This master thesis investigates the jamming of Tactical Data Links (TDLs). The goal is to make a model that is capable of giving an overview of a communication system under jamming conditions, offering the user a suggestion for the best coding scheme and modulation to use in any given situation. Investigation is primarily focused on the High Frequency (HF) band and its accompanying Beyond Line Of Sight (BLOS) capabilities. With this model, time and resources can be saved by eliminating the need to test for these parameters. After this model is made, based on information found on jamming types, the question is asked whether Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) jamming can be approximated in a simpler way, specifically by looking at the results of an un-jammed system with a higher noise floor. Results show that for fast switching pulsed jammers this is possible, but there is a dependency on the modulation used. For slow switching jammers, this is not possible. The model presented can later be used as a basis to answer more operational questions. / Denna mastersarbete undersöker störningen av Tactical Data Links (TDL). Målet är att göra en modell som kan ge en överblick över ett kommunikationssystem under störningsförhållanden, och erbjuda användaren ett förslag på det bästa kodningsschemat och moduleringen att använda i en given situation. Undersökningen är främst inriktad på High Frequency (HF)-bandet och dess medföljande Beyond Line Of Sight (BLOS)-funktioner. Med denna modell kan tid och resurser sparas genom att eliminera behovet av att testa för dessa parametrar. Efter att denna modell har gjorts, baserat på information som hittats om störningstyper, ställs frågan om Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) störning kan approximeras på ett enklare sätt, specifikt genom att titta på resultaten av ett system som har ett högre brusgolv. Resultaten visar att detta är möjligt för snabbväxlande pulsade störsändare, men det finns ett beroende av den modulering som används. För långsamt växlande störsändare är detta inte möjligt. Den presenterade modellen kan senare användas som underlag för att svara på mer operativa frågor / Dit afstudeerverslag doet onderzoek naar het verstoren van Tactische Data Links (TDLs). Het doel is om een model te maken dat een overzicht geeft van een communicatiesysteem dat verstoord wordt, en vervolgens de gebruiker een suggestie doet over de beste combinatie voor codering en modulatie. Er wordt vooral gekeken naar communicatie in de HF band, die wordt gekenmerkt door zijn Beyond Line Of Sight (BLOS) capaciteiten. Met dit model worden tijd en andere middelen bespaard door het overbodig maken van testen op de juiste parameters. Met dit model, waarin relevante verstoringstechnieken zijn meegenomen, wordt de vraag gesteld of het mogelijk is om AWGN-verstoring op een simpelere manier te benaderen, namelijk door het te vergelijken met een systeem met een hogere ruis vloer. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat dit wel mogelijk is voor snel schakelende gepulseerde stoorzenders, maar dat er wel rekening gehouden moet worden met het type modulatie. Voor langzaam schakelende gepulseerde stoorzenders is dit niet mogelijk. Het model wat in dit verslag gepresenteerd wordt, kan gebruikt worden als basis voor het beantwoorden van operationele vraagstukken.

Neste trabalho são propostos: a elaboração e a validação de um modelo técnico-tático de combate no judô e para caracterização dos atletas olímpicos de 2012 em competições do circuito mundial e nos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres. Para isso, a amostra foi composta por 1.411 performances em combates olímpicos e ranqueadores de atletas participantes dos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres (sete categorias de peso no masculino e feminino). A análise foi realizada pelo programa FRAMI® observando as fases do combate (aproximação, pegada, situação ataque/defesa, luta de solo e pausa), a partir das variáveis: i) tipos de aproximação; ii) configurações de pegada; iii) execução e orientação de golpes; iv) tipo de defesa; v) caracterização da luta de solo e vi) pontuação por punições e projeções. Para verificar a correlação entre as análises repetidas inter e intra-expert foi utilizado o Coeficiente Cohen s Kappa. Os modelos de probabilidade de combinação entre fases do combate foram feitos através de Processos de Markov. Para comparar as diferenças entre resultados, categorias de peso e combatesclassificatório e olímpico, utilizou-se análise de variância, seguida de post hoc, com p < 0,05 para todas as análises. Os resultados da validação revelaram índice de concordância para análise das fases e ações do combate, respectivamente de 0,94 e 0,91, classificadas como quase perfeita para as medidas de um mesmo avaliador e 0,72 e 0,73, classificadas como forte para as comparações entre diferentes observadores. Em relação ao modelo por processos markovianos da sequência de fases dos combates, foram encontradas fortes probabilidades de combinação das fases utilizadas no modelo de combate, sem efeitos de categoria de peso, resultado e nível competitivo para o modelo de probabilidade. As comparações revelaram que categorias mais pesadas apresentam menor número de ataques e projeções, com tempos mais prolongados de pegada e combate do que as categorias mais Leves durante os Jogos Olímpicos. No feminino, as atletas do Meio-leve apresentaram maior frequência de pegada em uma das mangas, menor número de projeções e tempos maiores de combate, aproximação e pegada quando comparada às outras categorias. Em relação à diferença entre níveis, os tempos de ações no combate em pé (fase de aproximação, pegada, ataque e defesa) dos Jogos Olímpicos foram significativamente maiores quando comparados ao circuito internacional. Por sua vez, os dados demonstram que atletas vitoriosos realizam maior número de ataques e projeções com técnicas de Alavanca Braço e Pé e defesas em esquivas para esquerda e para direita. Lutadores de categorias mais Leves demonstraram maior frequência de ataques com Alavanca Váriavel na Altura da Cintura e do Maléolo em comparação com a categoria Pesado. Ademais, a quantidade de punições aumentou significativamente conforme a categoria e o nível competitivo o que refletiu em diferenças entre ganhadores e perdedores, ou seja, atletas vitoriosos conquistaram maior número de pontos por punição que atletas com derrotas, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres / This work proposed developing and validating a technical-tactical model for judo combat, characterizing Olympic athletes in the 2012 international circuit and London Olympic Games. For this purpose, the sample was composed of 1.411 combat performances in the ranking system World Championships and London Olympic Games participants (seven weight categories, male and female). The analysis was performed with the aid of FRAMI-software® observing the combat phases (approximation, gripping, attack/defense situation, groundwork combat and pause), based on the following variables: i) types of approach, ii) gripping configurations, iii) execution and orientation of attacks iv) type of defense v) characterization of groundwork combat and vi) score by punishments and projections. In order to verify the correlation between inter-and intra-expert analyses, the Cohen\'s Kappa coefficient was used. The probability models for combinations between combat phases were made using Markov Processes. In order to compare differences in the results, weight categories and qualifying and Olympic combats, variance analysis was used, followed by a post hoc, p <0.05 for all analyses. The validation results showed concordance indexes for analysis of the phases and actions of combat of 0.94 and 0.91 respectively, classified as \"almost perfect\" for intra-expert measures, and 0.72 and 0.73, classified as \"strong\", for comparisons between different observers. Regarding the Markov processes model, a strong probability was observed between sequential phases, without effects between weight category, results and competitive Level. The comparisons revealed that heavier categories have fewer attacks and projections than others, with longer combat and gripping times than lighter weight classes during the Olympics. In females, the Middleweight mean division had a higher frequency of sleeve gripping type, fewer projections and longer combat, approach and gripping times than other categories. Regarding the difference between championship Levels, stand combat time (approach, gripping, attack and defense) in Olympics were significantly higher when compared to the international circuit. In turn, the data show that victorious athletes perform more attacks and projections with Arm and Leg Lever and defenses with left and right escapes. Athletes in the lighter weight classes showed higher frequency of attacks, which were classified as Variable Waist Lever and Variable Malleolus Lever compared with the Heavy category. Moreover, the amount of punishment increased significantly according to the category and competitive Level, which resulted in differences between winners and losers; i.e., victorious athletes won most scores by punishing athletes in male and female combats

Neste trabalho são propostos: a elaboração e a validação de um modelo técnico-tático de combate no judô e para caracterização dos atletas olímpicos de 2012 em competições do circuito mundial e nos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres. Para isso, a amostra foi composta por 1.411 performances em combates olímpicos e ranqueadores de atletas participantes dos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres (sete categorias de peso no masculino e feminino). A análise foi realizada pelo programa FRAMI® observando as fases do combate (aproximação, pegada, situação ataque/defesa, luta de solo e pausa), a partir das variáveis: i) tipos de aproximação; ii) configurações de pegada; iii) execução e orientação de golpes; iv) tipo de defesa; v) caracterização da luta de solo e vi) pontuação por punições e projeções. Para verificar a correlação entre as análises repetidas inter e intra-expert foi utilizado o Coeficiente Cohen s Kappa. Os modelos de probabilidade de combinação entre fases do combate foram feitos através de Processos de Markov. Para comparar as diferenças entre resultados, categorias de peso e combatesclassificatório e olímpico, utilizou-se análise de variância, seguida de post hoc, com p < 0,05 para todas as análises. Os resultados da validação revelaram índice de concordância para análise das fases e ações do combate, respectivamente de 0,94 e 0,91, classificadas como quase perfeita para as medidas de um mesmo avaliador e 0,72 e 0,73, classificadas como forte para as comparações entre diferentes observadores. Em relação ao modelo por processos markovianos da sequência de fases dos combates, foram encontradas fortes probabilidades de combinação das fases utilizadas no modelo de combate, sem efeitos de categoria de peso, resultado e nível competitivo para o modelo de probabilidade. As comparações revelaram que categorias mais pesadas apresentam menor número de ataques e projeções, com tempos mais prolongados de pegada e combate do que as categorias mais Leves durante os Jogos Olímpicos. No feminino, as atletas do Meio-leve apresentaram maior frequência de pegada em uma das mangas, menor número de projeções e tempos maiores de combate, aproximação e pegada quando comparada às outras categorias. Em relação à diferença entre níveis, os tempos de ações no combate em pé (fase de aproximação, pegada, ataque e defesa) dos Jogos Olímpicos foram significativamente maiores quando comparados ao circuito internacional. Por sua vez, os dados demonstram que atletas vitoriosos realizam maior número de ataques e projeções com técnicas de Alavanca Braço e Pé e defesas em esquivas para esquerda e para direita. Lutadores de categorias mais Leves demonstraram maior frequência de ataques com Alavanca Váriavel na Altura da Cintura e do Maléolo em comparação com a categoria Pesado. Ademais, a quantidade de punições aumentou significativamente conforme a categoria e o nível competitivo o que refletiu em diferenças entre ganhadores e perdedores, ou seja, atletas vitoriosos conquistaram maior número de pontos por punição que atletas com derrotas, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres / This work proposed developing and validating a technical-tactical model for judo combat, characterizing Olympic athletes in the 2012 international circuit and London Olympic Games. For this purpose, the sample was composed of 1.411 combat performances in the ranking system World Championships and London Olympic Games participants (seven weight categories, male and female). The analysis was performed with the aid of FRAMI-software® observing the combat phases (approximation, gripping, attack/defense situation, groundwork combat and pause), based on the following variables: i) types of approach, ii) gripping configurations, iii) execution and orientation of attacks iv) type of defense v) characterization of groundwork combat and vi) score by punishments and projections. In order to verify the correlation between inter-and intra-expert analyses, the Cohen\'s Kappa coefficient was used. The probability models for combinations between combat phases were made using Markov Processes. In order to compare differences in the results, weight categories and qualifying and Olympic combats, variance analysis was used, followed by a post hoc, p <0.05 for all analyses. The validation results showed concordance indexes for analysis of the phases and actions of combat of 0.94 and 0.91 respectively, classified as \"almost perfect\" for intra-expert measures, and 0.72 and 0.73, classified as \"strong\", for comparisons between different observers. Regarding the Markov processes model, a strong probability was observed between sequential phases, without effects between weight category, results and competitive Level. The comparisons revealed that heavier categories have fewer attacks and projections than others, with longer combat and gripping times than lighter weight classes during the Olympics. In females, the Middleweight mean division had a higher frequency of sleeve gripping type, fewer projections and longer combat, approach and gripping times than other categories. Regarding the difference between championship Levels, stand combat time (approach, gripping, attack and defense) in Olympics were significantly higher when compared to the international circuit. In turn, the data show that victorious athletes perform more attacks and projections with Arm and Leg Lever and defenses with left and right escapes. Athletes in the lighter weight classes showed higher frequency of attacks, which were classified as Variable Waist Lever and Variable Malleolus Lever compared with the Heavy category. Moreover, the amount of punishment increased significantly according to the category and competitive Level, which resulted in differences between winners and losers; i.e., victorious athletes won most scores by punishing athletes in male and female combats

No description available.

I skapandet av staden har människan möjlighet att göra om sig själv och förverkliga sitt hjärtas önskan. Hur och för vem staden ska utformas för är troligtvis en diskussion vilken kommer att finnas lika länge som staden i sig. Genom historien har privat ägande och andra samhälleliga former av dominans kontrollerat dess rum, vilket ofta resulterat i olika former av proteströrelser.   Tactical urbanism har i flertalet städer världen över blivit en populär metod för att förbättra livskvaliteten i staden. Detta genom att lokala aktörer, främst medborgarna, förändrar sitt närområde med småskaliga förbättringar. Denna uppsats beskriver vad tactical urbanism är, teorin bakom metoden och vilka möjligheter och följder den kan medföra i stadsmiljön och i planeringen av staden. Ur ett svenskt perspektiv undersöks detta genom en fallstudie utav Stockholms stads riktlinjer för idéburen stadsförbättring.   Uppsatsen går in på den kritik som finns inom modern stadsutveckling, vilken menar att den nyliberala urbanismen skapar ojämlikhet i samhället. Dessutom behandlas begreppet ”rätten till staden” vilken genomsyrar tactical urbanisms metoder, synsätt och grundläggande teori. Uppsatsens bidrag är en sammanläsning av teorier kring ”rätten till staden” med tactical urbanisms praktiska användning. Därmed visas hur tactical urbanism kan utvecklas till att bättre möta medborgarnas behov, i synnerhet svaga grupper i samhället. Det finns tendenser till att tactical urbanism införlivats i neoliberalismens stadsutveckling och därmed riskerar att förlora sin röst för de svaga. Fallstudien om Stockholm visar att tanken på ifall en eventuell konsekvens om gentrifiering som följd av idéburen stadsförbättring saknas. Dock visar fallstudien att det finns en oro över att metoderna främst gynnar innerstadsborna. Stockholms stads riktlinjer för idéburen stadsförbättring ligger i linje, men sammanfaller inte helt med vad tactical urbanism i teorin står för. Studien visar att det finns ett behov av någon form av samordnare för idéburen stadsförbättring och en djupare förståelse för tactical urbanism.   Staden har genom historien varit och fortsätter vara en plats där rummets struktur skiljer människor åt. Det säger mycket om våra värderingar, och om symbolen människan. Att främja metoder vilka tillåter medborgaren att skapa staden blir en symbol för en rättvisare stad. Om tactical urbanism och idéburen stadsförbättring möjliggör det får framtiden utvisa. Min förhoppning är att denna uppsats ska ge en förståelse för vad tactical urbanism och idéburen stadsförbättring står för. Dessutom önskar jag inspirera till en fortsatt diskussion om hur och varför vi bygger våra städer, vilken påverkan det har på det offentliga rummet, samt hur nya riktlinjer tas fram. Jag vill även framhålla vikten av en syftesbaserad riktlinje som är enhetlig i kommunens hela organisation, från politiker till tjänstemän. / In the creation of the city man has the opportunity to remake himself and realize his heart's desire. How and for whom the city should be designed for is probably a discussion that will continue until eternity. Throughout history, private ownership and other social forms of domination has controlled urban space, which often has resulted in various forms of protest movements.   Tactical urbanism has in several cities around the world become a popular method for improving the livability in the city; local actors, mainly citizens, have remade their neighbourhood with small-scale improvements. This paper describes what tactical urbanism is, the theory behind the method and the opportunities and consequences it may bring in the urban environment and in the planning of the city. From a Swedish perspective this is explored through a case study of Stockholm's City guidelines for idéburen stadsförbättring.   This study examines the criticism in contemporary urban development, which argue that the neoliberal urbanism creates inequality in society, and the concept of "right to the city" which permeates tactical urbanisms actions, approaches and basic theory. The contribution of this essay is an interlacement of theoris concerning "right to the city" with tactical urbanism practical usage and how tactical urbanism can be developed to better fullfill the needs of the citizens, especially marginalised groups in society. The essay suggests that there is a tendency that tactical urbanism is incorporated into neoliberal urban development and therefore is losing its voice for the weak of society. The case study of Stockholm shows that the idea if a possible consequence of gentrification as a result of idéburen stadsförbättring is lacking. However, the study shows that there is a concern that the methods mainly benefit inner-city residents. Stockholm's guidelines for idéburen stadsförbättring is similar, but does not entirely coincide with what the tactical urbanism in theory stand for. The study shows that there is a need for a coordinator for idéburen stadsförbättring and a deeper understanding of tactical urbanism.   Through history, the city has been, and continues to be a place where spatial structure divides people, it says a lot about our values, and the symbol of man. To promote practices which allow the citizens to remake the city, is a symbol for the ”right to the city”, but time will tell if that is something tactical urbanism and idéburen stadsförbättring can enable. My hope is that this paper will provide an understanding of what tactical urbanism and idéburen stadsförbättring stands for and inspire for further discussion on how and why we build our cities, what impact it has on the public space, and how new urban guidelines are developed and the importance of a guideline is purpose-based and consentient in municipalities, from politicians to the official.

This thesis presents the design of an autopilot capable of flying small unmanned aerial vehicles with wingspans less then 21 inches. The autopilot is extremely small and lightweight allowing it to fit in aircraft of this size. The autopilot features an advanced, highly autonomous flight control system with auto-launch and auto-landing algorithms. These features allow the autopilot to be operated by a wide spectrum of skilled and unskilled users. Innovative control techniques implemented in software, coupled with light weight, robust, and inexpensive hardware components were used in the design of the autopilot.

No description available.

ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper will provide recommended channel spacing requirements when the Tactical Targeting Network Technology (TTNT) System is utilized in conjunction with airborne telemetry systems at airborne test ranges. The recommendation will be in the form of an equation similar in form to the adjacent channel interference (ACI) equation currently in the Telemetry Standard IRIG-106. Test results will be presented to support this recommendation.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Tactical unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV’s) can deliver real-time battlefield video directly to the soldier providing unprecedented situational awareness. The video communications system must be compact, lightweight, secure, and easy to deploy without a complicated ground station. Pacific Microwave Research, Inc. is developing a system capable of providing reliable and secure video communications to handheld terminals throughout the theater. PMR’s Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (COFDM) video transmission system is designed for tactical video transmission in battlefield or Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) environments. Using digital modulation coding, the system provides a very robust link in the mobile environment.

The current political fraction between Russia and the West has led to the breakdown of the cooperative post-Cold War security order. Russia’s dramatic reliance on its tactical nuclear weapons arsenal is of concern for how Moscow might shape its foreign policy. Based on the gap in the existing literature on the role of Tactical Nuclear Weapons (TNW) and regional influence, this paper aims to examine the role of TNWs for Russia’s regional influence by answering the following research question: What changes in the nuclear doctrines, with regards to TNWs, contribute to a nuclear state’s increased regional influence? This thesis uses the theoretical frame of Coercive Diplomacy, with focus on compellence, which provides an alternative explanation to one state’s behavior against another in the pursuit of influence. In order to test the hypothesis, offensive changes in the doctrines, with regard to TNWs, contribute to a nuclear state’s likelihood of increasing its regional influence, this qualitative study examines the cases of Georgia and Armenia. The implementation of the analytical framework on the empirical material occurs through the method of structured focused comparison. The findings indicate that despite Russia’s engagement in compellence against Georgia and Armenia, the cases show very different outcomes.