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There have been discussions about why men in Sweden to a greater extent vote for right-wing parties, the discussion about why women, on the other hand, vote on the left-wing parties is less often discussed. What really makes women and men vote so differently in a supposedly equal country like Sweden? This essay is a quantitative study where the aim is to contribute to increased understanding of the different voting preferences. The data used in the essay comes from the SOM institute from the University of Gothenburg. Previous research has shown that a shift took place around the 60s and onwards, women then started getting an education and jobs that did not only involve the home and family. With this, women began to vote more on the left-wing parties. Regression analysis and factor analysis have been carried out to find connections between how different perceptions of violence and socio-economic factors influence whether one votes left or right. The theoretical frameworks for this essay are the silent revolution, GAL-TAN and ethics of care. The results show that there are differences between women's and men's political preferences, where women are more to the left and men more to the right on the political left-right scale. The cultural factor ethics of care is connected to the aspect that social vulnerability is considered to be a contributing factor to the violence in society, and is the factor that most affects the gender gap in political preferences. The impact that structural factors have on political preferences is consistent with previous research. Finally, we have discussed limitations and recommendations for future research.

Detta examensarbete utfördes vid Bodens Energi Nät AB under våren 2017 och behandlar mätmetoder och olika tester som kan utföras på markförlagd kabel för kontroll av tillståndet på exempelvis isolation, mantel och skarvar. Bakgrunden till arbetet är att man inom Bodens Energi Nät har ett flertal kilometer kabel på mellanspänningsnivå 20 kV. En stor del av kablarna är isolerade med tvärbunden polyeten, PEX och härstammar från 1970 och 1980-talet. Dessa kablar har i efterhand visat sig ha problem med vattenträd, vilket kan beskrivas som trädliknande strukturer som uppstår i en kabels isolation på grund av fukt och orenheter när dessa blir utsatta för kraftigare elektriska fält. Problem med vattenträd i kablar leder efter en tid, ofrånkomligen till genomslag i isolationen med påföljande jordfel.  Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka och kartlägga olika tillståndsbedömningsmetoder för kraftkabel avsedd för 12/24 kV-nät. Rapporten avser att vara en metodbeskrivning för de vanligaste diagnostiska mätmetoder samt redogör för dess för- och nackdelar. Följande frågeställningar ämnas besvaras: Vilka metoder finns tillgängliga för tillståndsbedömning av mellanspänningskabel och vilka egenskaper är mätbara? Vad har respektive mätmetod för svagheter och styrkor samt vilka begränsningar finns det? Finns det möjlighet att utföra mätningar på en kabel i drift eller måste den tilltänkta kabelsträckan frånskiljas den övriga anläggningen?Om mätningar kan utföras på en kabel i drift, vilka metoder gäller detta? Rapporten bygger till största del på en litteraturstudie där mycket av informationen är hämtad ifrån standarder, handböcker och guider. Rapporten behandlar dels allmän information om kraftkablar samt PEX-kabelns konstruktion vilket bör kännas till för att kunna tillgodogöra sig informationen på bästa sätt. Vidare avhandlas åldringsmekanismer för PEX-isolerad kabel. Metoderna som presenteras i rapporten omfattar bland annat; mantelprovning, hållprov med olika typer av spänning, mätning av den dielektriska förlustfaktorn tan delta samt mätning av partiella urladdningar, PD. I kapitel 5 presenteras mätresultat från ett antal olika tan delta-mätningar samt en mätning av partiella urladdningar, vidare ges en kortare förklaring till mätresultaten. Vid mätning av de dielektriska förlusterna fås information om isolationens totala skick. Mätning av partiella urladdningar (även kallat glimning) ger information om var eventuella ojämnheter och håligheter finns. Det är dock viktigt att komma ihåg att de metoder som finns måste anpassas till den kabel som avses mätas eftersom det inte går att identifiera alla typer av defekter och fel med hjälp av endast en metod. Metoderna bör användas som diagnostiska hjälpmedel som i sin tur ger fingervisningar om kabelanläggningens totala tillstånd. De är därmed inte att betrakta som en definitiv bekräftelse avseende funktionsdugligheten för kabeln. / The work in this bachelor’s thesis was conducted at Bodens Energi Nät AB during the spring of 2017. The report describes common methods available for testing and diagnostic measurements of electric power cables. Bodens Energi Nät manages a medium voltage power grid which consists of around 700 kilometers of power lines and about 200 kilometers of cables. A large part of these cables have an insulating layer consisting of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) and originates from the 1970s and the 1980s. These particular XLPE cables have a higher than normal tendency to develop problems with water trees. Water trees can be described as tree-shaped structures forming inside the insulating layer of the cable in the presence of an electrical field and water. Issues with water trees leads to local degradation of the dielectric material in the cable and usually ends with a phase-to-ground fault. The purpose of this thesis is to examine and describe different methods for diagnostic measurements of medium voltage cables. Through the use of a literature study the following questions will be answered: Which methods are available for diagnostic measurements and what properties can be measured? What are the strengths and weaknesses for each of these methods? Can measurements be performed on cables on-line or is it required to disconnect the cables from the grid before any measurements can be performed?In the case of on-line testing, which methods does this apply to?  The overall disposition of this thesis starts with a general description of power cables including XLPE cables, as well as aging mechanisms in extruded cables. Subsequent chapters describes testing methods such as cable sheath testing, hipot testing using different types of voltages, measurements of the dielectric dissipation factor tan , as well as partial discharge testing.  Chapter 5 discloses the results from some different tan  measurements including a partial discharge measurement. A short description and explanation is included with every figure.  Measuring the dielectric dissipation factor yields information about the total condition of the insulation. Partial discharge offers information regarding the location of irregularities, cavities and impurities within the insulation. It is important to have in mind that each of these methods on its own will not be able to identify all types of defects. Therefore it may be required to carry out several measurements using different types of methods in order to get a general idea of the condition of the cable. Methods for cable diagnostic measurements should be seen as a tool to get an estimate about the total condition of a power cable and is not considered a fail safe way to determine the operational ability.

The objective of the proposed research is to design, implement, and characterize low-cost, lightweight front-end components and subsystems in the microwave domain through innovative packaging architectures for remote sensing applications. Particular emphasis is placed on system-on-package (SoP) solutions implemented in organic substrates as a low-cost alternative to conventional, expensive, rigid, and fragile radio- frequency substrates. To this end, the dielectric properties of organic substrates RT/duroid 5880, 6002 and 6202 are presented from 30 GHz to 70 GHz, covering most of the Ka and V radar bands, giving also a thorough insight on the uncertainty of the microstrip ring resonator method by means of the Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis. Additionally, an ultra-thin, high-power antenna-array technology, with transmit/ receive (T/R) functionality is introduced for mobile applications in the X band. Two lightweight SoP T/R array panels are presented in this work using novel technologies such as Silicon Germanium integrated circuits and microelectromechanical system switches on a hybrid organic package of liquid crystal polymer and RT/duroid 5880LZ. A maximum power of 47 dBm is achieved in a package with a thickness of 1.8 mm without the need of bulky thermal management devices. Finally, to address the thermal limitations of thin-film substrates of interest (liquid crystal polymer, RT/duroid 6002, alumina and Aluminum Nitride), a thermal assessment of microstrip structures is presented in the X band, along with the thermal characterization of the dielectric properties of RT/duroid 6002 from 20 ºC to 200 ºC and from 30 GHz to 70 GHz. Additional high-power, X-band technologies presented in this work include: a novel and compact topology for evanescent mode filters, and low-profile Wilkinson power dividers implemented on Aluminum Nitride using Tantalum Nitride thin-film resistors.

This thesis aims to map what arguments are used by the two biggest parties in Swedish politics, The Social Democratic Party and the Moderate Party, when discussing European politics in the European Affairs Committee (EAC) of the Swedish parliament. In order to realise this, frames used by the party representatives in the committee have been analysed. With the typology of Helbling et. al. (2010), a categorisation of four frames is applied, where each frame corresponds with a side of the left-right or the GAL-TAN-dimension. The study is structured by a number of hypotheses constructed based on findings of previous research, comparing both between the parties and changes over time. The results are assessed in relative terms, meaning that the study focuses on the parties’ relative use of frames rather than the absolute. All hypotheses find full or partial support, confirming expectations of previous research made on other European countries. However, some surprising results are found, highlighting new potential research questions for future studies.

劉喜儀. / "二〇〇八年七月". / "2008 nian 7 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-157). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Liu Xiyi. / 提要 --- p.i / 目錄 --- p.v / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 / Chapter 第一節 --- 硏究動機與目的 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 前人硏究之槪況 --- p.3 / Chapter 第三節 --- 硏究範圍及方法 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二章 --- 清代廣東的詞論 / Chapter 第一節 --- 清代廣東詞論的批評形式 --- p.10 / Chapter 第二節 --- 清代廣東詞論的特色 --- p.12 / Chapter 第三章 --- 譚瑩的生平、性格、交遊及文學風格 / Chapter 第一節 --- 譚瑩的生平 --- p.25 / Chapter 第二節 --- 譚瑩的性格 --- p.28 / Chapter 第三節 --- 譚瑩的交遊 --- p.30 / Chapter 第四節 --- 譚瑩的文學風格 --- p.37 / Chapter 第四章 --- 譚瑩《論詞絶句》審美旨趣探析 / Chapter 第一節 --- 兼重婉約、豪放的詞風 --- p.48 / Chapter 第二節 --- 重視詞的情感內容 --- p.64 / Chapter 第三節 --- 重視詞人的品格 --- p.78 / Chapter 第四節 --- 提出異於前人的見解 --- p.85 / Chapter 第五節 --- 餘論 --- p.95 / Chapter 第五章 --- 譚瑩《論詞絶句》的詞史觀 / Chapter 第一節 --- 論唐五代詞 --- p.104 / Chapter 第二節 --- 論北宋詞 --- p.108 / Chapter 第三節 --- 論南宋詞 --- p.109 / Chapter 第四節 --- 餘論 --- p.114 / Chapter 第六章 --- 譚瑩《論詞絶句》的表現手法 / Chapter 第一節 --- 造句的承襲 --- p.116 / Chapter 第二節 --- 以詞調名入詩 --- p.119 / Chapter 第三節 --- 用意翻案 --- p.121 / Chapter 第四節 --- 論人的對比 --- p.122 / Chapter 第五節 --- 以詩家喻詞人 --- p.123 / Chapter 第七章 --- 厲鶚、譚瑩論詞絶句比較 / Chapter 第一節 --- 厲鶚生平及其論詞主張槪述 --- p.126 / Chapter 第二節 --- 厲鶚、譚瑩論詞絶句體制比較 --- p.127 / Chapter 第三節 --- 厲鶚、譚瑩論詞絶句審美旨趣比較 --- p.131 / Chapter 第四節 --- 譚瑩《論詞絶句》與厲鶚〈論詞絶句〉的承傳關係 --- p.143 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結論 --- p.146 / 參考書目 / Chapter 一、 --- 專著 --- p.149 / Chapter 二、 --- 論文 --- p.154 / Chapter 三、 --- 網站 --- p.156 / 附錄 / 譚瑩《論詞絶句一百首》簡注

This dissertation examines the trial of Japanese war crimes conducted by Australia between 1945 and 1951; although the study commences in 1943, when the Government first focussed on the issue, and ends in 1961, when the issue was closed. Beyond providing an overview of the trials the thesis addresses the major criticism of the trials by looking at whether the trails were fair and if they fulfilled Australian aims. This is addressed within the context of the two elements of international law, the political, and the legal, and examined in each of the three sections. The Policy section establishes the political context of the trials by examining the influence of the international community and the Australian Government. Both influenced structure and progress rather than the final application of the law. When Australian attitudes were incongruous with international views, a perception that Australia was harsh and repressive developed even though justice was an important part of the Government???s agenda. A study of legal aspects of the trials commences in the Procedures section. Australia???s legislation and regulations are explained with particular emphasis on the more controversial aspects, and a comparison is made with the war crimes instruments of other Allies trying the Japanese showing many similarities between the regulations used by other nations and Australia???s. Procedures also discusses the framework for the Australian trials, the procedures used to bring a case to trial, the process used in court, the review process and the carrying out of sentences. Such a thorough study of the procedural basis is necessary to evaluate the individual trials. Practical examples of some of the procedural problems are also discussed in the following section ??? Practice. This section reviews a number of trials and the various types of crimes and the claims made in defence to show how Australia applied and interpreted the law. The study finds many similarities between Australia???s application of the law and the practice of other nations, indicating that Australian courts were applying what was considered to be customary expectations of behaviour. Throughout the trials there was little evidence of vindictiveness or revenge, either by Government or in the courts. Both were faced with significant problems, which were not always dealt with well but overall the trials were fair and those involved were concerned that justice should not only be seen to be done, but actually be done.

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr) is the necrotrophic fungus responsible for tan spot of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Ptr causes disease on susceptible wheat cultivars through the production and secretion of host-selective toxins (HSTs). HSTs are compounds that are only known to be produced by fungi and considered to be primary determinants of pathogenicity. Infiltration of these toxins into sensitive wheat elicits the same symptoms as the pathogen, which simplifies investigations of host- pathogen interactions due to exclusion of the pathogen. These characteristics make HSTs ideal molecules to dissect molecular plant-microbe interactions. Known HSTs of Ptr include Ptr ToxA (ToxA), Ptr ToxB (ToxB) and Ptr ToxC (ToxC). ToxA is the most characterized toxin of Ptr, as well as the first proteinaceous HST identified. The proposed mode-of-action for ToxA includes internalization into sensitive wheat mesophyll cells, localization to the chloroplast, photosystem perturbations and elicitation of high amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), all of which lead to necrosis. However, it is still unknown how ToxA is transported to the chloroplast. To identify additional interacting components involved in ToxA symptom development, genes were silenced in tobacco plants (Nicotiana benthamiana) using the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) system. Four genes were identified that potentially could play a role in ToxA-induced cell death: a 40S ribosomal subunit, peroxisomal glycolate oxidase (GOX), a thiamine biosynthetic enzyme (Thi1), and the R-gene mediator, Sgt1. Ptr exhibits a complex race structure determined by the HST(s) produced and the symptom(s) elicited on sensitive wheat cultivars. Currently, there are eight characterized races and other HSTs and races have been proposed. Isolate SO3 was discovered in southern Oregon and elicits ToxA-like symptoms on a wheat differential set, yet lacks the ToxA gene. The transcriptome of SO3 was sequenced, assembled, and aligned to a ToxA-producing isolate, Pt-1C-BFP, which will aid in the identification of the protein(s) that may be responsible for these ToxA-like symptoms. SO3 contains a set of 497 sequences that were not found in the ToxA-producing isolate Pt-1C-BFP (BFP). These sequences should be further investigated to identify those that encode small secreted proteins (SSPs) and could potentially serve as HSTs and pathogenicity factors of SO3. / Graduation date: 2013

Cette thèse traite du problème à N corps dans les gaz de fermions ultra froids. La première partie est dédiée aux collisions à 3 et 4 fermions en interaction de contact dans le vide. Nous montrons comment calculer diagrammatiquement l'amplitude de diffusion dimère-fermion et la longueur de diffusion dimère-dimère. Par un développement en puissances du rapport des masses et à basse énergie, nous obtenons une expression analytique de l'amplitude de diffusion dimère-fermion en onde s dans la limite de grand rapport des masses entre deux espèces. En utilisant la même méthode, nous obtenons un développement analytique de la longueur de diffusion dimère-dimère en onde s dans la limite de grand rapport des masses entre deux espèces. Dans la seconde partie, nous considérons le problème à N corps dans la transition BEC-BCS. Nous dérivons la formule de Tan dans la limite d'interaction de contact, puis nous généralisons ce résultat à des mélanges bosoniques ainsi qu'à 2 dimensions. Nous calculons également l'équation d'état à l'unitarité dans l'approximation de la matrice T en utilisant 3 formules exactes pour l'énergie. Finalement, nous obtenons un développement de l'équation d'état en puissances de la densité dans la limite BEC. Le résultat est obtenu, dans le cas général où les deux espèces ont des masses différentes et sont présentes en quantité différente, en prenant en compte diagrammatiquement les vertex de diffusion à 3 et 4 corps exacts.

On chip Built In Self Test (BIST) is a cost-effective test methodology for highly complex VLSI devices like Systems On Chip (SoC). This work deals with cost-effective BIST methods and Test Pattern Generation (TPG) schemes in BIST for fault detection and diagnosis of analog circuits. Fault-based testing is used in analog domain due to the applicable test methods/ techniques being general and cost-effective. We propose a novel test method causing the Device Under Test (DUT) to saturate or get out of saturation to detect a fault with simple detection hardware. The proposed test method is best suited for use of existing building blocks in Systems-on-Chip (SoC) for implementation of an on-chip test signal generator and test response analyzer. Test generation for a fault in analog circuit is a compute intensive task. A good test generator produces a highly compact test set with less computational effort without trading the fault coverage. In this context, three new test generation methods viz., MultiDetect, ExpoTan, and MultiDiag for testing analog circuits are presented in this thesis. Testing of analog blocks based on circuit transfer function makes the proposed ATPG methods as general-purpose methods for all kinds of LTI circuits. The principle of MultiDetect method, (i.e., selecting a test signal for which the output amplitude difference between good and faulty circuits is minimum when compared to other test signals in an initial test set), helps in the generation of high quality compacted test set with less fault simulations. The experimental results show that the testing of LTI circuits using MultiDetect technique for the benchmark circuits achieves the required fault coverage with much shorter testing time. The generated test set with MultiDetect method can effectively detect both soft and hard faults and does not require any precision analog signal sources or signal measurement circuits when implemented as Built In Self Test (BIST). Test generation for a list of faults and test set compaction are two different phases in an ATPG process. To build an efficient ATPG, these two phases need to be combined with a technique such that the generated test set is highly compact and efficient with less fault simulations. In this context, a novel test set selection technique known as ExpoTan for testing Linear Time Invariant (LTI) circuits is also presented in this thesis. The test generation problem is formulated with tan-1( ) and exponential functions for identification of a test signal with maximum fault coverage. Identification of a sinusoid that detects more faults results in an optimized test signal set. Fault diagnosis and fault location in analog circuits are of fundamental importance for design validation and prototype characterization in order to improve yield through design modification. In this context, we propose a procedure viz., MultiDiag for generation of a test set for analog fault diagnosis. The analog test generation methods, viz., Max, Rand, and MultiDetect etc., which are based on sensitivity analysis, may fail at times to identify a test signal for locating a fault; because the search for a test signal using these test generation methods is restricted to the limited test signals set. But, the MultiDiag method definitely identifies a test signal, if one exists, for locating a fault.