Un problème majeur de l’industrie vinicole est la difficulté à contrôler la cristallisation des sels tartriques. Ce phénomène confère une image négative chez les consommateurs, en particulier pour les vins effervescents dont l’instabilité tartrique provoque le débordement (ou gerbage) de la bouteille. La cristallisation de ces sels ioniques modifie l’équilibre acido-basique des vins qui influence leurs qualités organoleptiques. Parmi les méthodes de contrôle préventif, l’utilisation de carboxyméthylcellulose (CMC) a été autorisée dans les vins depuis 2009. Les CMC sont des polyélectrolytes que l’on retrouve sous forme de sels de sodium. Cette famille de macromolécules a démontré son pouvoir inhibiteur de la cristallisation des sels tartriques, mais le mécanisme précis reste encore incompris, ce qui empêche de fait l’optimisation des propriétés de ces CMC à travers les processus de fabrication développés par la société CELODEV. Les travaux de cette thèse visent à expliciter les mécanismes en jeu. La première partie est consacrée à la discrimination des propriétés des CMC pour améliorer l'effet inhibiteur des sels tartriques dans les solutions hydroalcooliques. La caractérisation des CMC concerne un large éventail de propriétés physico-chimiques de la CMC notamment le degré de substitution (DS) déterminé par RMN, la répartition des substituts le long de la chaine du polymère par méthode RMN et HPLC, le degré de polymérisation (DP) déterminé par viscosimétrie intrinsèque, le poids moléculaire déterminé par SEC-MALLS, le taux de cristallinité (Ic) et la stabilité du polymère déterminée par analyse thermique. D’autre part, les propriétés de charges du polyélectrolyte dans son milieu solvant ont été étudiées. Une méthode a été développée dans le cadre de ces travaux pour évaluer la densité de charges des CMC afin de comprendre le comportement qu’elles peuvent avoir en fonction de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques et des conditions du milieu. La deuxième partie de l’étude distingue les effets thermodynamiques et cinétiques de l’ajout de CMC dans des solutions modèles hydro-alcooliques – sels – CMC. La présence d'additifs dans une solution sursaturée peut influencer tous les paramètres de la cristallisation notamment la solubilité et la nucléation/croissance des cristaux. Dans cette étude, les solubilités des sels tartriques ont été déterminées expérimentalement, puis modélisée par un modèle thermodynamique permettant de prendre en compte la complexité du système composé de sels, alcool, et macromolécule. Les additifs dans ces travaux ne modifient pas la solubilité. Dans un second temps l’étude cinétique de cristallisation de ces sels en milieu hydro-alcoolique est réalisée avec la détermination de fréquences de nucléation des sels en milieu sursaturé (en présence ou non d’additifs) à travers des mesures de temps d’induction. Ces études de nucléation confirment l’inhibition importante des sels tartriques en présence des CMC et donne des informations concrètes sur le mécanisme de formation des cristaux en solution. Enfin, une analyse morphologique des cristaux a permis de montrer comment ces additifs modifient le faciès cristallin notamment sur la face {010}. La troisième et dernière partie utilise les deux précédentes parties pour définir les mécanismes hypothétiques sur l’inhibition tartrique par les CMC. En recoupant l’ensemble des propriétés des CMC, il a été démontré que les plus efficaces avaient un DS compris entre 0,90 et 0,95, un Ic faible pour avoir une flexibilité suffisante, un DP faible pour assurer une certaine accessibilité des charges pouvant s’adsorber sur les cristaux de KHT. Les approches phénoménologiques développées dans cette thèse ont permis de lever les verrous scientifiques concernant les modes d’actions des additifs de cristallisation sur les sels tartriques en vue de mettre en place des critères permettant le choix des CMC les plus performantes parmi toute la gamme pour le milieu vinicole. / A major problem in the wine industry is the difficulty to control tartaric salts crystallization, which causes a negative feeling among consumers particularly in sparkling wine which causes excessive gushing. The crystallization of these ionic salts also changes the acid-base balance of the wine, which influences the organoleptic qualities of wines. Amongst the methods of control, the use of cellulose gums or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was authorized for wine production since 2009. These CMCs are macromolecular polyelectrolytes in the form of sodium salts. This family of macromolecules has demonstrated its inhibitory power, but the precise mechanism is not fully understood yet. This currently prevents the optimization of the manufacturing process of these gums by the CELODEV Company. The aim work of this thesis is based on three main parts. The first part is devoted to the discrimination of the properties of carboxymethylcelluloses to improve the inhibitory effect face to tartaric salts in hydro alcoholic solutions. A whole study on the characterization of CMCs has been made. First, It deals with the physicochemical properties of CMC, which are the degree of substitution (DS) determined by NMR, the distribution of substitutes along the polymer chain by NMR and HPLC method, the degree of polymerization (DP) determined by viscometry, the molecular weight determined by SEC-MALLS and GPC, the degree of crystallinity (Ic) and the stability of the polymer determined by thermal analysis. Secondly, the charge properties of this polyelectrolyte depending on the medium has been studied. A method has been developed as part of this work to evaluate the charge density (q) of CMCs in order to understand the behaviour that these can have according to their physico-chemical properties and environmental conditions. The second part of the study is devoted to the study of the thermodynamics of hydro-alcoholic solutions - salts - CMC. The presence of additives in a supersaturated solution can influence all the parameters of the crystallization, in particular the solubility and the nucleation / growth of the crystals. In this study, the solubilities of tartaric salts were determined experimentally by a classical approach, then modelled by a thermodynamic model allowing to take into account the complexity of the system composed of salts, alcohol, and macromolecule. The additives do not change the solubility. In a second part, the kinetic study of crystallization of these salts in a hydro-alcoholic medium was approached with the determination of the frequency of nucleation in a supersaturated salts medium (with or without additives), determined from a measurement of induction time. These nucleation studies have provided concrete information on the crystal formation mechanism in solution. Finally, a morphological analysis of the crystals made it possible to show how these additives modify the crystalline facies especially on the {010} face. The third and last part defines the hypothetical mechanisms that CMCs have on tartaric inhibition. By cross-checking all the properties of the CMCs, it has been shown that the most effective CMCs have a DS between 0.90 and 0.95, a weak Ic to have sufficient flexibility and a low DP to ensure a certain accessibility of the crystal lattice for adsorption on THK crystals. Phenomenological approaches developed in this thesis will remove the barriers on the knowledge of the action mechanisms of additives on the crystallization of tartaric salts. Results will also help establish criteria for the selection of the most efficient CMC across the range for the wine-making industry.

Abstract Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by abnormalities in the amount and architectural arrangement of bone tissue, which leads to impaired skeletal strength and increased susceptibility to fractures. Type 5 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP, AcP5) has been suggested to participate directly in bone resorption. In this study, baculovirus expression vector system in insect cells was used to gain large amounts of recombinant type 5 acid phosphatase for structure determination, structure-based functional studies and production of monoclonal antibodies. Active and inactive forms of the enzyme were separated from each other by cation-exchange chromatography, and characterized. The enzyme was crystallized and the three-dimensional structure was determined. Based on the three-dimensional structure of the active site five different enzyme variants were constructed, produced in insect cells, and purified. The wild type enzyme and the mutated forms were characterized, and their kinetic parameters were determined. The importance of amino acids that were expected to be essential for the acid phosphatase activity was confirmed. The acid phosphatase activity and reactive oxygen species generating activity of this dual enzyme proved to exploit different amino acids in their reaction mechanisms. Further studies are needed to clarify the physiological substrates of TRACP in vivo. The findings of this study could form a base for construction of inhibitors for TRACP that could be useful therapeutic agents for osteoporosis and related bone disorders.

A hipertensão arterial é um fator de risco de alta prevalência para as doenças cardiovasculares, principalmente no mundo industrializado, aumentando o problema de saúde em virtude do aumento da longevidade e da prevalência de fatores contribuintes como obesidade, sedentarismo e dietas inadequadas. Estima-se que 10% das 55 milhões de mortes que acontecem a cada ano, são consequências da hipertensão arterial. Dois terços desses eventos ocorrem nos países em desenvolvimento, incluindo o Brasil, afetando principalmente a população de menor nível socioeconômico. Diuréticos como hidroclorotiazida associados a betabloqueadores como o metoprolol são exemplos de fármacos utilizados no controle da hipertensão. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver, validar e comparar métodos analíticos para a identificação e quantificação simultânea do tartarato de metoprolol e da hidroclorotiazida por eletroforese capilar (CE) e por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência (UHPLC). Para a definição das melhores condições de análise e determinação simultânea dos analitos em estudo, e otimização do método, utilizou-se metodologia de superfície de resposta (ou Response Surface Methodology - RSM). O método por CE utilizou um capilar de sílica fundida com comprimento total de 30,2 cm x 50 &#181;m d.i. O tampão utilizado foi tetraborato de sódio 25,0 mmol L-1, injeção hidrodinâmica 0,5 psi/6s, tensão aplicada +15 kV, detecção em 225 nm temperatura a 25ºC. O tartarato de metoprolol e hidroclorotiazida foram separados em 1,2 e 2,1 min, respectivamente .O método por UHPLC foi realizado empregando uma coluna ZORBAX® SB C18 (50 mm x 2,1 mm x 1,8 &#181;m), fase móvel constituída por água:acetornitrila:trietilamina (83:17:0,2 v/v/v), pH 3 ajustado com ácido fosfórico, utilizou vazão de 0,9 mL min-1. A hidroclorotiazida e o tartarato de metoprolol foram separados em 0,7 e 1,0 min, respectivamente. Os métodos analíticos foram validados de acordo com os requerimentos da ANVISA, ICH e Farmacopéia Americana. Os métodos apresentaram boa linearidade com coeficiente de correlação maiores que 0.99, a precisão intra- e inter-day para os tempos de migração foi apropriada (DPR < 2%), a exatidão do método foi comprovada mediante teste de recuperação, obtendo-se valores de 100±2. Portanto, os métodos propostos demonstraram ser lineares, precisos, exatos e rápidos para quantificação simultânea da hidroclorotiazida e do tartarato de metoprolol. E podem ser considerados confiáveis para serem empregados em análise de rotina para controle de qualidade destes produtos farmacêuticos. / Hypertension is a risk factor of high prevalence for cardiovascular diseases, especially in the industrialized world, increasing health problems as a result of increased longevity and the prevalence of contributing factors such as obesity, physical inactivity and inadequate diets. It is estimated that 10% of 55 million deaths that occur each year, are consequences of hypertension. Two-thirds of those events occur in developing countries, including Brazil, affecting mainly the population from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide associated with beta-blockers such as metoprolol tartrate are examples of drugs used in the control of hypertension. The present work had as objective to develop, validate and compare analytical methods for identification and simultaneous quantification of metoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). For the definition of the best conditions of analysis and simultaneous determination of drugs in study, and optimization of the method, it was used response surface methodology (RSM or \"Response Surface Methodology). The CE method used a fused silica capillary with total length of 30.2 cm x 50 &#181;m d.i. The electrolyte used was sodium tetraborate 25,0 mmol L-1, hydrodynamic injection 0.5 psi/6s, applied voltage +15 kV, detection in 225 nm temperature at 25ºC. The metoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide were separated into 1.2 and 2.1 min, respectively. The UHPLC method was carried out employing a ZORBAX SB® C18 (50 mm x 2.1 mm x 1.8 &#181;m) column, mobile phase consisting of water: acetornitrila: triethylamine (83: 17: 0.2 v/v/v), 3 pH adjusted with phosphoric acid, the flow was 0.9 mL min-1. Hydrochlorothiazide and metoprolol tartrate were separated in 0.7 and 1.0 min, respectively. The analytical methods have been validated in accordance with the requirements of ANVISA, ICH and American Pharmacopoeia. The methods showed good linearity with correlation coefficient greater than 0.99, precision inter and intra day for times of migration was appropriate (DPR < 2%), the accuracy of the method has been proven by recovery test, obtaining values of 100 ± 2. Therefore, the proposed methods have shown to be linear, precise, accurate and fast for simultaneous quantification of hydrochlorothiazide and metoprolol tartrate; and can be considered reliable to be used in routine analysis for quality control of pharmaceutical products.

Orientador: Iguatemy Lourenço Brunetti / Banca: Luís Carlos Spolidorio / Banca: Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf / Banca: Maria Teresa Pepato / Banca: Maria Lúcia Rubo de Rezende / Resumo: O tratamento cirúrgico da fissura congênita do processo alveolar superior compreende o enxerto ósseo, um procedimento bem aceito e de grande importância na restauração da forma e da função perdidas. Associado ao enxerto ósseo tem-se utilizado um produto atóxico, não imunoreativo e de fácil obtenção, denominado plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP). Neste estudo foi analisado o comportamento dos marcadores fosfatase alcalina, fosfatase alcalina isoforma óssea, osteocalcina e fosfatase ácida tartarato resistente em 50 pacientes, com idade entre 10 e 20 anos e que foram submetidos à cirurgia de enxerto ósseo autógeno alveolar pelo serviço de Cirurgia Buco-maxilofacial do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo. O objetivo foi acompanhar de forma sistêmica e em curto período a formação ou reabsorção óssea após a realização do enxerto ósseo alveolar, bem como avaliar a eficácia do uso do plasma rico em plaquetas no processo de formação óssea. O estudo concluiu que as propriedades restauradoras do PRP não puderam ser demonstradas por nenhum dos marcadores bioquímicos do metabolismo ósseo nos primeiros 70 dias do ato cirúrgico; a análise temporal dos marcadores de formação óssea testados demonstrou uma tendência de queda com 35 dias e retorno próximo aos níveis basais com 70 dias do ato cirúrgico nos dois grupos estudados; não houve uma correlação significativa dos marcadores com o número de plaquetas e nem com a área da fissura e o resultado do exame ao raio X foi considerado inconclusivo para a presença ou não de trabeculado ósseo organizado em fase inicial de formação. / Abstract: The surgical treatment of the congenital cleft of the upper alveolar process understands the bone graft, a well accepted procedure of great importance in the restoration of the lost form and function. Together with the bone graft it is being used a non-toxic, non imunoreactive and easily obtained product, denominated platelet-rich plasma (PRP). In this study it was analysed the behavior of the alkaline phosphatase, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase markers in 50 patients, with age between 10 and 20 years and that were undergone to alveolar autogenous bone graft performed by the Bucomaxillofacial Service of the "Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo". The aim was follow in a sistemic and early way the bone formation or reabsorption after the accomplishment of the alveolar bone graft, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the platelet-rich plasma in the process of bone formation. The study concluded that the restorative properties of the PRP could not be demonstrated by of the biochemistry markers of the bone metabolism in the first 70 days of the surgery; the temporal analisys of the bone formation markers tested demonstrated a fall tendency in 35 days with return near to basal levels in 70 days in the two studied groups; there was not a significant correlation between markers and the number of platelets and neither with the area of the cleft and the result of the x-ray examination was not considered conclusive for the presence or not of organized bone trabeculae in the initial phase of formation. / Doutor

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are two chronic joint diseases, which cause two of the largest socioeconomical burdens among all joint diseases according to the World Health Organization. Both diseases are associated with changes in bone structure and bone cell, especially osteoclast, function. The etiology or pathogenesis of these diseases are not completely understood. Traditionally, osteoarthritis is seen as a disease resulting from mechanical wear of cartilage and bone, and rheumatoid arthritis as an autoinflammatory disease of synovial tissue. However, also in osteoarthritis chronic inflammation is present in synovial tissue, and in rheumatoid arthritis large changes in bone structure are seen. The field of study focusing on this connection between inflammation and bone is called osteoimmunology and it can explain many features of these chronic diseases linking joint health to disturbances in bone homeostasis. Here, the study focused on the function of osteoclasts in normal and pathological environments, and on the factors that have an effect on bone resorption, with a special emphasis on the protein osteopontin. Samples of synovial fluid and serum from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients were analyzed for factors affecting osteoclasts, and in vitro cell cultures of human derived osteoclasts were used to analyze osteoclast function in normal and pathological environment. The phosphorylation of osteopontin was found to be increased in rheumatoid arthritis, along with multiple other inflammatory factors that also affect osteoclasts, such as IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF. Osteoclast cell cultures showed how the use of different patient samples significantly affected osteoclastogenesis, due to so-called inflammatory osteoclastogenesis. Additionally, we show that osteoclasts deposit osteopontin into the resorption lacunae during bone resorption. Based on the results, the inflammatory component present in both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis significantly affects osteoclast function, and its further study in the future may reveal new therapeutic possibilities. Especially the new discoveries of osteopontin’s role in normal osteoclast function and its changes seen between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis may prove to have therapeutic potential. / Tiivistelmä Nivelreuma ja nivelrikko ovat kroonisia nivelsairauksia, jotka Maailman terveysjärjestön (WHO) mukaan aiheuttavat eniten sosioekonomista haittaa. Molemmissa sairauksissa luiden rakenteessa ja luusolujen, erityisesti osteoklastien, toiminnassa tapahtuu muutoksia. Kummankaan taudin etiologiaa tai patogeneesiä ei täysin tunneta. Perinteisesti ajatellaan, että nivelrikko johtuu rusto- ja luukudoksen mekaanisesta kulumisesta ja nivelreuma nivelkalvon autoinflammatoorisesta tulehduksesta. Kuitenkin nivelrikossa nähdään myös selkeä nivelkalvon krooninen tulehdus ja nivelreumassa suuria luun rakenteen muutoksia. Tutkimusala, joka tutkii tulehduksen ja luun yhteyttä, on nimeltään osteoimmunologia. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkitaan osteoklastien toimintaa ja niihin vaikuttavia tekijöitä, erityisesti proteiini osteopontiinia, normaalissa ja tautiympäristössä. Analysoin osteoklasteihin vaikuttavia tekijöitä nivelrikko- ja nivelreumapotilaiden näytteistä sekä osteoklastien toimintaa soluviljelmissä. Soluviljelmissä käytettiin nivelreuma- ja nivelrikkopotilaiden näytteitä mahdollisimman totuudenmukaisen ympäristön luomiseksi osteoklasteille. Tutkimuksessa osoitettiin, kuinka osteopontiinin fosforylaatio on lisääntynyt nivelreumapotilaiden nivelnesteessä. Myös useiden muiden osteoklasteihin vaikuttavien tekijöiden, kuten IL-6:n, IL-8:n ja VEGF:n, havaittiin lisääntyneen nivelreumassa. Osteoklastien soluviljelmissä havaittiin selkeät erot siinä, miten eri potilasnäytteet vaikuttavat osteoklasteihin ja erityisesti tulehduksen aiheuttamaan osteoklastien syntyyn. Osoitan myös, miten osteoklastit erittävät osteopontiinia luunhajotuskuoppaan luun hajotuksen aikana. Tutkimustulosten mukaan krooninen tulehdustila nivelrikossa ja nivelreumassa vaikuttaa huomattavasti osteoklastien toimintaan. Uskon, että lisätutkimukset tällä saralla voivat paljastaa uusia hoidollisia mahdollisuuksia. Erityisesti uudet löydökset osteopontiinin roolista osteoklastien toiminnassa sekä muutoksista nivelrikossa ja nivelreumassa vaativat jatkotutkimuksia, jotta proteiinin kliininen merkittävyys saadaan selvitettyä.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-12-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marchesano_lh_dr_arafcf.pdf: 336354 bytes, checksum: 54de5ce8ee681faefedf0567be191430 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O tratamento cirúrgico da fissura congênita do processo alveolar superior compreende o enxerto ósseo, um procedimento bem aceito e de grande importância na restauração da forma e da função perdidas. Associado ao enxerto ósseo tem-se utilizado um produto atóxico, não imunoreativo e de fácil obtenção, denominado plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP). Neste estudo foi analisado o comportamento dos marcadores fosfatase alcalina, fosfatase alcalina isoforma óssea, osteocalcina e fosfatase ácida tartarato resistente em 50 pacientes, com idade entre 10 e 20 anos e que foram submetidos à cirurgia de enxerto ósseo autógeno alveolar pelo serviço de Cirurgia Buco-maxilofacial do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo. O objetivo foi acompanhar de forma sistêmica e em curto período a formação ou reabsorção óssea após a realização do enxerto ósseo alveolar, bem como avaliar a eficácia do uso do plasma rico em plaquetas no processo de formação óssea. O estudo concluiu que as propriedades restauradoras do PRP não puderam ser demonstradas por nenhum dos marcadores bioquímicos do metabolismo ósseo nos primeiros 70 dias do ato cirúrgico; a análise temporal dos marcadores de formação óssea testados demonstrou uma tendência de queda com 35 dias e retorno próximo aos níveis basais com 70 dias do ato cirúrgico nos dois grupos estudados; não houve uma correlação significativa dos marcadores com o número de plaquetas e nem com a área da fissura e o resultado do exame ao raio X foi considerado inconclusivo para a presença ou não de trabeculado ósseo organizado em fase inicial de formação. / The surgical treatment of the congenital cleft of the upper alveolar process understands the bone graft, a well accepted procedure of great importance in the restoration of the lost form and function. Together with the bone graft it is being used a non-toxic, non imunoreactive and easily obtained product, denominated platelet-rich plasma (PRP). In this study it was analysed the behavior of the alkaline phosphatase, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase markers in 50 patients, with age between 10 and 20 years and that were undergone to alveolar autogenous bone graft performed by the Bucomaxillofacial Service of the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo. The aim was follow in a sistemic and early way the bone formation or reabsorption after the accomplishment of the alveolar bone graft, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the platelet-rich plasma in the process of bone formation. The study concluded that the restorative properties of the PRP could not be demonstrated by of the biochemistry markers of the bone metabolism in the first 70 days of the surgery; the temporal analisys of the bone formation markers tested demonstrated a fall tendency in 35 days with return near to basal levels in 70 days in the two studied groups; there was not a significant correlation between markers and the number of platelets and neither with the area of the cleft and the result of the x-ray examination was not considered conclusive for the presence or not of organized bone trabeculae in the initial phase of formation.

A hipertensão arterial é um fator de risco de alta prevalência para as doenças cardiovasculares, principalmente no mundo industrializado, aumentando o problema de saúde em virtude do aumento da longevidade e da prevalência de fatores contribuintes como obesidade, sedentarismo e dietas inadequadas. Estima-se que 10% das 55 milhões de mortes que acontecem a cada ano, são consequências da hipertensão arterial. Dois terços desses eventos ocorrem nos países em desenvolvimento, incluindo o Brasil, afetando principalmente a população de menor nível socioeconômico. Diuréticos como hidroclorotiazida associados a betabloqueadores como o metoprolol são exemplos de fármacos utilizados no controle da hipertensão. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver, validar e comparar métodos analíticos para a identificação e quantificação simultânea do tartarato de metoprolol e da hidroclorotiazida por eletroforese capilar (CE) e por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência (UHPLC). Para a definição das melhores condições de análise e determinação simultânea dos analitos em estudo, e otimização do método, utilizou-se metodologia de superfície de resposta (ou Response Surface Methodology - RSM). O método por CE utilizou um capilar de sílica fundida com comprimento total de 30,2 cm x 50 &#181;m d.i. O tampão utilizado foi tetraborato de sódio 25,0 mmol L-1, injeção hidrodinâmica 0,5 psi/6s, tensão aplicada +15 kV, detecção em 225 nm temperatura a 25ºC. O tartarato de metoprolol e hidroclorotiazida foram separados em 1,2 e 2,1 min, respectivamente .O método por UHPLC foi realizado empregando uma coluna ZORBAX® SB C18 (50 mm x 2,1 mm x 1,8 &#181;m), fase móvel constituída por água:acetornitrila:trietilamina (83:17:0,2 v/v/v), pH 3 ajustado com ácido fosfórico, utilizou vazão de 0,9 mL min-1. A hidroclorotiazida e o tartarato de metoprolol foram separados em 0,7 e 1,0 min, respectivamente. Os métodos analíticos foram validados de acordo com os requerimentos da ANVISA, ICH e Farmacopéia Americana. Os métodos apresentaram boa linearidade com coeficiente de correlação maiores que 0.99, a precisão intra- e inter-day para os tempos de migração foi apropriada (DPR < 2%), a exatidão do método foi comprovada mediante teste de recuperação, obtendo-se valores de 100±2. Portanto, os métodos propostos demonstraram ser lineares, precisos, exatos e rápidos para quantificação simultânea da hidroclorotiazida e do tartarato de metoprolol. E podem ser considerados confiáveis para serem empregados em análise de rotina para controle de qualidade destes produtos farmacêuticos. / Hypertension is a risk factor of high prevalence for cardiovascular diseases, especially in the industrialized world, increasing health problems as a result of increased longevity and the prevalence of contributing factors such as obesity, physical inactivity and inadequate diets. It is estimated that 10% of 55 million deaths that occur each year, are consequences of hypertension. Two-thirds of those events occur in developing countries, including Brazil, affecting mainly the population from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide associated with beta-blockers such as metoprolol tartrate are examples of drugs used in the control of hypertension. The present work had as objective to develop, validate and compare analytical methods for identification and simultaneous quantification of metoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). For the definition of the best conditions of analysis and simultaneous determination of drugs in study, and optimization of the method, it was used response surface methodology (RSM or \"Response Surface Methodology). The CE method used a fused silica capillary with total length of 30.2 cm x 50 &#181;m d.i. The electrolyte used was sodium tetraborate 25,0 mmol L-1, hydrodynamic injection 0.5 psi/6s, applied voltage +15 kV, detection in 225 nm temperature at 25ºC. The metoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide were separated into 1.2 and 2.1 min, respectively. The UHPLC method was carried out employing a ZORBAX SB® C18 (50 mm x 2.1 mm x 1.8 &#181;m) column, mobile phase consisting of water: acetornitrila: triethylamine (83: 17: 0.2 v/v/v), 3 pH adjusted with phosphoric acid, the flow was 0.9 mL min-1. Hydrochlorothiazide and metoprolol tartrate were separated in 0.7 and 1.0 min, respectively. The analytical methods have been validated in accordance with the requirements of ANVISA, ICH and American Pharmacopoeia. The methods showed good linearity with correlation coefficient greater than 0.99, precision inter and intra day for times of migration was appropriate (DPR < 2%), the accuracy of the method has been proven by recovery test, obtaining values of 100 ± 2. Therefore, the proposed methods have shown to be linear, precise, accurate and fast for simultaneous quantification of hydrochlorothiazide and metoprolol tartrate; and can be considered reliable to be used in routine analysis for quality control of pharmaceutical products.

This thesis, largely describing diverse studies in organic synthesis, is divided into three parts. Part I, titled ‘Heterocycles’, describes in two chapters studies directed towards elaborating certain thiazole and oxazole derivatives as useful synthons. Part II, titled ‘Hydride transfers’, describes in two chapters synthetic and some mechanistic studies involving the Cannizzaro and Tishchenko reactions, apart from work with chirally-modified alumino and borohydride reagents. Finally, Part III, titled ‘Miscellaneous studies’, describes structural studies on cyclic carbonates. (For structural formula see the abstract.pdf file.)

No description available.

The thesis aims at the study of conformation of a dimethyl tartrate molecule using the methods of vibrational optical activity (VOA), namely vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and Raman optical activity (ROA). Based on the theoretical background of both VOA methods and current state of research of the studied molecule there was a sample of dimethyl tartrate dissolved in different solvents and its properties were measured using VCD and ROA spectrometers. In addition to the experiment, ab initio calculations were carried out in order to compare calculated and experimental spectra. Based on the comparison, the possible conformations present in water solution of the studied molecule are described in detail.