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Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die verwerwing van lees- en skryfvaardighede is van wesenlike belang vir die optimale verwerkliking van die mens se potensiele moontlikhede. 'n Ondersoek na veranderende opvattinge oar die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf is in die Jig daarvan van belang. Faktore wat aanleiding gegee het tot veranderende opvattinge oar die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf kan kortliks saamgevat word as: die ontwikkeling van 'n fonetiese alfabet, veranderende opvattinge oar effektiewe lees- en skryfonderrigmetodes, asook politieke, ekonomiese en samelewingsveranderinge. Hierdie faktore het tot die verbesondering van die Sumeriese, antieke Griekse, antieke Romeinse, Nederlandse, Engelse en Suid-Arikaanse opvoedingspraktyke bygedra. Verskeie onderrigmetodes, onder meer die alfabetmetode, klankmetode, globale metode, gekombineerde metode en eklektiese metode is deur eeue heen in hierdie formele opvoedingspraktyke gebruik vir die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf. Effektiewe aanvangslees- en skryfonderrig bepaal of die leerder sy taalvaardighede kan benut om 'n positiewe bydrae tot die samelewing te lewer. / The acquisition of reading and writing skills is of cardinal importance for the optimum realization of man's potential. Research into the changing perspectives which have led to the development of beginning-teaching of reading and writing is therefore of great importance. The following factors have led to changing perspectives: the development of an alphabet, changing perspectives on the effective teaching of reading and writing as well as political, economic and societal changes. These factors contributed to the specific development of the Sumerian, ancient Greek, ancient Roman, Dutch, English and South African education practices. Various teaching methods inter alia the alphabet, phonic, global, combined and eclectic methods have been used in the aforementioned education practices for the beginning-teaching of reading and writing. Effective beginning teaching of reading and writing determines whether the learner will be able to utilize his language skills in order to make a positive contribution to society. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Educationists, linguists and other stakeholders are concerned about the effectivity of the level of teaching regarding Afrikaans Additional Language. Some of the teachers of Afrikaans Additional Language are not qualified in the teaching of specifically a foreign language. There is a lot of uncertainty concerning the difference between the teaching of a home language and additional language teaching. In order to ensure learners improvement and achievement as well as future use of Afrikaans Additional Language it is necessary that the teaching of additional languages, especially Afrikaans must be given appropriate attention. The purpose if this study was to determine the selection the teachers made regarding teaching and learning approaches, methods and teaching materials, including the curriculum, textbooks and other documents, as well as to establish the perceptions of the learners regarding these approaches, methods and materials in the teaching of Afrikaans Additional Language in the Dr. Kenneth Kaunda District through empirical research, and to undertake a literature study to establish a teaching-learning program framework that can facilitate to the effective implementation of the National Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement in all the language skills of Afrikaans Additional Language. An interpretive research paradigm was used as foundation for this study. A literature study was undertaken to establish what such a framework should look like with specific attention to language skills. Qualitative research was undertaken through using multiple case studies where teachers and learners who were willing to take part were questioned and observed regarding the teaching of Afrikaans Additional Language as well as the problems they experienced. Documents such as teaching materials and the curriculum were analysed as well. The analyses had a two-pronged focus: thematic analysis with the use of the computer software program, NVivo 8, where the data was reduced and thereafter analysed manually by the researcher. The researcher then used a comparative analysis to compare the different case studies (schools). The results of this study showed that the implementation of the curriculum was problematic for teachers, they were uncertain about the degree of difficulty of the teaching materials, and would rather stick to textbooks. The results also indicated that the teachers who did not use the communicative approach preferred to teach mainly through direct instruction. The communication in the classrooms was mainly teacher-orientated and the learners got little chance to use the language in interactive activities. The proposed teaching-learning programme framework for Afrikaans Additional Language should help teachers with the planning of their teaching as well as the implementation of the curriculum that could result in more effective Additional Language Teaching to learners. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Teaching and Learning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

La competencia comunicativa exigida en el mundo empresarial actual y el papel que el inglés juega como lengua de comunicación internacional constituyen la base de la proliferación investigadora en los géneros del inglés académico y profesional (IPA), y en especial del inglés de los negocios (IN). Este desarrollo también tiene su efecto en la producción de materiales docentes, y en menor medida en lo referente a la investigación aplicada al aula del IN. Nuestra aportación a dicho campo se fundamenta en el estudio de un género discursivo escrito particular del mundo de los negocios: el informe empresarial. Pretendemos explicar su concepción como género, así como su relevancia y aportaciones en el aula del inglés de especialidad. Demostraremos cómo este género incluye múltiples características del discurso escrito del IN y observaremos a través del estudio empírico que su implementación en el aula ayuda a desarrollar de forma pertinente ciertos elementos (macro)estructurales y discursivos.

El momento de expansión de la industria turística justifica la creciente demanda de profesionales con una formación adecuada, destacando la importancia de la competencia comunicativa tanto oral como escrita en inglés como lengua internacional. Aunque los componentes orales tienden a considerarse un objetivo preferente en el aprendizaje/adquisición de lenguas para turismo, la escritura efectiva de ciertos géneros también forma parte del quehacer diario de la empresa turística. En el presente trabajo nos centramos en la carta de reclamación/queja que escribe una agencia de viajes a otro servicio del sector en nombre de un cliente insatisfecho. El principal objetivo del estudio empírico es la enseñanza de diversos recursos de cortesía mediante los cuales los estudiantes mejoran su competencia escrita de este tipo de correspondencia, haciendo especial hincapié en la función que desempeñan cada uno de ellos. Las actividades diseñadas para tal fin plantean una serie de comentarios que invitan a la reflexión de los alumnos de tal forma que los recursos de cortesía que aprenden a utilizar en esta carta puedan también aplicarlos a otro tipo de correspondencia o textos escritos propios de su contexto profesional específico.

Educationists, linguists and other stakeholders are concerned about the effectivity of the level of teaching regarding Afrikaans Additional Language. Some of the teachers of Afrikaans Additional Language are not qualified in the teaching of specifically a foreign language. There is a lot of uncertainty concerning the difference between the teaching of a home language and additional language teaching. In order to ensure learners improvement and achievement as well as future use of Afrikaans Additional Language it is necessary that the teaching of additional languages, especially Afrikaans must be given appropriate attention. The purpose if this study was to determine the selection the teachers made regarding teaching and learning approaches, methods and teaching materials, including the curriculum, textbooks and other documents, as well as to establish the perceptions of the learners regarding these approaches, methods and materials in the teaching of Afrikaans Additional Language in the Dr. Kenneth Kaunda District through empirical research, and to undertake a literature study to establish a teaching-learning program framework that can facilitate to the effective implementation of the National Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement in all the language skills of Afrikaans Additional Language. An interpretive research paradigm was used as foundation for this study. A literature study was undertaken to establish what such a framework should look like with specific attention to language skills. Qualitative research was undertaken through using multiple case studies where teachers and learners who were willing to take part were questioned and observed regarding the teaching of Afrikaans Additional Language as well as the problems they experienced. Documents such as teaching materials and the curriculum were analysed as well. The analyses had a two-pronged focus: thematic analysis with the use of the computer software program, NVivo 8, where the data was reduced and thereafter analysed manually by the researcher. The researcher then used a comparative analysis to compare the different case studies (schools). The results of this study showed that the implementation of the curriculum was problematic for teachers, they were uncertain about the degree of difficulty of the teaching materials, and would rather stick to textbooks. The results also indicated that the teachers who did not use the communicative approach preferred to teach mainly through direct instruction. The communication in the classrooms was mainly teacher-orientated and the learners got little chance to use the language in interactive activities. The proposed teaching-learning programme framework for Afrikaans Additional Language should help teachers with the planning of their teaching as well as the implementation of the curriculum that could result in more effective Additional Language Teaching to learners. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Teaching and Learning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die verwerwing van lees- en skryfvaardighede is van wesenlike belang vir die optimale verwerkliking van die mens se potensiele moontlikhede. 'n Ondersoek na veranderende opvattinge oar die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf is in die Jig daarvan van belang. Faktore wat aanleiding gegee het tot veranderende opvattinge oar die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf kan kortliks saamgevat word as: die ontwikkeling van 'n fonetiese alfabet, veranderende opvattinge oar effektiewe lees- en skryfonderrigmetodes, asook politieke, ekonomiese en samelewingsveranderinge. Hierdie faktore het tot die verbesondering van die Sumeriese, antieke Griekse, antieke Romeinse, Nederlandse, Engelse en Suid-Arikaanse opvoedingspraktyke bygedra. Verskeie onderrigmetodes, onder meer die alfabetmetode, klankmetode, globale metode, gekombineerde metode en eklektiese metode is deur eeue heen in hierdie formele opvoedingspraktyke gebruik vir die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf. Effektiewe aanvangslees- en skryfonderrig bepaal of die leerder sy taalvaardighede kan benut om 'n positiewe bydrae tot die samelewing te lewer. / The acquisition of reading and writing skills is of cardinal importance for the optimum realization of man's potential. Research into the changing perspectives which have led to the development of beginning-teaching of reading and writing is therefore of great importance. The following factors have led to changing perspectives: the development of an alphabet, changing perspectives on the effective teaching of reading and writing as well as political, economic and societal changes. These factors contributed to the specific development of the Sumerian, ancient Greek, ancient Roman, Dutch, English and South African education practices. Various teaching methods inter alia the alphabet, phonic, global, combined and eclectic methods have been used in the aforementioned education practices for the beginning-teaching of reading and writing. Effective beginning teaching of reading and writing determines whether the learner will be able to utilize his language skills in order to make a positive contribution to society. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Cette recherche, qui relève du domaine de l'apprentissage des langues assisté par ordinateur, se penche sur diverses aides logicielles pouvant faciliter l'activité scripturale en Français Langue Étrangère. Le cadre théorique s'inspire de la linguistique textuelle (Adam, notamment), des travaux portant sur les processus rédactionnels des apprentis-scripteurs, particulièrement en L2 et de l'approche par tâches dans la didactique des langues. Le terrain est constitué d'étudiants thaïlandais de la Section de Français à l'Université de Chiang Maï en Thaïlande, dont le niveau en français se situe entre B1 et B2. Le dispositif d'écriture a été organisé à partir d'une plateforme d'apprentissage en ligne Moodle permettant, d'une part, la présentation de contenus et, d'autre part, la pratique du feedback entre pairs via le forum de la plateforme. Nous avons également expérimenté, dans notre recherche, une aide logicielle à la rédaction, ScribPlus. Cette application, version Internet de logiciels hors-ligne des années 1990 (Scrivere con Word Prof, Gammes d'écriture), vise à développer des compétences de production textuelle chez les apprentis scripteurs par une série d'incitations débouchant sur la génération d'une ébauche de texte. L'ensemble du dispositif (Moodle, ScribPlus, consignes, textes supports) a fait l'objet d'une première mise œuvre et d'un recueil de données; celles-ci ont été analysées dans le but d'améliorer le dispositif. Il a ainsi été possible de faire une seconde expérience en modifiant certains paramètres, notamment les incitations de ScribPlus et le lien lecture-écriture. Les analyses, de nature essentiellement qualitative, se sont fondées sur le système d'incitations de ScribPlus, sur des entretiens semi-directifs avec les étudiants, sur les productions écrites et les feedbacks laissés sur le forum de ces derniers. Leur but était de dégager les apports et les limites du dispositif d'écriture afin de proposer un certain nombre d'améliorations. Cette recherche relève donc de la recherche-action, voire de la recherche développement. / This study falls within the field of computer-assisted language learning and examines various software aids that can facilitate writing activities in French as a Foreign Language. The theoretical framework draws on both textual linguistics (in particular, Adam) and work focusing on learners' writing processes, particularly among second-year undergraduates, as well as on the task-based approach in language learning theory. The research field is composed of Thai students in the French Section at Chiang Mai University in Thailand, with a B1 to B2 level in French. The set of writing aids was organised using the online learning platform Moodle, allowing, on the one hand, the presentation of content and, on the other, peer feedback via the platform's forum. Within this study, the writing aid software Scribplus was also tested. This application, which is an Internet version of 1990s off-line software programs (Scrivere con Word Prof, Gammes d'écriture), aims to develop learners' competence in textual production by using a series of prompts that lead to the generation of a draft text. During an initial phase, the whole set of aids (Moodle, Scribplus, instructions, textual materials) was implemented and data was collected; these data were then analyzed with a view to improving the system. A second experiment was then possible, in which certain parameters were changed, in particular Scribplus's prompts and the reading-writing link. These analyses were mainly qualitative and based on Scribplus's prompting system and on semi-structured interviews with the students, as well as on their written productions and the feedback that they left on the forum. The aim was to identify the benefits and limitations of the set of writing aids in order to suggest a certain number of improvements. This research can therefore be qualified as action research, or even as development research.

Les modèles classiques d'enseignement de la langue ne permettent pas aux lycéens d'appréhender leurs écrits pour, selon les termes de Jacqueline Lafont-Terranova (2008) « produire, dans une situation donnée, le meilleur écrit possible ». À ce constat s’ajoute celui de la difficile évaluation de ces écrits par les enseignants, plus souvent correcteurs que lecteurs. La relecture de Saussure, Benveniste et Bakhtine permet d’aborder deux questions, en miroir l’une avec l’autre. Comment écrire un texte et y revenir pour l’améliorer ? Comment lire ce texte et accompagner le sujet-scripteur vers une amélioration compte tenu des conditions d’enseignement allouées ? À partir de l’analyse de manuscrits (brouillons, écrits intermédiaires et écrits-copies) d’élèves de seconde, le rapport à l’écrit des sujets-scripteurs est interrogé conjointement aux dits dispositifs réflexifs mis en place par l’enseignante. Au réalisé scriptural de l’élève répond un réalisé professionnel. L’activité de l’un ne se conçoit pas sans l’activité de l’autre. / The traditional models of language do not allow high school students to comprehend their writings to, in the words of Jacqueline Lafont-Terranova (2008) ‘‘produce, in a given situation, the best possible writing’’. To this conclusion is added the difficult evaluation of these writings by teachers, more often proofreaders than readers. Reading once again the works by Saussure, Benveniste and Bakhtine makes it possible to address two questions that arise in mirror of each other. How to write a text and return to it improve it ? How to read this text and accompany the writer-subject towards an improvment given the allocated teaching conditions ? Based on the analysis of manuscripts (drafts, intermediate writings and copy writings) of tenth graders, the relation that writer-subjects have with writings is questioned collectively with the said reflexive measures set up by teacher. The scriptural accomplishement of the student is met by a professional accomplishment. The task led by one cannot be understood without the other’s task.