Les agents anti-infectieux sont utilisés pour traiter ou prévenir les infections chez les humains, les animaux, les insectes et les plantes. L’apparition de traces de ces substances dans les eaux usées, les eaux naturelles et même l’eau potable dans plusieurs pays du monde soulève l’inquiétude de la communauté scientifique surtout à cause de leur activité biologique. Le but de ces travaux de recherche a été d’étudier la présence d’anti-infectieux dans les eaux environnementales contaminées (c.-à-d. eaux usées, eaux naturelles et eau potable) ainsi que de développer de nouvelles méthodes analytiques capables de quantifier et confirmer leur présence dans ces matrices. Une méta-analyse sur l’occurrence des anti-infectieux dans les eaux environnementales contaminées a démontré qu’au moins 68 composés et 10 de leurs produits de transformation ont été quantifiés à ce jour. Les concentrations environnementales varient entre 0.1 ng/L et 1 mg/L, selon le composé, la matrice et la source de contamination. D’après cette étude, les effets nuisibles des anti-infectieux sur le biote aquatique sont possibles et ces substances peuvent aussi avoir un effet indirect sur la santé humaine à cause de sa possible contribution à la dissémination de la résistance aux anti-infecteiux chez les bactéries. Les premiers tests préliminaires de développement d’une méthode de détermination des anti-infectieux dans les eaux usées ont montré les difficultés à surmonter lors de l’extraction sur phase solide (SPE) ainsi que l’importance de la sélectivité du détecteur. On a décrit une nouvelle méthode de quantification des anti-infectieux utilisant la SPE en tandem dans le mode manuel et la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LC-MS/MS). Les six anti-infectieux ciblés (sulfaméthoxazole, triméthoprime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, clarithromycin et azithromycin) ont été quantifiés à des concentrations entre 39 et 276 ng/L dans les échantillons d’affluent et d’effluent provenant d’une station d’épuration appliquant un traitement primaire et physico- chimique. Les concentrations retrouvées dans les effluents indiquent que la masse moyenne totale de ces substances, déversées hebdomadairement dans le fleuve St. Laurent, était de ~ 2 kg. En vue de réduire le temps total d’analyse et simplifier les manipulations, on a travaillé sur une nouvelle méthode de SPE couplée-LC-MS/MS. Cette méthode a utilisé une technique de permutation de colonnes pour préconcentrer 1.00 mL d’échantillon dans une colonne de SPE couplée. La performance analytique de la méthode a permis la quantification des six anti-infectieux dans les eaux usées municipales et les limites de détection étaient du même ordre de grandeur (13-60 ng/L) que les méthodes basées sur la SPE manuelle. Ensuite, l’application des colonnes de SPE couplée de chromatographie à débit turbulent pour la préconcentration de six anti-infectieux dans les eaux usées a été explorée pour diminuer les effets de matrice. Les résultats obtenus ont indiqué que ces colonnes sont une solution de réchange intéressante aux colonnes de SPE couplée traditionnelles. Finalement, en vue de permettre l’analyse des anti-infectieux dans les eaux de surface et l’eau potable, une méthode SPE couplée-LC-MS/MS utilisant des injections de grand volume (10 mL) a été développée. Le volume de fuite de plusieurs colonnes de SPE couplée a été estimé et la colonne ayant la meilleure rétention a été choisie. Les limites de détection et de confirmation de la méthode ont été entre 1 à 6 ng/L. L’analyse des échantillons réels a démontré que la concentration des trois anti-infectieux ciblés (sulfaméthoxazole, triméthoprime et clarithromycine) était au dessous de la limite de détection de la méthode. La mesure des masses exactes par spectrométrie de masse à temps d’envol et les spectres des ions produits utilisant une pente d’énergie de collision inverse dans un spectromètre de masse à triple quadripôle ont été explorés comme des méthodes de confirmation possibles. / Anti-infectives are used to treat or prevent infections in humans, animals, insects and plants. The occurrence of traces of these substances in wastewaters, natural waters and even drinking water has caused concern among the scientific community especially because of their biological activiy. The goal of this research was to study the occurrence of anti-infectives in contaminated environmental waters (wastewaters, natural waters, and drinking water) and to develop new analytical methods able to quantitate and confirm their presence in these matrices. A meta-analysis on the occurrence of anti-infectives in contaminated environmental waters demonstrated that at least 68 parent compounds and 10 transformation products have been quantified to date. Environmental concentrations vary between 0.1 ng/L and 1 mg/L depending on the compound, the matrix and the source of contamination. According to this study, detrimental effects of anti-infectives on aquatic biota are possible and these substances could also affect indirectly human health because of their possible contribution to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Preliminary tests on the development of a method of determination of anti-infectives in wastewaters showed the main difficulties to overcome during solid-phase extraction (SPE) as well as the importance of the detector selectivity. A novel method of determination of anti-infectives was described using off-line tandem SPE and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Six target anti-infectives (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, clarithromycin and azithromycine) were quantitated at concentrations between 39 and 276 ng/L in samples of influent and effluent collected from a primary and physico-chemical wastewater treatement plant. Reported effluent concentrations indicate that the mean mass of these substances discharged daily in the St. Lawrence River was ~ 2 kg. In order to reduce total analysis time and simplify sample preparation, a new on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS was presented. This method used a column-switching technique to preconcentrate 1.00 mL of sample in an on-line SPE column. Method analytical performance allowed the quantitation of six anti-infectives in municipal wastewaters and limits of detection were of the same magnitude (13-60 ng/L) than methods based in offline SPE. Next, the application of turbulent flow chromatography on-line SPE columns for the preconcentration of six anti-infectives in wastewaters was explored. Results showed that these columns are an interesting alternative to traditional on-line SPE columns. Finally, in order to allow analysis of anti-infectives in surface and drinking water, we developed an on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method using large-volume injections (10 mL). Breakthrough volumes of several on-line SPE columns were estimated and the column having the best retention, Strata-X, was chosen. Method detection and confirmation limits were between 1 and 6 ng/L. Analysis of real samples indicated that the concentration of the three target anti-infectives (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and clarithromycin) was lower that the method detection limits. Accurate mass measurement by time-of-flight mass spectrometry and product ion spectra obtained by a reversed-energy ramp in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer were explored as alternative confirmation methods.

Exogenously supplied organoselenium compounds, capable of propagating a selenium redox cycle, were shown to supplement natural cellular defenses against oxidants generated during biological activity. Phenylaminoalkyl selenides were developed in our laboratory as novel substrate analogs for the enzyme dopamine beta-monooxygenase. Recently, phenylaminoalkyl selenides were found to protect plasmid DNA and Molecular beacons from oxoperoxynitrate – mediated damage by scavenging this oxidant and forming the corresponding selenoxides as the sole selenium – containing products. Rate constants were determined for the reactions of the phenylaminoalkyl selenoxides with GSH at physiological pH and 25 degrees C. The kinetic data obtained in current and previous research was subsequently used in a MatLab simulation, which showed the feasibility of selenium redox cycling by GSH in the presence of a cellular oxidant, oxoperoxynitrate. Loblolly pine (LP, Pinus taeda) is the primary commercial species in southern forests covering 11.7 million hectares. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an effective technique to implement production of high value genotypes of LP. SE is a multi-step process, which includes initiation of somatic embryo (SME) growth from tree tissue, maintenance and multiplication of early stage SMEs and the maturation / germination phase. In this work, we isolated a substance from stage 2 or 3 LP female gametophyte (FG) tissue that stimulates early stage SME growth, and characterized this substance as citric acid on the basis of 1H NMR and mass spectrometry. We then demonstrated that topical application of citric acid to SMEs stimulates embryo colony growth at p = 0.05 for 3 of the 5 genotypes tested. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by an impaired conversion of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) to L-tyrosine (L-Tyr). A novel assay based on enzymatic - colorimetric methodology (ECA) was developed in order to detect elevated concentrations of L-Phe in undeproteinized plasma of PKU patients via continuous spectrophotometric detection. We report here that L-Phe concentrations in undeproteinized plasma measured using our ECA were comparable to those determined on an amino acid analyzer based on Pearson correlation coefficients and a Bland and Altman comparison.

No description available.

A esquizofrenia é um transtorno neuropsiquiátrico crônico que afeta aproximadamente 1% da população mundial. As teorias neurobiológicas descrevem que a esquizofrenia é essencialmente causada por alterações bioquímicas e estruturais do cérebro, devido às disfunções nos sistemas glutamatérgico, dopaminérgico e serotoninérgico. Desta forma, a determinação das concentrações de aminoácidos e neurotransmissores em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos pode auxiliar na avaliação da eficácia da terapia. Além dos antipsicóticos, medicação de primeira linha no tratamento inicial da esquizofrenia, a maioria dos pacientes também faz uso concomitante de outras classes de fármacos, tais como antidepressivos, anticonvulsivantes e ansiolíticos para minimizar os sintomas associados a esta doença. Nesta tese, um método empregando a precipitação de proteínas (PPT) e a cromatografia líquida por interação hidrofílica acoplada à espectrometria de massas em tandem (HILIC-MS/MS) foi adequadamente desenvolvido e validado para a determinação de aminoácidos (aspartato, serina, glicina, alanina, metionina, leucina, tirosina e triptofano) e neurotransmissores (glutamato e ácido -aminobutírico) em amostras de plasma de 35 pacientes esquizofrênicos em tratamento com clozapina (27 pacientes) e olanzapina (8 pacientes) para avaliar a eficácia do tratamento, tendo como controle 38 voluntários sadios. O método HILIC-MS/MS apresentou linearidade do LIQ (9,7 pmol mL-1 - 13,3 nmol mL-1) ao LSQ (19,4 nmol mL-1 - 800 nmol mL-1), tempo de análise de 3,0 min, exatidão com EPR de -18 a 19% e precisão com CV de 0,1 a 16% (LIQ). A análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida por teste post-hoc de Duncan, revelou que os níveis médios plasmáticos (nmol mL-1) de metionina (F2,70 = 3,14, p = 0,049) de pacientes esquizofrênicos em tratamento com olanzapina foram significativamente mais elevados, quando comparados aos valores obtidos com o grupo controle (voluntários saudáveis), já o nível de glutamato em pacientes esquizofrênicos em tratamento com clozapina apresentaram tendência a valores mais altos (F2.70 = 2,50, p = 0,090). Já os métodos, PPT/LC-MS/MS e LC-MS/MS no modo column switching utilizando uma coluna monolítica de sílica híbrida com grupos cianopropil na primeira dimensão, foram desenvolvidos e validados para a determinação dos antipsicóticos (olanzapina, quetiapina, clozapina, haloperidol e clorpromazina), antidepressivos (mirtazapina, paroxetina, citalopram, sertralina, imipramina, clomipramina e fluoxetina), anticonvulsivantes (carbamazepina e lamotrigina), e ansiolíticos (diazepam e clonazepam) em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos para fins de monitorização terapêutica. O método PPT/LC-MS/MS apresentou linearidade do LIQ (0,2 ng mL-1 - 5,0 ng mL-1) ao LSQ (40,5 ng mL-1 - 10,5 g mL-1), exatidão com EPR de -9,7 a 8,0%, e precisão com CV de 0,1 a 12%. Já o método LC-MS/MS no modo column switching apresentou linearidade do LIQ (63,0 pg mL-1 - 1250,0 pg mL-1) ao LSQ (40,5 ng mL-1 - 10,5 g mL-1), exatidão com EPR de -14 a 12% e precisão com CV de 0,6 a 6,5%. A pré-concentração seletiva dos fármacos na coluna monolítica com grupos cianopropil incorporados e a remoção dos componentes endógenos da amostra biológica, antes da separação cromatográfica, favoreceram a seletividade e detectabilidade do método LC-MS/MS no modo column switching. Este método quando comparado ao de referência PPT/LC-MS/MS, através da análise de 10 amostras de pacientes esquizofrênicos, não apresentou diferença significativa (teste t) entre as concentrações plasmáticas, podendo ser aplicado na monitorização terapêutica. Além deste fato, este método automatizado favoreceu a precisão, a exatidão e a freqüência analítica. / Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that affects approximately 1% of the world population. According to neurobiological theories, schizophrenia stems from biochemical and structural alterations in the brain due to dysfunction in the glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems. Determining the concentrations of amino acids and neurotransmitters in plasma samples from schizophrenic patients may assist evaluation of therapy effectiveness. In addition to antipsychotics (the first-line drug in the initial treatment of schizophrenia), most patients concomitantly use other classes of drugs such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and anxiolytics to minimize the symptoms associated with this disease. To evaluate treatment efficacy, in this thesis a method based on protein precipitation (PPT) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) has been properly developed and validated to determine amino acids (aspartate, serine, glycine, alanine, methionine, leucine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) and neurotransmitters (glutamate and -aminobutyric acid) in plasma samples obtained from 35 schizophrenia patients treated with clozapine (27 patients) or olanzapine (8 patients); 38 healthy volunteers served as controls. The HILIC-MS/MS method was linear for concentrations ranging from the LLOQ (9.7 pmol mL-1 - 13.3 nmol mL-1) to the ULOQ (19.4 nmol mL-1 - 800 nmol mL-1). The analysis time was 3.0 min. In the case of accuracy, RSE ranged from -18 to 19%. As for precision, CV lay between 0.1 and 16% (LLOQ). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc Duncan showed that the average methionine serum levels (nmol mL-1) (F2.70 = 3.14, p = 0.049) in schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine were significantly higher as compared with the control group (healthy volunteers). The glutamate level in schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine tended to higher values (F2.70 = 2.50, p = 0.090). Concerning the analytical methods, PPT/LC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS operating in the column-switching mode were developed and validated to determine antipsychotic (olanzapine, quetiapine, clozapine, haloperidol, and chlorpromazine), antidepressants (mirtazapine, paroxetine, citalopram, sertraline, imipramine, clomipramine, and fluoxetine), anticonvulsants (carbamazepine and lamotrigine), and anxiolytics (diazepam and clonazepam) in plasma samples taken from schizophrenic patients for therapeutic drug monitoring. A monolithic hybrid column containing silica with cyanopropyl groups in the first dimension was employed. The PPT/LC-MS/MS method was linear from the LLOQ (0.2 ng mL-1 - 5.0 ng mL-1) to the ULOQ (40.5 ng mL-1 - 10.5 g mL-1). In the case of accuracy, RSE ranged from -9.7 to 8.0%; as for precision, CV lay between 0.1 and 12%. LC-MS/MS in the column-switching mode was linear from the LLOQ (63.0 pg mL-1 - 1250.0 pg mL-1) to the ULOQ (40.5 ng mL-1 - 10.5 g mL-1). RSE ranged from -14 to 12%; CV lay between 0.6 and 6.5%. The drugs were selectively pre-concentrated in the monolithic column containing silica incorporated with cyanopropyl groups. For the LC-MS/MS method operating in the column-switching mode, the endogenous components of the biological sample of the LC-MS/MS method were removed before analysis. Analysis of 10 plasma samples obtained from schizophrenic patients did not reveal any significant differences (t test) between the LC-MS/MS method and the reference PPT/LC-MS/MS method. Therefore, LC-MS/MS can be applied in therapeutic monitoring, with the advantage that this method offers improved precision, accuracy, and analytical frequency.

Résumé confidentiel / Résumé confidentiel

In the first part of the doctoral thesis, the capillary electrophoresis was used to test the potential chiral separation properties of monosubstituted cyclodextrin derivatives, namely PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-cyclodextrins for the group of selected analytes. Both selectors exhibited excellent enantioseparation properties for N-boc-D,L-tryptophan, where the enantiomers were completely separated even at 0.5 mmol·l-1 concentration of the cyclodextrin derivative in the background electrolyte. However, the differences between the enantiodiscrimination properties of individual derivatives were minimal. The second test group consisted of two cyclodextrin derivatives, namely 2-O- and 3-O- cinnamyl-α-cyclodextrins. These derivatives are able to form supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions that disintegrate at elevated temperature. The formation of these polymers was tested by NMR and DLS experiments. None of the tested cyclodextrin derivatives showed enantiodiscrimination properties towards a group of selected analytes. In the frame of antipredatory study, HPLC-MS/MS method working in HILIC mode was used for separation of ten pterin derivatives and riboflavin, which can be present as pigments in insects, reptiles or amphibians as a part of their warning coloration. The developed methodology was applied for...

Purines are organic compounds with miscellaneous functions that are found in all living organisms in complex molecules such as nucleotides, nucleosides or as purine bases. The natural balance of purine levels is maintained by their synthesis, recycling and degradation. Excess purines are excreted in the urine as uric acid. Purine nucleotides may be recycled by salvage pathways catalysing the reaction of purine base with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. A completely new central molecule of purine metabolism, inosine monophosphate, can be synthesized from precursors during the de novo purine synthesis (DNPS). DNPS involves ten steps catalysed by six enzymes that form a multienzymatic complex, the purinosome, enabling substrate channelling through the pathway. DNPS is activated under conditions involving a high purine demand such as organism development. Currently, three DNPS-disrupting disorders have been described: ADSL deficiency, AICA-ribosiduria and PAICS deficiency. All three disorders are caused by genetic mutations leading to the impaired function of particular enzyme causing insufficient activity of respective DNPS step, manifested biochemically by accumulation of substrate of deficient enzyme, biologically by disruption of purinosome formation and clinically by unspecific neurological features,...

No / Here we report the identification and approximate quantification of cytochrome P450 (CYP) proteins in human liver microsomes as determined by nano-LC-MS/MS with application of the exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) algorithm during database searching. Protocols based on 1D-gel protein separation and 2D-LC peptide separation gave comparable results. In total, 18 CYP isoforms were unambiguously identified based on unique peptide matches. Further, we have determined the absolute quantity of two CYP enzymes (2E1 and 1A2) in human liver microsomes using stable-isotope dilution mass spectrometry, where microsomal proteins were separated by 1D-gel electrophoresis, digested with trypsin in the presence of either a CYP2E1- or 1A2-specific stable-isotope labeled tryptic peptide and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for the isotope-labeled tryptic peptides and their natural unlabeled analogues quantification could be performed over the range of 0.1-1.5 pmol on column. Liver microsomes from four individuals were analyzed for CYP2E1 giving values of 88-200 pmol/mg microsomal protein. The CYP1A2 content of microsomes from a further three individuals ranged from 165 to 263 pmol/mg microsomal protein. Although, in this proof-of-concept study for CYP quantification, the two CYP isoforms were quantified from different samples, there are no practical reasons to prevent multiplexing the method to allow the quantification of multiple CYP isoforms in a single sample.

Ce travail de thèse rentre dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche appliquée mené à l’Institut National de Criminalistique et de Criminologie s’intitulant « développement d’un système intégral de détection et d’identification de résidus de tir » visant à doter le laboratoire de balistique chimique d’un outil performant pour la recherche et la caractérisation des résidus de tir aussi bien inorganiques qu’organiques. Comme nous l’expliquons dans le chapitre 1, l’analyse des résidus de tir est aujourd’hui essentiellement basée sur la mise en évidence par microscopie électronique à balayage des particules métalliques provenant de l’amorce. Cette pratique a des limites. Introductif, ce chapitre met en lumière la relation entre criminologie et criminalistique, donne un aperçu de la classification des armes et décrit les relations entre les armes de poing, les munitions, les résidus de tir et la criminalistique. La motivation de l’analyse de résidus organiques et plus particulièrement des stabilisants pour poudres propulsives y est aussi expliquée. Le but principal de ce travail étant le développement d’une méthode d’analyse des stabilisants par spectrométrie de masse en tandem couplée à la chromatographie liquide à haute performance (LC-MS/MS), ce premier chapitre aborde de façon détaillée le principe de fonctionnement d’un spectromètre de masse quadripolaire, qu’il soit avec simple quadripôle ou en tandem, et traite avec une attention particulière les aspects relatifs à la production d’ions, l’acquisition des données et la détection des ions. Le chapitre 2 est consacré aux résultats et discussions. Comme point de départ de tous les travaux ultérieurs, l’optimisation du fonctionnement du spectromètre et plus particulièrement la détermination des « ions précurseurs » et des « ions produits » y est traitée en détails. De plus, l’étude de la fragmentation des ions précurseurs y occupe une place prépondérante et conditionne l’établissement d’une méthode de détection et d’acquisition des données. Dans ce même chapitre sont successivement traités la mise au point de la méthode chromatographique pour l’analyse des stabilisants par LC-MS/MS, le couplage LC-MS/MS, la collecte et préparation des échantillons, dont l’extraction sur phase solide (SPE). Disposant des procédures de traitement des échantillons et d’une méthode LC-MS/MS, il nous a été possible de mener l’étude de faisabilité de l’analyse des stabilisants dans les échantillons prélevés sur les mains d’un tireur. Cette étude fait l’objet d’une proposition de publication jointe en annexe. Pour être exploitable en criminalistique, ce travail est complété par une étude sur les fréquences d’observation des stabilisants pour poudres propulsives sur les mains des non-tireurs. L’ensemble des résultats nous permet de dresser un bilan et proposer des perspectives décrites dans le chapitre 3. A cet égard, nous proposons de poursuivre les essais relatifs aux tests de persistance des résidus de stabilisant sur les mains des tireurs et d’entamer une étude sur la caractérisation des résidus de tir de la nitrocellulose. Du point de vue de l’exploitation des acquis de ce travail, nous suggérons que les méthodes et procédures développées soient mises à l’épreuve dans les affaires nécessitant l’analyse des prélèvements effectués sur les vêtements d’un suspect ou d’une victime. Cette mise à l’épreuve permettra de comparer l’efficacité de la méthode LC-MS/MS à celle de la technique SEM/EDX habituellement utilisée. Le chapitre 4 est consacré aux matériels et méthodes détaillant notamment les procédures de collectes et de traitement des échantillons, les paramètres de fonctionnement du spectromètre de masse et les méthodes analytiques. <br> <br> This thesis deals with a research project entitled "Development of an integral system of detection and identification of gunshot residues”, carried out at the Belgian National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC). This project aims at providing the Laboratory of Chemical Ballistics, a powerful tool to detect and identify organic gunshot residues. For instance, the analyses of gunshot residues is presently performed mainly for characterizing metallic particles originating from the primer, using scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX). However this technique has its limits and the goal of the thesis was the development of a method for the analysis of the stabilizers (and their derivatives) present in propellant powders with the use of tandem mass spectrometry coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS). The introduction highlights the relations between Criminology and Criminalistics; it gives an outline of the classification of weapons, and describes how handguns, ammunitions, gunshot residues and Criminalistics can be linked when investigating criminal cases. The motivation of the analysis of organic gunshot residues and in particular the propellant powder stabilizers is also explained. Chapter 1 deals in detail with the working principle of a quadrupole mass spectrometer, whether it is with a single quadrupole or composed of a tandem mass spectrometer. Important aspects connected with the ion production, the data acquisition and the ion detection are also considered. Chapter 2 presents the results and discussions. It begins with the optimization of the operating conditions of the spectrometer, and focuses more specifically on the determination of “precursor ions" and "daughter ions”. The study of the precursor ion is more important because it is required for the choice of parameters involved in the data acquisition mode. The development of a liquid chromatography (LC) method and the procedures for collecting and preparing the samples are explained. Moreover, Chapter 2 summarizes the results of a feasibility study of the analyses of stabilizers in samples collected from the hands of a shooter. This study was published in a peer reviewed journal [1]. A complementary study on the frequencies of observation of stabilizers on the hands of non-shooter persons is reported at the end the Chapter. The results allow also proposing perspectives which are described in Chapter 3. In this respect, the characterization of nitrocellulose residues and the study of the persistence of stabilizer residues on the hands of shooters should be undertaken. From the practical point of view, the developed methods and procedures should be tested in real cases which involve the analyses of the samples taken from the clothing of suspects and/or victims. These tests should allow an assessment of the LC-MS/MS method compared to the efficiency of the SEM/EDX technique currently used. Chapter 4 is dedicated to the materials and methods; the sample collection and treatment procedures, as well as the working parameters of the mass spectrometer and the analytical methods are explained in detail. [1]. Désiré Laza, Ph.D.; Bart Nys, Ph.D.; Jan De Kinder, Ph.D.; Andrée Kirsch - De Mesmaeker, Ph.D.; and Cécile Moucheron, Ph.D. Development of a Quantitative LC-MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Common Propellant Powder Stabilizers in Gunshot Residue. J. Forensic Sci, July 2007, Vol. 52, N° 4, 842-850.

Ce travail de thèse rentre dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche appliquée mené à l’Institut National de Criminalistique et de Criminologie s’intitulant « développement d’un système intégral de détection et d’identification de résidus de tir » visant à doter le laboratoire de balistique chimique d’un outil performant pour la recherche et la caractérisation des résidus de tir aussi bien inorganiques qu’organiques. Comme nous l’expliquons dans le chapitre 1, l’analyse des résidus de tir est aujourd’hui essentiellement basée sur la mise en évidence par microscopie électronique à balayage des particules métalliques provenant de l’amorce. Cette pratique a des limites. Introductif, ce chapitre met en lumière la relation entre criminologie et criminalistique, donne un aperçu de la classification des armes et décrit les relations entre les armes de poing, les munitions, les résidus de tir et la criminalistique. La motivation de l’analyse de résidus organiques et plus particulièrement des stabilisants pour poudres propulsives y est aussi expliquée. Le but principal de ce travail étant le développement d’une méthode d’analyse des stabilisants par spectrométrie de masse en tandem couplée à la chromatographie liquide à haute performance (LC-MS/MS), ce premier chapitre aborde de façon détaillée le principe de fonctionnement d’un spectromètre de masse quadripolaire, qu’il soit avec simple quadripôle ou en tandem, et traite avec une attention particulière les aspects relatifs à la production d’ions, l’acquisition des données et la détection des ions.<p>Le chapitre 2 est consacré aux résultats et discussions. Comme point de départ de tous les travaux ultérieurs, l’optimisation du fonctionnement du spectromètre et plus particulièrement la détermination des « ions précurseurs » et des « ions produits » y est traitée en détails. De plus, l’étude de la fragmentation des ions précurseurs y occupe une place prépondérante et conditionne l’établissement d’une méthode de détection et d’acquisition des données. Dans ce même chapitre sont successivement traités la mise au point de la méthode chromatographique pour l’analyse des stabilisants par LC-MS/MS, le couplage LC-MS/MS, la collecte et préparation des échantillons, dont l’extraction sur phase solide (SPE). Disposant des procédures de traitement des échantillons et d’une méthode LC-MS/MS, il nous a été possible de mener l’étude de faisabilité de l’analyse des stabilisants dans les échantillons prélevés sur les mains d’un tireur. Cette étude fait l’objet d’une proposition de publication jointe en annexe. Pour être exploitable en criminalistique, ce travail est complété par une étude sur les fréquences d’observation des stabilisants pour poudres propulsives sur les mains des non-tireurs.<p>L’ensemble des résultats nous permet de dresser un bilan et proposer des perspectives décrites dans le chapitre 3. A cet égard, nous proposons de poursuivre les essais relatifs aux tests de persistance des résidus de stabilisant sur les mains des tireurs et d’entamer une étude sur la caractérisation des résidus de tir de la nitrocellulose. Du point de vue de l’exploitation des acquis de ce travail, nous suggérons que les méthodes et procédures développées soient mises à l’épreuve dans les affaires nécessitant l’analyse des prélèvements effectués sur les vêtements d’un suspect ou d’une victime. Cette mise à l’épreuve permettra de comparer l’efficacité de la méthode LC-MS/MS à celle de la technique SEM/EDX habituellement utilisée. <p>Le chapitre 4 est consacré aux matériels et méthodes détaillant notamment les procédures de collectes et de traitement des échantillons, les paramètres de fonctionnement du spectromètre de masse et les méthodes analytiques.<p><p><br><p><br><p><p>This thesis deals with a research project entitled "Development of an integral system of detection and identification of gunshot residues”, carried out at the Belgian National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC). This project aims at providing the Laboratory of Chemical Ballistics, a powerful tool to detect and identify organic gunshot residues. For instance, the analyses of gunshot residues is presently performed mainly for characterizing metallic particles originating from the primer, using scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX). However this technique has its limits and the goal of the thesis was the development of a method for the analysis of the stabilizers (and their derivatives) present in propellant powders with the use of tandem mass spectrometry coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS).<p>The introduction highlights the relations between Criminology and Criminalistics; it gives an outline of the classification of weapons, and describes how handguns, ammunitions, gunshot residues and Criminalistics can be linked when investigating criminal cases. The motivation of the analysis of organic gunshot residues and in particular the propellant powder stabilizers is also explained.<p>Chapter 1 deals in detail with the working principle of a quadrupole mass spectrometer, whether it is with a single quadrupole or composed of a tandem mass spectrometer. Important aspects connected with the ion production, the data acquisition and the ion detection are also considered.<p>Chapter 2 presents the results and discussions. It begins with the optimization of the operating conditions of the spectrometer, and focuses more specifically on the determination of “precursor ions" and "daughter ions”. The study of the precursor ion is more important because it is required for the choice of parameters involved in the data acquisition mode. The development of a liquid chromatography (LC) method and the procedures for collecting and preparing the samples are explained. Moreover, Chapter 2 summarizes the results of a feasibility study of the analyses of stabilizers in samples collected from the hands of a shooter. This study was published in a peer reviewed journal [1]. A complementary study on the frequencies of observation of stabilizers on the hands of non-shooter persons is reported at the end the Chapter.<p>The results allow also proposing perspectives which are described in Chapter 3. In this respect, the characterization of nitrocellulose residues and the study of the persistence of stabilizer residues on the hands of shooters should be undertaken. From the practical point of view, the developed methods and procedures should be tested in real cases which involve the analyses of the samples taken from the clothing of suspects and/or victims. These tests should allow an assessment of the LC-MS/MS method compared to the efficiency of the SEM/EDX technique currently used.<p>Chapter 4 is dedicated to the materials and methods; the sample collection and treatment procedures, as well as the working parameters of the mass spectrometer and the analytical methods are explained in detail. <p>[1]. Désiré Laza, Ph.D. Bart Nys, Ph.D. Jan De Kinder, Ph.D. Andrée Kirsch - De Mesmaeker, Ph.D. and Cécile Moucheron, Ph.D. Development of a Quantitative LC-MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Common Propellant Powder Stabilizers in Gunshot Residue. J. Forensic Sci, July 2007, Vol. 52, N° 4, 842-850.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished