputados (Capítulo 2). Em relação ao comportamento dos padrões de deslocamento e variáveis táticas ao longo da periodização, foi verificado aumento significante (p 0,05) da intensidade do jogo e do desempenho tático quando comparado o momento T0 com T3. Fato evidenciado devido o aumento das variáveis: porcentagem da distância total percorrida em sprinting, em alta intensidade (AAI), na velocidade máxima, área de ocupação e espalhamento (Capítulo 3). No que refere-se à atividade plasmática da CK e da LDH, observou-se uma redução significante (p 0,05) (Capítulo 3). Em relação ao Capítulo 4, observa-se nos resultados um aumento significante (p 0,05) da distância total, da velocidade média, do número de sprints, AAI e das variáveis táticas no segundo tempo do jogo simulado. Em adição, verificou-se diminuição significante da porcentagem da distância total percorrida em baixa intensidade no segundo tempo. Além disso, verificou-se grande associação entre a porcentagem do delta de alteração da CK e da LDH com os padrões de deslocamento no jogo simulado. Conclui-se no Capítulo 2 um aprimoramento significativo nos índices das capacidades motoras dos futebolistas estudados, além de um expressivo aproveitamento de pontos na competição alvo. No Capítulo 3 sintetiza-se que houve aumento do desempenho em alta intensidade no jogo, no rendimento tático e redução da atividade dos marcadores bioquímicos relacionados ao dano muscular. Em relação ao Capítulo 4 conclui-se que indicadores indiretos de dano muscular possuem grande associação com padrões de deslocamento em jogo realizado em condições de treino por jovens futebolistas / The purpose of the present dissertation was to verify the effects of 22 weeks of training, emphasizing the technical-tactical ability, on the behavior of motor capacities, indirect skeletal muscle damage markers [creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] and field performance of young soccer players (Chapters 2 and 3). Furthermore, it was aimed to compare the first and second halves of a simulated match regarding displacement patterns and tactical variables; and identify potential associations between the CK and LDH with the displacement patterns within the simulated match (Chapter 4). Twenty volunteers accepted to participate in this study (age 15.1 ± 0.3 years; height 171.5 ± 6.1 cm; body weight 60.4 ± 5.5 kg; body fat % 11.5 ± 2.8; peak height velocity 1.42 ± 0.5 years; VO2max 48.68 ± 4.67 ml.kg-1.min-1). The motor capacities were assessed by the motor tests: vertical jump and horizontal hump; adapted T-40; Shuttle Run Test and Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). To determine CK and LDH plasmatic activity, vein blood samples were collected (10ml). The field performance was assessed by displacement patterns kinematic two-dimensional analysis (total distance; average velocity; number of sprints; % on each intensity zone) e tactical variables (team occupation zone; players field distribution) on a simulated match, recorded by two cameras covering the whole area of the match. The performance on matches within the target competition were analyzed by earned points during the period. All the assessments mentioned were performed in four distinct moments: before preparatory stage (T0); after preparatory stage (T1); after competitive stage I (T2); and after competitive stage II (T3). When comparing moments T0 (before training program) and T3 (after training program), significant differences were found for all results regarding motor tests (p 0.05), in the direction of gain/improvement (Chapter 2). On matches performance, 83.33% of the contested points were achieved (Chapter 2). Regarding the behavior of the displacement patterns and tactical variables over the periodization, it was verified a significant improvement (p 0.05) on games intensity and tactic performance when comparing moments T0 and T3. This fact is proved by an increase of the variables: percentage of sprinting total covered distance, in high intensity, in maximal intensity, occupation and field distribution (Chapter 3). Concerning the plasmatic activity of CK and LDH, it was observed a significant reduction (p 0.05) (Chapter 3). On the Chapter 4, it is noticed on the results an significant improving (p 0.05) of total distance, average velocity, number of sprints, high intensity activities and tactical variables. Additionally, it is possible to verify a significant decreasing of low intensity total distance covered percentage on the second half. Moreover, it can be observed a large association between the percentage of CK and LDH delta variation with the displacement patterns on the simulated match. Through the Chapter 2 evidences, it is possible to conclude a significant enhancement of the motor capacities rates of the studied soccer players, besides an expressive earned points on the target competition. On Chapter 3 it is evident the performance gains during high intensity efforts along the match, on tactical performance and the reduction on biochemical markers for skeletal muscle damage. Yet, by the Chapter 4 outcomes, it is allowed to conclude that indirect skeletal muscle damage markers have large association with displacement patterns during a match performed on training conditions by young soccer players