Submitted by Anderson Silva (avargas@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-03-23T18:08:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lauren_h_jaeger_ioc_mt_0003_2010.pdf: 980575 bytes, checksum: 58e8d10d1a1194b26a55ff028cdccc2e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-03-23T18:08:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lauren_h_jaeger_ioc_mt_0003_2010.pdf: 980575 bytes, checksum: 58e8d10d1a1194b26a55ff028cdccc2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) é o agente causador da doença de Chagas, que afeta entre 8 e 9 milhões de pessoas em todo mundo. Este protozoário é responsável por uma variedade de manifestações clínicas em humanos, possui uma ampla gama de hospedeiros e apresenta grande diversidade genética e biológica. As pequenas regiões codificantes (uORFs) presentes na região 5’não traduzida (5’UTR) de mRNAs maduros são conhecidas por afetar a eficiência da tradução de muitos genes eucariotos. Pouco é conhecido sobre a existência e conservação de uORFs em genes de Tripanossomatídeos. Este trabalho se propôs avaliar o grau de conservação das uORFs e seu potencial como marcador molecular das populações de T. cruzi, através da análise de sete genes contendo uORFs previamente selecionados. Oligonucleotídeos iniciadores foram desenhados e fragmentos das 5’UTRs contendo uORFs foram amplificados, através de PCR, de cepas representativas de cada um dos três grupos populacionais do parasito, TcI, TcII e ZIII. Após clonagem e sequenciamento, alto grau de conservação das uORFs foi observado de um ponto de vista populacional e a ruptura de uma uORF foi observada em apenas um gene. Isto é um forte indicativo de que em T. cruzi essas uORFs são funcionalmente ativas, pois do contrário teriam sido extintas das 5’UTRs durante o processo evolutivo sofrido pelos grupos populacionais de T. cruzi. A observação de mutações grupo-específicas nas sequências nucleotídicas das 5’UTRs de alguns genes, motivou a realização de testes para a utilização desses fragmentos como possíveis marcadores moleculares para as populações do parasito. A obtenção dos fragmentos dos genes codificantes de ATPase e Ferredoxina foi realizada em mais de 15 cepas e isolados. Verificou-se a existência de mutações grupo-específicas na 5’UTR do gene ATPase, que corroboram com a classificação filogenética proposta deste parasito. Na 5’UTR do gene Ferredoxina, notou-se a presença de uma sequência repetitiva simples, composta por dinucleotídeos CA (citosina e adenina) seguidos de mononucleotídeos A. As variações desta repetição puderam ser utilizadas para agrupar todos os isolados/cepas de T. cruzi do estudo em nove genótipos distintos, os quais são relativamente independentes da classificação atualmente proposta de três grandes grupos populacionais. O uso desta pequena repetição na 5’UTR do gene Ferredoxina permite uma nova forma de classificar os isolados e cepas de T. cruzi. / Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease in humans, and affects about nine million of people around the world. It induces a variety of clinical presentations in patients, have a wide range of vertebrate hosts and exhibits great diversity of genetic and biological characteristics. Upstream Open Reading Frames (uORFs) are small open reading frames located in the 5’ UTR of a mature mRNA. They have been shown to affect the translation efficiency of many eukaryotic genes. Scarce information is available about the existence and conservation of uORFs in Trypanosomatids genes. This study aims to evaluate both the degree of sequence conservation in uORFs and its potential as molecular marker of populations of T. cruzi. To this end, upon a PCR amplification and cloning of 5'UTR fragments, sequence analysis of seven genes that presents uORFs were carried out in four strains that are typical representative of three main population groups in T. cruzi. A remarkable degree of conservation of uORFs was observed in all isolates. Out of several mutational events observed in these uORFs, a disruption of a uORF was observed in only one gene. This indicates that in T. cruzi these uORFs are functionally active, otherwise it would have changed during the evolutionary process. The observation of group-specific mutations in the 5'UTRs of some genes suggested that they could be used in an PCR amplification assay as molecular markers for T. cruzi populations. The fragments of genes ATPase and Ferredoxin were amplified from 15 strains and isolates. After sequencing, the group-specific mutations observed in the 5'UTR of the gene ATPase corroborate the current classification of T. cruzi populations in three main groups: TcI, TcII and ZIII. In the 5'UTR of the Ferredoxin gene, the sequence alignment revealed the presence of a small repetitive sequence composed of dinucleotides CA and mononucleotides Adenine. The variations in length and composition of this simple repetitive sequence allowed the clustering of all 15 isolates into nine distinct genotypes, which were not correlated to main population groups. Thus, a new approach to strain typing in T. cruzi can be envisaged by using this SSR (simple sequence repeat).

SOUZA, Kamille Leão de. A expansão das commodities e a suposta desindustrialização na região Nordeste do Brasil no período 1991-2012. 2013. 127 f.: Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Mestrado Acadêmico em Economia Rural (MAER). Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Fortaleza-CE. 2013 / Submitted by Francisco Helder Macêdo Rangel (fhelder@ufc.br) on 2014-10-10T17:07:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_klsouza.pdf: 1329267 bytes, checksum: 189bb2778404c732a679703c10dc924a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Margareth Mesquita(margaret@ufc.br) on 2014-12-03T15:54:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_klsouza.pdf: 1329267 bytes, checksum: 189bb2778404c732a679703c10dc924a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-03T15:54:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_klsouza.pdf: 1329267 bytes, checksum: 189bb2778404c732a679703c10dc924a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nowadays deindustrialization underway in economies that have not yet reached a high per capita income is the main theme in debates. Several studies were conducted to Brazil on this subject, but the Northeast still lacks analysis in this area. The central hypothesis of this study is to verify ig the Northeast economy was deindustrialized in the period 1991-2012, from the continued growth of commodities in totalexports couopled with the highest share of products with higher technological content in the imports. The analysis was carried out by using data on the trade balance, exports and imports, registering the share of commodities and industrial products, according to the classification adopted by OECD and MDI C (high, medium-high, medium-low, low-tech and unprocessed products), the value added by industry, the share of manufacturing employment and total income (GDP). To this end, we calculated indicators foreign trade (Export Concentration Index-ICX, Concentration Index of Import-ICM, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index over the trade balance-VCR, simple rate of coverage of imports and TC-Index of intra-industrytrade-CII and an econometric model was regressed to verify traces of deindustrialization in relation to industrial production. The results indicate that the northeast export tariff undergoes a reprimarization that, when associated with the increased presence of industrial products with higher technological content of imports, show signs of deindustrialization. However, it is not possible to come to the conclusion that the northeast economy suffers the dutch disease because signs of loss of importance on the industrial sector in total did not appear on the analysis of industrial employment and of the value added by industry in the totaleconomy. There, such results corroborated with the econometric model regressed. However, some industries (textile, clothing and accessories and machinery, equipment and material) showed a decreasing trend in the evolution of the physical industry production index, which may indicate a kind of loss. / Nos dias atuais, é tema dos principais debates a desindustrialização em curso nas economias que ainda não atingiram alta renda per capita. Vários estudos foram realizados no Brasil sobre o assunto, mas a região Nordeste ainda carece de análises nessa área. A hipótese central deste estudo é verificar se a economia nordestina se desindustrializou no per5íodo 1991-2012, com o crescimento contínuo de commodities na pauta de exportações, aliado à maior participação de produtos de conteúdo tecnológico mais relevante na pauta de importações. A análise foi realizada fazendo uso de dados da balança comercial, exportação e importação, registrando a participação das commodities e dos produtos industriais segundo a classificação adotada pelo MDIC e OCDE (Ala, méida-alta, média-baixa, baixa intensidade tecnológica e produtos não industrializados), do valor agregado pela indústria, pela participação do emprego industrial no total e a renda (PIB). Para tal fim, foram calculados indicadores do comércio exterior (Índice de Concentração das Exportações-ICX, Índice de Concentração das Importações-ICM, Índice de Vantagem comparativa Revelada em relação ao saldo comerciakl-VCR, Taxa simples de Cobertura das importações-TC e o Índice de Comércio Intraindústria-CII) e regredido um modelo econométrico para verificar vestígios de desindustrialização concernente à produção industrial. Os resultados indicam que a pauta de exportação nordestina passa por uma reprimarização, que associada à maior presença de produtos industriais com maior conteúdo tecnológico nas importações apresenta sinais de desindustrialização. Não é possível concluir, no entanto, que a economia nordestina padeça da doença holandesa, pois, na análise do emprego industrial e do valor adicionado pela indústria no total da economia, não apareceram sinais de perda de importância do setor industrial no total, resultados esses corroborados pelo modelo econométrico regredido. Alguns segmentos industriais (têxtil, vestuário e acessórios, máquinas, aparelhos e materiais elétricos) expressam, contudo, uma tendência decrescente na evolução do índice de produção física industrial, o que pode indicar perda relativa desses ramos especificamente.

A cintilografia com radioisótopos em repouso tem despertado muito interesse nos últimos anos para pesquisa da viabilidade miocárdica na disfunção isquêmica avançada do VE, porque esta pode ser reversível e porque há melhora prognóstica neste contexto. O objetivo desse trabalho é buscar identificar a acurácia da cintilografia tomográfica Tc-99m-Sestamibi, sob a infusão de dobutamina em baixa dose. Foram protocolados trinta pacientes que sofreram um infarto do miocárdio com padrão “Q”, com dissinergia ao ecocardiograma, e submetidos a estudos perfusionais em dias diferentes, com Tc-99m-Sestamibi − dobutamina e Tl-201 em repouso-redistribuição 4 horas, usado como padrão ouro. Não ocorreram complicações com nenhum paciente submetido ao protocolo do estudo. Os resultados revelaram: sensibilidade = 85%, especificidade = 87%, valor preditivo positivo = 96%, valor preditivo negativo = 65 % e acurácia de = 85,2%. A razão de probabilidade positiva foi de 6,68 e a razão de probabilidade negativa de 0,17. Confrontando-se nossos dados com uma metanálise de resultados para o Tc-99m-Sestamibi em repouso, a sensibilidade no presente estudo foi 85% vs. 81% e a especificidade de 87% vs. 60%. Em relação aos dados da literatura para Tl-201: 85% vs. 90% e 87% vs. 54%, sensibilidade e especificidade, respectivamente. Em conclusão, o Tc-99m-Sestamibi sob a infusão de dobutamina parece ser um método promissor para detectar viabilidade superior a esta modalidade de cintilografia em repouso, com valores preditivos comparáveis à literatura disponível para esse mesmo método: 85,2% vs. 87%, 96% vs. 90% e 65% vs. 83%, para acurácia, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo, respectivamente. / Rest isotopic scintigraphy has been evoked much interest in the last years for myocardial viability search on severe ischemic ventricular dysfunction, because improvement of function can bring a better outcome to this subset of acute myocardial infarction (MI) survivors. This study was designed to search to identify accuracy of 99m-Tc sestamibi − low dose dobutamine SPECT scintigraphy in a single injection rest protocol examination. Thirty patients with previous Q wave (MI), with basal echocardiographic demonstration of rest dyssynergia and coronary artery related significant obstruction, were submitted to perfusion studies, on a different day basis, with 99m-Tc-sestamibi − dobutamine and 201-Th rest-redistribution, utilized as gold standard. There were not complications with any patient submitted to this study protocol. The results showed sensitivity = 85%, specificity = 87%, positive predictive value = 96%, negative predictive value = 65% and accuracy = 85.2%. The positive likelihood ratio was 6.68 and the negative likelihood ratio 0.17. When our results were confronted with a metanalysis 99m-Tc sestamibi at rest (our results being firstly showed), sensitivity was 85% vs. 81%, specificity 87% vs. 60%, respectively. In relation to literature data for 201-Thallium were 85% vs. 90% e 87% vs. 54%, for sensitivity, specificity, respectively. In conclusion, 99m-Tc sestamibi-low dose dobutamine seems to be a promising test to detect viability, superior to that modality of rest perfusion, with predictive values comparable to the available literature for this methodology: 85,2% vs. 87%, 96% vs. 90% e 65% vs. 83%, results for accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, respectively.

Introdução: A taxa de depuração pulmonar do radioaerossol dietilenotriaminopentacético marcado com Tecnécio-99m (99mTc-DTPA) constitui um índice da permeabilidade do epitélio pulmonar. Vários estudos têm demonstrado o efeito da pressão positiva expiratória final (PEEP) na taxa de depuração do 99mTc-DTPA. A pressão positiva expiratória (EPAP), aplicada de forma não-invasiva, promove aumento do volume pulmonar. Objetivos: Avaliar o padrão da depuração pulmonar do radioaerossol do 99mTc-DTPA com o uso da EPAP e comparar os achados da depuração pulmonar do 99mTc-DTPA em níveis diferentes de EPAP (10 cmH2O, 15 cmH2O e 20 cmH2O). Determinar se a altura, o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e o gênero dos indivíduos interferem no tempo de meia-vida (T½) do complexo 99mTc-DTPA. Métodos: Realizou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado, unicego, no qual os voluntários foram submetidos à cintigrafia pulmonar com radioaerossol de 99mTc- DTPA em duas etapas: cintigrafia em respiração espontânea e respiração sob suporte ventilatório por EPAP (RHDSON Vital Signs®, New Jersey, EUA). Foram estudados 30 indivíduos hígidos adultos jovens (15 do sexo feminino e 15 do sexo masculino, média de idade 28,26 ± 5,40 anos) que constituíram o Grupo 1 - EPAP 10 cmH2O (n = 10); Grupo 2 - EPAP 15 cmH2O (n = 10) e Grupo 3 - EPAP 20 cmH2O (n = 10). O radioaerossol 99mTc-DTPA foi administrado durante três minutos através de um aparelho portátil específico para inalação pulmonar de aerossóis radioativos (Aerogama®, Medical, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil). Imediatamente após o término da nebulização foi realizada a contagem sequencial da radioatividade de tórax, através de uma gama-câmara de cintilação tipo Anger (Starcam 4000i, GE, EUA). Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos ao teste espirométrico para atestar a normalidade da função pulmonar. Resultados: Houve aumento da taxa de depuração do 99mTc-DTPA (T½) somente quando 15 cmH2O de EPAP foi aplicada (p = 0,001), porém com o emprego de 10 cmH2O (p = 0,097) e 20 cmH2O (p = 0,124) de EPAP não houve alteração do T½ 99mTc-DTPA. Nos indivíduos do sexo feminino, o T½ foi de 74.40 ± 35.40 minutos e no sexo masculino de 74.36 ± 29.82 minutos, não havendo variação significante da taxa de depuração desse composto entre os sexos (p = 0,80). Ao correlacionar as variáveis altura (r = 0,085, p = 0,655) e IMC (r = 0,120, p = 0,528) com o T½ do radioaerossol 99mTc-DTPA não foi constatada correlação significante entre tais variáveis e a taxa de depuração pulmonar do 99mTc-DTPA. Conclusões: O presente trabalho descreveu pela primeira vez o efeito de diferentes níveis de EPAP sobre a taxa de depuração do radioaerossol 99mTc-DTPA, mostrando que somente a EPAP de 15 cmH2O reduziu o T½ do 99mTc-DTPA, enquanto que a aplicação de níveis pressóricos de 10 cmH2O e 20 cmH2O de EPAP não reduziram. Acredita-se que a insuflação pulmonar gerada pela pressão positiva de 15 cmH2O ocasione aumento na taxa de depuração do epitélio alveolar ao 99mTc-DTPA por produzir descontinuidades nas junções intercelulares do epitélio pulmonar. Esses resultados podem refletir o efeito da insuflação pulmonar sobre a perfusão dos capilares pulmonares alveolares e extra-alveolares o que afeta diretamente a depuração do radioaerossol de 99mTc-DTPA.

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Container supply chains are vulnerable to many risks. Vulnerability can be defined as an exposure to serious disturbances arising from the risks within the supply chain as well as the risks external to the supply chain. Vulnerability can also be defined as exposure to serious disturbances arising from a hazard or a threat. Containers are one of the major sources of security concerns and have been used, for example, to smuggle illegal immigrants, weapons, and drugs. The consequences of the use of a weapon of mass destruction or discovery of such a device in a container are serious. Estimates suggest that a weapon of mass destruction explosion and the resulting port closure could cost billions of dollars. The annual cost of container losses as consequences of serious disturbances arising from hazards is estimated as $500 million per year. The literature review, historical failure data, and statistical analysis in the context of containerships' accidents from a safety point of view clearly indicate that the container cargo damage, machinery failure, collision, grounding, fire/explosion, and contact are the most significant accident categories with high percentages of occurrences. Another important finding from the literature review is that the most significant basic event contributing to the supply chains' vulnerability is human error. Therefore, firstly, this research makes full use of the Evidential Reasoning (ER) advantages and further develops and extends the Fuzzy Evidential Reasoning (FER) by exploiting a conceptual and sound methodology for the assessment of a seafarer's reliability. Accordingly, control options to enhance seafarers' reliability are suggested. The proposed methodology enables and facilitates the decision makers to measure the reliability of a seafarer before his/her designation to any activities and during his/her seafaring period. Secondly, this research makes full use of the Bayesian Networks (BNs) advantages and further develops and extends the Fuzzy Bayesian Networks (FBNs) and a "symmetric method" by exploiting a conceptual and sound methodology for the assessment of human reliability. Furthermore a FBN model (i. e. dependency network), which is capable of illustrating the dependency among the variables, is constructed. By exploiting the proposed FBN model, a general equation for the reduction of human reliability attributable to a person's continuous hours of wakefulness, acute sleep loss and cumulative sleep debt is formulated and tested. A container supply chain includes dozens of stakeholders who can physically come into contact with containers and their contents and are potentially related with the container trade and transportation. Security-based disruptions can occur at various points along the supply chain. Experience has shown that a limited percentage of inspection, coupled with a targeted approach based on risk analysis, can provide an acceptable security level. Thus, in order not to hamper the logistics process in an intolerable manner, the number of physical checks should be chosen cautiously. Thirdly, a conceptual and sound methodology (i. e. FBN model) for evaluating a container's security score, based on the importer security filling, shipping documents, ocean or sea carriers' reliability, and the security scores of various commercial operators and premises, is developed. Accordingly, control options to avoid unnecessary delays and security scanning are suggested. Finally, a decision making model for assessing the security level of a port associated with ship/port interface and based on the security score of the ship's cargo containers, is developed. It is further suggested that regardless of scanning all import cargo containers, one realistic way to secure the supply chain, due to lack of information and number of variables, is to enhance the ocean or sea carriers' reliability through enhancing their ship staff's reliability. Accordingly a decision making model to analyse the cost and benefit (i.e. CBA) is developed.

No description available.

This research aims to propose a Risk Management (RM) framework and develop a generic risk-based model for dealing with potential hazards and risk factors associated with offshore terminals' and marine ports' operations and management. Hazard identification was conducted through an appropriate literature review of major risk factors of these logistic infrastructures. As a result in the first phase of this research a Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchal Process (FAHP) method was used for determining the relative weights of the risk factors identified via the literature review. This has led to the development of a generic risk -based model which can help related industrial professionals and risk managers assess the risk factors and develop appropriate strategies to take preventive/corrective actions for mitigation purposes, with a view of maintaining efficient offshore terminals' and marine ports' operations and management. In the second phase of the research the developed risk-based model incorporating Fuzzy Set Theory (FST), an Evidential Reasoning (ER) approach and the IDS software were used to evaluate the risk levels of different ports in real situations using a case study. The IDS software based on an ER approach was used to aggregate the previously determined relative weights of the risk factors with the new evaluation results of risk levels for the real ports. The third phase of the research made use of the Cause and Consequence Analysis (CCA) including the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Event Tree Analysis (ETA) under a fuzzy environment, to analyse in detail the most significant risk factors determined from the first phase of the research, using appropriate case-studies. In the fourth phase of the research an individual RM strategy was tailored and implemented on the most significant risk factor identified previously. In the last phase of the research and in order to complete the RM cycle, the best mitigation strategies were introduced and evaluated in the form of ideal solutions for mitigating the identified risk factors. All methods used in this research have quantitative and qualitative nature. Expert judgements carried out for gathering the required information accounted for the majority of data collected. The proposed RM framework can be a useful method for managers and auditors when conducting their RM programmes in the offshore and marine industries. The novelty of this research can help the Quality, Health, Safety, Environment and Security (QHSES) managers, insurers and risk managers in the offshore and marine industries investigate the potential hazards more appropriately if there is uncertainty of data sources. In this research with considering strategic management approaches to RM development the proposed RM framework and risk based model contribute to knowledge by developing and evaluating an effective methodology for future use of the RM professionals.

Automatic Identification System (AIS) was introduced with the overall aim to promote efficiency and safety of navigation, protection of environment, and safety of life at sea. Consequently, ship-borne AIS was implemented on a mandatory basis by IMO in 2000 and later amendments to chapter V of Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention. Therefore SOLAS Convention vessels were required to carry AIS in a phased approach, from I" July 2002 to end of December 2004. The intention is to provide more precise information and a clear traffic view in navigation operations, particularly in anti-collision operation. This mandatory implementation of AIS has raised a number of issues with respect to its success in fulfilment of the intended role. In order to improve the efficiency of the AIS in navigation operation, this research mainly focused on the accuracy of AIS information, and practical use of the technology on board the ships. The intentions were to assess reliability of data, level of human failure associated with AIS, and the degree of actual use of the technology by navigators. This research firstly provided impressions about AIS technology for anti-collision operation and other marine operation and, about a system's approach to the issue of human failure in marine risk management. Secondly, this research has assessed reliability of AIS data by examination of data collected through three AIS data studies. Thirdly, it has evaluated navigators' attitude and behaviour to AIS usage by analysing the data from navigators' feedback collected through the AIS questionnaire survey focused on their perceptions about different aspects of AIS related to its use. This research revealed that some aspects of the AIS technology and some features of its users need further attention and improvement, so as to achieve its intended objectives in navigation. This study finally contributed in proposing the AIS User Satisfaction Model as a suitable framework for evaluation of navigators' satisfaction and extent of the use of AIS. This model can probably be used as the basis for measuring navigators' attitude and behaviour about other similar maritime technologies.

No description available.